Izinhlinzeko main inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela Butlerova A. M. Izinhlinzeko main inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela isakhiwo sazo sekhemikhali Butlerova

Emhlabeni neyaziwayo amalungiselelo eziyisisekelo Butlerov theory kubhekwe isisekelo yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali yesimanje. Scientific kuqala wachaza ikakhulukazi izinto nesakhiwo. Watadisha ngokuningiliziwe ubunjalo ubuhlobo zama-athomu.

Okudingeka ukuvela theory

Alexander Butlerov kwaba umsunguli umbono ezintsha njengoba isikhathi lapho isayensi iye efunde imibuzo eminingi ukuthi ososayensi ayikwazanga ukuthola izimpendulo. Ngokwesibonelo, incazelo lomkhuba yafuna Valence futhi isomers. Ngaphezu kwalokho, osokhemisi aqhubeka phikisana nendlela ukubhala chemical amafomula. Butlerof elicwengwé le nkinga. Akabanga ukuthi ifomula kufanele ibonise isakhiwo ndaba.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona imiqondo eziningana eziye ukubukwa esashiwo Butlerov eziphikisanayo. Kwakuyisikhathi theory olukhulu. Umsunguli wawo kwaba Jens Berzelius. Kuthiwa amangqamuzana zinezinto ekhethekile - ezizivelelayo ukuthi lasakazeka lisuka kumuntu oyedwa impahla komunye. Kwakunesidingo futhi inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela izinhlobo. abasekeli bayo ayekholelwa ukuthi zonke compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi kukhona amagama ahlobene of izinto ezilula wezinto ezingaphili - .. Water, i-hydrogen, i-ammonia, njll Lezi iwaphikise umqondo nomunye. Isayensi kwakudingeka umbono uyobeka konke endaweni yayo.

Imibono emisha Butlerova

Aleksandr Mihaylovich Butlerov (1828-1886 GG.) Ingabe omunye bamakhemikhali okukhulu ngesikhathi sakhe. Uye wenza imibuzo ezincwadini isayensi yabo. Ngo 1858 usosayensi wenza emhlanganweni we Paris Chemical Society. Khona-ke okokuqala emlonyeni wakhe kwakuzwakala amalungiselelo main Butlerov theory.

Umcwaningi uye wasebenzisa embikweni wakhe imigomo emisha, eyayibonakala kamuva waqinisa ku isayensi ngamazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, waba umlobi umqondo isakhiwo zezakhi. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi isakhiwo evumela izinto ezahlukene ukuze unike ukuba neqembu elilodwa (ngokukhethekile, lokhu i-methane, chloroform, methyl utshwala nokunye. D.).

Ukuphenywa zamagama compounds

Ngo-1861, e-owanyatheliswa "Isakhiwo amakhemikhali ndaba" abangu zavela le Izinkolelo eziyisisekelo theory isakhiwo amakhemikhali A. M. Butlerova. Scientific wachaza izindlela zamagama kanye nokusetshenziswa ukusabela okuhlukahlukene. Omunye iziphakamiso ezibaluleke kakhulu usokhemisi kwaba nokugomela kwakhe ukuthi ngamunye ifomula amakhemikhali oluhambisana eyodwa. ukubaluleka kwalo itholakala lokuthi ukuthi uchaza yonke impahla kanye ubonisa ubuhlobo kwama-atom ngaphakathi molecule.

Butlerov theory siphinde sihlinzeke ngokuthi ngosizo ukusabela elawulwa angakhiqiza izinto ezintsha. Eminyakeni eyalandela, usokhemisi odumile futhi abafundi bakhe olwenziwa iqoqo ukuhlolwa ukuze afakazele lokhu nokucabanga. Baye wakwazi synthesize compounds ezintsha ezifana isomers pentane, isobutylene futhi abanye alcohols. Ukuze inkathi yalo, lezi zinto ezatholakala njengolubalulekile omkhulu, angafaniswa kuphela ukubaluleka nezinye izakhi athile gqwa (isib, ekabora).

systematization yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali

Ekhulwini XIX amalungiselelo main theory Butlerov eshintshile ngokuphelele imfundiso yokuziphendukela umfanekiso wanoma isakhiwo izakhi zamakhemikhali. Ikakhulukazi, umcwaningi wokuqala ohlongozwayo ukuthi amangqamuzana akuzona ekuqongeleleni okungahleliwe-atom amancanyana. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, banezizathu isakhiwo yayala. Atoms zixhumene nomunye thize, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi sincike uhlobo lonke impahla.

Butlerov, ukuthuthukisa inkolelo-mbono yakhe, sisekelwe eenkambisweni zezibalo nemithetho. Nale isayensi, wakwazi ukuchaza kakhulu izinqubo kanye ukuxhumana amakhemikhali. Ukuze abantu besikhathi kwaba revolution yangempela. Okwenzeka empeleni ukuthi ngisho uma ososayensi futhi ukwazi amaqiniso athile mayelana nohlobo izinto ezithile, abakwazi ukwakha ulwazi lwabo isithombe esicacile ehlelekile. ithiyori Basic yokuma isakhiwo Butlerova ixazululwe le nkinga. Manje, lo chemistry wayesondelene piggy bank amaqiniso futhi uhlelo anokuhambisana, lapho konke kungaphansi zezibalo logic esiqinile.

Ukwehlukahluka kwezimangaliso izinto

I owaziwa theory Butlerova omningi ukunakwa isomerism - mkhuba ukuba khona isomers - belingana isisindo yamangqamuzana kanye nokwakheka athomu izinto okuyinto ngesikhathi esifanayo zihlukile komunye nomunye kanye nesakhiwo ilungiselelo le-athomu. Lesi sici uchaza ukwehluka izakhiwo ndaba ngokwemvelo.

Butlerof wafakazela bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe isibonelo i-butane. Ngokusho umbono walokho okubizwa ngokuthi usosayensi ngokwemvelo kufanele kube ezimbili izinhlobo le nto kwaba khona. Nokho, nakuba isayensi wayazi butane eyodwa kuphela. Butlerof olwenziwa ucwaningo eziningi namanje wathola kwenziwe into entsha ethi ayifane ukubunjwa, kodwa ezahlukene izakhiwo. Lalibizwa ngokuthi isobutane.

Effect zama-athomu ku nomunye

Butlerov wathola esinye isimiso esibalulekile. Nge kumiswa izibopho zamakhemikhali inguqulelo electron iqala kusukela athomu elilodwa kuya kwenye. Lokhu kushintsha kwabantu. Ukuba electron ngazimbili ezithinta entsha isithombe impahla into. Ososayensi bebelokhu becwaninga lesi simanga ngesibonelo hydrogen chloride, chlorine eshintsha kwabantu electron hydrogen izibopho.

Butlerov kanye nolwazi oluyisisekelo nge-theory kwesakhiwo yehlulekile sichaze uhlobo daba ukuguqulwa. Esikhathini esizayo, isimiso evulekile Usokhemisi waseRussia, wafunda ngokuningiliziwe abalandeli bakhe futhi. Ukuqaphela izinto ukushintsha indlela ukuvumele ososayensi ukuba baqonde indlela synthesize elementi amasha. Of yokwanda ethile yezinto waqala ngasekupheleni XIX leminyaka. Khona-ke ososayensi European futhi American wocwaningo ezintsha usebenzisa amasu enikelwa Butlerov, ongaveza izinto ezintsha.

chemical izibopho

Butlerov babekholelwa ukuthi isakhiwo izinto kungenziwa ufundwa izindlela amakhemikhali. Kanti lesi sikhundla sibonga ucwaningo eziningi eziyimpumelelo usosayensi baqinisekisa. Futhi, umcwaningi kwaba umsekeli umqondo wokuthi ifomula lokhu kulandisa kungenzeka kunembile kuphela uma they cabangisisa! Oda izibopho zamakhemikhali zama-athomu ezahlukene. Butlerov wahlanganyela ukuhlaziywa lokhu nokucabanga iminyaka eminingi.

Wazehluka- ezintathu izinhlobo izixhumanisi - olulodwa, kabili futhi kathathu. Usosayensi Wayeqinisile, kodwa ukuqhubeka isayensi elibonisayo ukuthi kunezinye izibopho zamakhemikhali. Ikakhulukazi, ochwepheshe manje sebeyakwazi elichaza kubo ngisho ngosizo nemingcele ngokomzimba.

Ukuthuthukiswa imfundiso yokuziphendukela Butlerov

Imfundiso entsha isakhiwo chemical compounds A. M. Butlerova imvelo kwaba izinto ezibonakalayo. Usosayensi wokuqala wakumemezela ngesibindi ukuthi amabutho abacwaningi ukutadisha izakhiwo zama-athomu, zazo zonke izakhi zakhiwa. Kanjalo Butlerof iphathwa bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe ngokuqondene nesikhathi. Wayekholelwa ukuthi owamlandela kufanele athuthukise ke, ngoba alichazi ngokugcwele amanye amaqiniso yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali.

Usosayensi wayeqinisile. Butlerov theory kamuva ithuthukiswe ngezindlela ezimbili. Esokuqala siwukuthi isayensi ukwaze ukunquma hhayi kuphela oda uxhumano, kodwa futhi ilungiselelo kwezendawo zama-athomu engqamuzana. Ngakho lapho stereochemistry. Lokhu isiyalo waqala ukuphenya ngokuningiliziwe isakhiwo kwezendawo molecule. Lokhu isiqondiso entsha ushilo Butlerov, nakuba phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe futhi engazange kwadingeka isikhathi sokutadisha umbuzo theory.

Le ndawo yesibili ka umbono wesayensi owawuthandwa yentuthuko kwaba ukuvela ososayensi enikelwe isakhiwo electronic-atom amancanyana. Kuyinto chemical nje kuphela kodwa futhi isiyalo ngokomzimba. Kwakuthinta uphenyo ngokuningiliziwe lokho okushiwo yinkulumo ithonya mutual kwama-athomu nezinhlayiyana kubangela izimpawu wachaza izakhiwo ezahlukene. Yilokho zoMthetho oyinhloko ososayensi theory inikwe amandla Butlerov sika impumelelo enjalo.