Earth Sciences: Geography. Obani labo ososayensi lokuqala owaqamba igama elithi "geography"?

Kukhona wesayensi eziningi, okuyinto ethatha njengoba into cwaningo Earth isimo sawo. Kulesi sihloko sizogxila omunye wabo. Uyini geography kanye nokuthi lapho utadisha? Ubani futhi lapho busuka isayensi gama?

wesayensi Umhlaba

Kukhona wesayensi oyinkimbinkimbi, into cwaningo lapho omunye - Earth futhi iyafika. Basuke okubhekiselwa kuzo nangokuthi ngesayensi yemvelo. Lena physics (igama elithi kusukela esiGrekini futhi lisho "imvelo"), isayensi yezinto eziphilayo, ngesimiso semvelo, chemistry, yebo, geography. Ngokulandelayo, sitshelwa ngo sihlole kabanzi yezinhloso futhi Izinjongo zalolu isiyalo yesayensi, kanye ukuthola omunye ososayensi lokuqala owaqamba igama elithi "geography".

Ngokuthakazelisayo, ezikhathini zasendulo, ezinsukwini zakuqala wesayensi ezinjalo, bonke ulwazi oluthuthukayo lomhlaba sasimunye kwelinye isiyalo. Kodwa-ke, nge ekuqongeleleni ulwazi olusha, isayensi Umhlaba aqala ukuzihlukanisa. Ngakho kwaba khona i-physics, i-geography, yokuma komhlaba, i-biology, bese inqwaba eyala entsha.

Noma kunjalo, zonke lezi sciences bamunye eyodwa into ucwaningo. Yilokho nje emigomweni banayo - ezahlukene. Physics isifundo zonke izinqubo zemvelo kanye izenzakalo, biology uchaza ukwehluka yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene iplanethi yethu, kodwa geography - kuyinto isayensi jikelele ukuthi ufunda ukusebenza ezindawo imvilophi Zomhlaba.

Obani labo ososayensi lokuqala owaqamba igama elithi "geography"?

Igama elithi "geography" liqukethe amagama amabili: "geo" - leli zwe futhi 'Ukubala "- ngiloba, ngichaze. Lokho ngokoqobo ke angahunyushwa ngokuthi "zemleopisanie". Ubani lokuqala esebenzisa elithi 'geography "emlandweni wesayensi?

Kwakuyisenzo esasibonisa sefilosofi oluvelele isiGreki sazi kusukela Eratosthenes waseKhurene. Yena wayehlala futhi esebenza e eGrisi lasendulo ngowesithathu BC leminyaka. izithakazelo ucwaningo Eratosthenes babe ahlukahlukene ukuze namuhla ke yayiyobizwa ngokuthi, futhi isazi sokuma komhlaba esiphambili nesazi sezibalo, nesezinkanyezi futhi philologist.

Eratosthenes Kirensk kungenziwa ngokuthi ngomunye wabokuqala emlandweni lezazi zokuma kwendawo. Ngaphandle kwakhe, lokhu isayensi amadili nabanye ososayensi yamaGreki asendulo - uStrabo, uHerodotus, uPtolemy. Lesi sakamuva, ngasendleleni, wabhala umsebenzi voluminous ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi laconic "Geography".

Eratosthenes umnikelo isayensi nokuma kwezwe

Eratosthenes sokunconywa itholakala lokuthi ukuthi kuqala wazama ulinganise Ubukhulu omhlaba (okungukuthi selilonke yayo). Yiqiniso, naye wayekholelwa kakade ukuthi Earth yethu uyindilinga. Ngenxa yalokho laba nezilinganiso kwathi ngempela inani eliqondile - 39 590 km (ubude yenkabazwe eMhlabeni kweqiniso imayelana 40-000)!

akazange Eratosthenes kwaba kanjani ukwazi ukubala ngokunembile ngakho usayizi Ngomhlaba? Phela, akazange abe amathuluzi eqondile kanye namadivayisi, futhi sikhuphukela emkhathini, futhi, yebo, bahluleka. Ithuluzi eliyinhloko usosayensi kwaba ... ilanga! Ukuze izilinganiso wathatha imizi emibili: Alexandria kanye Siena. Lapho ilanga wawudlondlobele khona phezu Siena, ekubaleni kwakhe wathi i e Alexandria zikhipha "emuva" ku 1/50 ingxenye umbuthano egcwele. Ukwazi ibanga ngqo phakathi kwala madolobha womabili, Eratosthenes sanda ngokuhlela izikhathi 50 futhi uye wathola eside ibanga umhlaba!

Manje uyazi ukuthi yiziphi ososayensi lokuqala owaqamba igama elithi "geography". Yini ngokutadisha lokhu isayensi esigabeni samanje?

Yini ukufunda geography?

Kuze kube manje, into eyinhloko cwaningo lwesifundo kungenziwa kanje: Ukuhlaziywa izici kwezendawo inhlangano imvilophu ezindawo Zomhlaba. Lesi sakamuva, njengoba sazi, siqukethe Geospheres ezine: lithosphere, umkhathi hydro- futhi linganisa. Ngakho, yonke isayensi lwesifundo ihlukaniswe sebuningini eyala ewumngcingo, ngamunye ephethe imigomo yayo kanye nezinhloso.

izigaba ezimbili ezinkulu abelwe kule nokwakheka isayensi yesimanje womhlaba:

1. geography ngokomzimba.
2. geography kwezenhlalo noma kwezomnotho.

Phakathi kwezinkinga ezinkulu eziphuthuma kakhulu ezithinta zokuma kwendawo yesimanje, yilezi ezilandelayo:

• impendulo yombuzo othi, "Yini ukutadisha geography";
• Isizathu sokuba khona isayensi ezinjalo;
• ukuzimisela wemisebenti lebalulekile yendlela esimi ngayo xxi leminyaka;
• inhlangano definition imigomo "igobolondo kwendawo", "isikhala ngokwebalazwe," "landscape," "uhlelo lwemvelo", "geosystem" nabanye;
• ukuthuthukiswa theory inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela futhi indlela lwesifundo (noma metageography);
• up uhlelo olulodwa futhi ikhipha okunengqondo wesayensi womhlaba;
• search izindlela ukuthuthukisa izindlela zocwaningo womhlaba , nokunye. d.

Ekuphetheni ...

Manje uyazi ukuthi yiziphi ososayensi lokuqala owaqamba igama elithi "geography" zesayensi. Kwakuwusuku lasendulo sefilosofi esingumGreki Eratosthenes waseKhurene, owayehlala e-BC III ekhulwini. Kodwa emlandweni wesayensi emhlabeni, wazehlukanisa hhayi kuphela le mpumelelo. Ikakhulukazi, Eratosthenes ukukala kahle impela usayizi iplanethi yethu, engenalo nelincane amadivayisi yesimanje.

Igama elithi "geography" lihunyushwa lisuselwa ngesiGreki ngokuthi "zemleopisanie". Nokho, izinhloso kanye nemisebenzi yesayensi yanamuhla kukhona okubalulekile enezici kuka incazelo kokujwayelekile komhlaba.