Chromium oxide

Eziningana zamakhemikhali kwala maphuzu amabili alula - Kr futhi O, - basonta isigaba compounds wezinto ezingaphili - oxides. Igama lazo ezivamile - nitrous chromium, kuthathwe eminye kubakaki zesi-Roman ukhombise Valence we metal. Amanye amagama amakhemikhali yabo amafomula:

• chromium (II) oxide - chromium oxide, CrO;
• chromium (III) oxide - chromic oluhlaza, i-chromium sesquioxide, Cr2O3;
• chromium (IV) oxide - chromium oxide, CrO2;
• chromium (VI) oxide - chromic anhydride, chromium trioxide, CrO3.

A kwakwakhe lapho shestivalenten metal futhi ube oxide ephakeme ka-chromium. Lokhu okuqinile, ayinaphunga ngokubukeka njengoba zinhlayiya amnyama-bomvu (emoyeni, Baqhisa ngenxa hygroscopic eqinile). isisindo izinyo lomhlathi - 99.99 g / imvukuzane. Ubuningi at 20 ° C elilingana 2.70 g / cm³. Ukuma - 197 ° C, ukubila - 251 ° C. Ngezinye 0 ° C ancibilikile 61,7 g / 100 at 25 ° C - 63 g / 100 ml at 100 ° C - 67,45 g / 100 ml. Oxide nayo ziyoncibilika sulfuric acid (chromic le ngxube, esasetshenziswa esikhangisweni se-laboratory zamakhemikhali wokuwasha izitsha) kanye nitric acid, i-ethanol, ETHYL elithi ether, acetic acid, acetone. Ngezinye 450 ° C ubola ukuze Cr2O3.

I-Chromium (VI) oxide isetshenziswa inqubo electrolysis (i-chromium okumsulwa) ngoba chromating imikhiqizo zinc Plating electrolytic, njenge-ejenti enamandla oxidizing (ukwenziwa indigo, isatin). Ephakeme chromium oxide isetshenziselwa uzingela utshwala emoyeni ngamakhala. Ukuqhutshwa ukuphendula ngokuvumelana scheme: 4CrO3 + 6H2SO4 + 3C2H5OH → 2Cr2 (SO4) 3 + 3CH3COOH + 9H2O. Ukuba khona utshwala kubonisa ushintsho isixazululo umbala (uphendulela oluhlaza).

I-Chromium (VI) oxide, kanye zonke hexavalent Kr, kuyinto ubuthi ezinamandla (umthamo ezibulalayo - 0.1 g). Ngenxa yomsebenzi layo eliphezulu CrO3 kubangela ukuthungela (nge ukuqhuma) izinto eziphilayo , abaxhumana nabo. Naphezu kwalesi simo esishubile ongaphakeme, ayanda oxide chromium kuyingozi uma imuncwe, njengoba umdlavuza wamaphaphu. Lapho lapho sihlala esikhunjeni (ngisho noma isuswe ngokushesha) kubangela ukucasuka, dermatitis, eczema, kuphakamisa emdlavuzeni.

Tetravalent chromium oxide ne CrO2 ukubukeka kuyinto okuqinile ngesimo black tetrahedral zinhlayiya ferromagnetic. I-Chromium oxide inobungako izinyo lomhlathi of 4 83.9949 g / Mol, ukuminyana 4,89 g / cm³. Ingqikithi liyancibilika kanyekanye ukubola, ezingeni lokushisa 375 ° C. Amanzi akusho chaza. It esetshenziswa kazibuthe ukuqoshwa abezindaba nomongo ukusebenza. Nge ukuthandwa-CD-ROM kanye DVD-ROM drive ukusebenzisa chromium (IV) oxide kwehle. Waqale kuhlelwe 1956 by wemithi inkampani EI DuPont Norman L. Cox ngu yokubola chromium trioxide ebukhoneni amanzi ezingeni lokushisa 640 ° C futhi ingcindezi 200 MPA. Ngokusho ilayisensi DuPont esikhishwe Sony eJapane BASF eJalimane.

3 chromium oxide Cr2O3 sisetshenziselwa izinto okuncane okuqinile kusukela ukukhanya green amnyama. mass izinyo lomhlathi kulingana 151,99 g / Mol. Ubuningi - 5,22 g / cm³. Ukuma - 2435 ° C, abilayo - 4000 ° C. Inkomba yezokubona efana okumsulwa - 2.551. Lokhu oxide akuyona oncibilikayo emanzini, utshwala, acetone, acid. Njengoba eya kwabantu corundum ukuminyana, iqondiswa e ukwakhiwa wokucwebezelisa ejenti (isib unamathisele Goi). Lona omunye oxides eyisisekelo ye-chromium, elisetshenziswa njengesibonakaliso sombala. Ngokokuqala ngqá kubuchwepheshe imfihlo eyamukelwe e 1838 ngesimo ifomu esobala amanzi amaningi. Emvelweni, atholakala ngendlela ye-chrome nsimbi Feo • Cr2O3.

Divalent chromium oxide - okuqinile black noma obomvu umbala ne iphuzu ukuncibilika 1550 ° C. Udambisa nge yokubola. isisindo izinyo lomhlathi - 67,996 g / Mol. I-Chromium oxide (II) umbala obomvu akuyona pyrophoric, futhi athi unesimo esifana kuyinto pyrophoric abamnyama. Powder wokhela angesabi emoyeni, ngakho-ke zingagcinwa kuphela ngaphansi ungqimba amanzi, njengoba engahambisani nalo. Black oxide of chromium kunzima kakhulu ukuthola ngefomu okumsulwa.

Ukuze chromium oxide ne Valence aphansi izakhiwo ejwayelekile eziyisisekelo, futhi oxide ne Valence ephakeme - acid.