Israyeli: uwuhlobo oluthile lukahulumeni futhi uhlelo nokuphatha

Phakathi kwamazwe anamuhla ngonyaka 14/05/1948 futhi langena Israyeli. Ifomu uhulumeni lapha - republic ePhalamende. Leli zwe kuyinto ebumbeneko, ngokusekelwe UN isinqumo ngoNovemba 1947, lapho kususwe kweBrithani phezu Palestine, ogama indawo lahlukaniswa laba izifunda ezimbili ezizimele - omunye Arab nokukodwa abangamaJuda.

polity

Israyeli, zohulumeni zazo isakhiwo isimo kukhona uhlobo ebumbeneko, ihlukaniswe ngezigodi eziyisithupha zokuphatha. amandla uhlelo uhlukile. Kusukela ngo-1996, leli lizwe eyingqayizivele emhlabeni, lapho umongameli likhethwa yiphalamende, futhi undunankulu likhethwa edume, ngokuqondile izakhamuzi ngokwabo.

Lapha umbuso zezombusazwe yeningi. UMthethosisekelo akusho ukudlala indima isenzo zomthetho futhi ayinaso zomthetho force main. Kunalokho ke ezinye okuthiwa Basic Law. Knesset, ku amazwe uhulumeni umengameli, emnothweni, inhloko-dolobha eJerusalema, impi, okhethweni futhi isimiso sokwahlulela - Kusukela ngo-1955, futhi eziyisishiyagalolunye zalezi izenzo zomthetho zenziwa kwi 1988 th Knesset (iphalamende okuthiwa). Israyeli, uwuhlobo oluthile lukahulumeni okuyinto iyahlule wonke amazwe aziwa, ke uphatha imithetho ayisishiyagalolunye.

imithetho

Imithetho Basic Ngokungafani uMthethosisekelo ukuthi ngaphansi kwezimo ayikwazi okwesikhashana, sichitshiyelwe iziqondiso, ngisho nasezimweni ezinzima kakhulu. Njengengxenye umthetho equkethwe ezinye izihloko ngokuthi "enezivikelo eziqinile 'lapho ungenza izinguquko, kodwa ngendlela emangalisayo nzima ukwenza. Kuze kube yimanje, Israyeli, ngendlela uhulumeni edinga hhayi kuphela imvume, kodwa eningini elingaphezu kukahhafu amavoti amalungu Knesset, uchitha izinqubo eside futhi akhathazayo ukuvota. Ngakho kwaba kanye, uma kukhona umbuzo mayelana ukhetho lwephalamende ngakolunye uhlangothi, isikimu ezilinganiselwe.

Kwaphela isikhathi eside imithetho kungukuthi agcwaliswa, kodwa ngo-1992 ezimbili ezintsha zikhishiwe. Lo Mthetho Basic inkululeko ukuzibonakalisa futhi besithunzi sobuntu. Eyokuqala eside isiqediwe futhi version wokugcina wakhululwa kuphela ngo-1994, manje iyakhula ngokuphelele. Phakathi neminyaka eyishumi edlule kuthathwe kanye neminye imithetho, kodwa abazange babe oluyinhloko, nakuba kokuqukethwe kuwona akunakubangelwa. Ifomu lombuso kwa-Israyeli isiba yelinyenti.

Izizathu bikho soMthethosisekelo

Kuleli zwe kunezinhlobo imiqondo emibili umbono zinhlobo zohulumeni yingenxa amaqembu akuzange kuwumise ukuphikiswa futhi awukwazi nganoma iyiphi indlela umphumela umbono ezimbili ezihlukene zifana. Kukhona abasekela nomqondo uhulumeni wezwe, okuyinto wakhuthaza Ukwamukelwa koMthethosisekelo, kuyilapho abaphikisi babo - theocrats -otritsayut kudingeka enye isethi imithetho ngaphandle Torah. Indima inkolo sibi, ngakho ukuma ibhodi Israyeli wehlukile kwamanye amazwe.

IPhalamende - Knesset - kuyinto unicameral futhi siqukethe amalungu abayikhulu namashumi amabili, labo abakhethiweyo iminyaka emine. Zonke amandla okushaya imithetho bagxila ezandleni zakhe. Isebenza suffrage kanye ezilinganiselwe ukumelwa uhlelo. Ngaphambi kuka-1996, kukaNdunankulu okhethwe iqembu elibusayo ke nokhetho Knesset waqala ukuba ngokuhlanganiswa ukhetho ngqo umholi oyinhloko wombuso. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kukaNdunankulu wathola ilungelo ukuncibilikisa Knesset, uma ebona ukuthi iningi amalungu ePhalamende kuyaphikisana ke. Njalo is uhlobo isimo. uhulumeni. Israyeli phambi lonke udaba.

amandla

amandla Legislative awugcini lutho, ukuze baye bamukela imithetho ilungelo likasihlalo lokunqabela ayikwazi ozibekile, ngeke kukhanselwe ngisho iNkantolo Ephakeme. Knesset kwalokho, umuntu unamandla ezahlukene, ekuphathweni nokugada uhulumeni nezenzo zawo. It ikhona kwamanye amazwe, kodwa hhayi bonke, naphezu kwalokho okushiwo uwuhlobo oluthile lukahulumeni.

Israyeli uye wenza konke angakwenza ukuthi imithetho ayikwazanga sihlakaniphele. Knesset avumela isabelomali, wawuqondiswa yonke imisebenzi uhulumeni ngosizo iPhini isicelo eMnyango, kucatshangwa kanye nophenyo ePhalamende. Knesset unelungelo ukuze uchithe uhulumeni, uma ubonisa ivoti singaqiniseki.

WePalamende begodu Uhulumeni

Ifomu lombuso kwa-Israyeli iye lathathwa imodeli British, lapho isinyathelo zomthetho ithwala ikakhulukazi uhulumeni. Njalo umthetho esenziwayo yiningi amasekela samanje (endleleni, ngokuphelele noma iyiphi inombolo kakade bakha ikhoramu).

Okukhishiwe imithetho ezenza izinguquko uhlelo lokhetho noma wazisingatha Imithetho Basic. Kulezi zimo udinga eningini elingaphezu kukahhafu, a ngokuhambisana ezithile nomthetho.

umongameli

Inhloko Umbuso okhethwe Knesset iminyaka emihlanu. Lokhu umongameli, isimo lapho enquma umthetho eziyisisekelo, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1964. imigomo amahlandla angaphezu kwamabili alandelanayo uMongameli alinalo ilungelo ukusebenza. Nokho, kuyinto - umuntu cishe okuzisholo, wenza imisebenzi ngokwesiko nesisindo sezombusazwe kuleliya lizwe akanayo.

amandla kaMengameli abathola isahlulelo phezu izincomo noNgqongqoshe State: igunyaza zonke izinhlobo izivumelwano ukuthi kakade izibophezele Knesset, kanye nemithetho ukuthi musa ezihlobene igunya lakhe.

Nasi izinhlobo zohulumeni, Israyeli, nokho, ubhekwa republic kamongameli. Kwamanye amazwe, omongameli Unelungelo Veto, umongameli Israeli - cha. Yena angaqoka abameleli zamanxusa futhi wamukele izifakazo yakhe, kodwa esiphezulu akusho ifa.

UNdunankulu

Kodwa lo muntu iyinhloko uhulumeni, futhi maqondana nokuthi likhethwa ngokuqondile sabantu. Abazobhapathizwa egijima enkundleni eyodwa noma ngaphezulu amaqembu, ezithinta izihlalo hhayi ngaphansi kuka eziyishumi Knesset, noma ukuqoqa amasignisha eziyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisihlanu.

Nembangi undunankulu akukwazi ngaphansi eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu ubudala, futhi kufanele kuholele uhlu party. Iminyaka engaphezulu kwamashumi amabili sokuba undunankulu, okungekho omunye kungaba ukubamba. Inhloko uhulumeni empeleni uqondisa nomgomo wezangaphandle futhi ezifuywayo isimo Nokho, zonke izinqumo ezibalulekile kufanele uqale uvumele Knesset.

ivoti ukungabi nethemba

Njalo is ifomu lombuso kwa-Israyeli ngaleso sikhathi. Nge imvume Knesset, uNdunankulu angase ukhethe noma ekuketulweni uhulumeni. Nokho, uhulumeni unesibopho ephalamende. Uma ivoti ukungabi nethemba luzakwenziwa ngokwanele kuwo wonke amavoti ayisithupha nanye okweqa iningi ukuthi isenzo leso kubhekwe svershonnym.

Khona-ke libambe ukhetho futhi - futhi Knesset kanye uNdunankulu. Knesset ukumemezela ivoti ukungabi nethemba kuya UNdunankulu, udinga ukudayela iningi ivoti amashumi ayisishiyagalombili nanye, futhi ukuba azixoshe ke, isibonelo, ukoniwa kuyisiphazamiso esimisweni sokuhle nokubi, ngokuvamile iningi yasephalamende ivoti ayisithupha nanye. Khona-ke nje ayakhethwa uNdunankulu.

uhlelo lomthetho

Uhlelo lomthetho ixubene kuleli zwe, ngoba kukhona izici (Roman-German) futhi-Anglo-Saxon umthetho ezwekazini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona futhi ehlaselwe izinhlelo ezimbili ezihluke ngokuphelele umthetho bayasonta - kwamaSulumane namaJuda amaningi, kusetshenziswa kakhulu ngaphakathi amahlelo ezingeke buyisana Israyeli. Ifomu uhulumeni futhi uhlelo nokuphatha incike indaba kumiswa isimo.

Kuze 1918, kula masimu kwakungekaNkulunkulu Turkey, lapho ekuqaleni ezakhiwe ilungelo yoMbuso WaseTurkey. Izisekelo lo mthetho, esasivutha ePalestina, kakhulu, akhiwe imithombo Lokudabuka ezahlukene. Ngakwesokudla ubunikazi ebekwe Ikhodi isinyathelo "Mecelle" - umthetho Islamic (Hanafi esikoleni). Umkhaya umshado kanye ifa babephathwa umthetho uncodified Islamic, futhi ukuhweba endaweni yimithetho, edonswa abaseTurkey e imithombo French.

England

Ngo-1922, e-UK eseke igunya Yezizwe okuyothi yaphela 1947 Palestine. Ngesikhathi esifanayo yena wakhipha isimemezelo owawuthi zonke izinkantolo zensimu saqhubeka ngokusebenzisa umthetho wombuso WaseTurkey yaphelela - nalawo empeleni phambi Februwari 1914, kanye nemithetho lidlule kamuva, futhi izenzo zomthetho, okuyinto eqala ukubusa ngo-Palestine.

It izosebenza futhi evamile umkhuba wamakoloni - izinkantolo ziye ogunyaziwe ngokungabi bikho emthethweni ukwenza namazinga adingekayo esekelwe naletintfo komthetho ezivamile kanye nokulingana. Ngakho , umthetho wamaNgisi kancane kancane ngelinye le Franco-Ottoman. Lomhlambi.

Israyeli imithetho

Lapho Palestine Ugcwalise ezinkulungwane zamaJuda, umthetho benkolo bamaJuda wayezama ugcine lonke, ngoba lo mthetho yasekela imithetho ekhona, engahambelani nezinhlinzeko ekumenyezelweni kukazibuse nemithetho ukuba kamuva eyamukelwa Knesset. Le nqubo zisasetshenziswa, kusukela imithetho yoMbuso WaseTurkey nemithetho eminingi igunya isikhathi kodwa zikhona.

Kule minyaka edlule, kwakhiwa ngesisekelo izinqumo eNkantolo eNkulu yokuDluliselwa isethi okhethekile amalungelo abantu - kunjalo-mthetho: inkululeko yokuhlanganyela, inkulumo, inkolo, nokulingana ngaphambi komthetho. Lamagugu kungaba ngobulungisa uyaziqhenya Israyeli. Ifomu uhulumeni kanye nesimo isakhiwo se-zwe zaholela kwezinye imithetho ngempumelelo, naphezu okuxubile yabo.

State Isilawuli

Kukhona omunye isikhundla, evunyiwe ngo-1949, ukuhlinzeka iziphathimandla zikahulumeni obhekene emphakathini. Le Nkulumo Echaza Isimo Isilawuli - Supreme Audit Institution, esesikhundleni uwuhlobo oluthile lukahulumeni. Israyeli State Comptroller Ucela ukuqinisekisa ukuba semthethweni, ukusebenza kahle, ukusebenza, ngisho ecaleni lokumukelekako izenzo ekuphathweni kanye zonke izikhulu.

Kusukela 1971, State Comptroller imisebenzi ka Ombudsman kunikezelwe, ie Commissioner ePhalamende, okuyinto uhlola izikhalazo zezakhamizi. Umuntu onjalo likhethwa iminyaka emihlanu ngokuthathu ivoti eliyimfihlo wonke amalungu Knesset futhi unesibopho sokubika kuphela kuye. State Comptroller angahlola noma yimaphi ama-akhawunti, amarekhodi kanye nabasebenzi namabhuku emininingwane anoma yiluphi izindawo, ukufinyelela okungenamkhawulo kulo. It uhlola zezinkonzo, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, ingqalasizinda ukuzivikela, iyiphi zazishintsha zaba nemizimba iziphathimandla zendawo nesimo, izinkampani zikahulumeni, temabhizimisi embuso NGAMAFUPHI - konke, kuhlanganise amaqembu ezombusazwe kanye nanoma yimiphi imibiko sabo sezimali.

inkolo

Kusukela inkolo isimo akuyona ahlukaniswe, yingakho zonke izifunda babe nemikhandlu yezenkolo ekhethekile yakhiwa kuphela sabantu abefundisi, okuyinto last babemiswa iziphathimandla zendawo, isiKhulu Rabbinate kanye uMnyango Wezenkolo. Imisebenzi esemqoka Imikhandlu abanjalo bangabaphostoli, njengoba yonke indawo, nokuphathwa ezinkonzweni zenkolo, kodwa lapha, ngaphezu, ezifana Poland, umkhandlu zenkolo unelungelo ukuze sihlinzeke izinhlelo ezihlobene isimo izenzo civil. Okungukuthi, lo mbhangqwana musa ukuya umbhalisi futhi eya ethempelini lalapho futhi uthole isitifiketi somshado.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, u-Israyeli kombuso wentando yabantu, ngakhoke amalungelo angokomthetho belingana yamaJuda amaqembu amaningi zobuzwe nezenkolo. Lokhu Arab amaSulumane namaKristu Arab, Armenia, Bedouins, Druze, amaSamariya nabanye abaningi. Ngokusemthethweni, kukhona Nokho, akukho nkolo isimo ekhona, kanye nenkolo isimo akuyona ahlukaniswe. somthetho wamaJuda loIsrayeli ekhishwe ngoba kukhona ukungavumelani emphakathini ngobuhlobo inkolo isimo futhi yendima yayo ekuqhubeleni isimo. Lokhu kwashiwo ngenhla. Akekho izinkolo ezikhona ezweni akanayo isimo ekhethekile. It luthathwe njengoba isimiso somthetho sangaleso isiko British.