Izikhulu zokuqala zaseRussia, imisebenzi yabo yokuguquguqula

Sifunda ngokuphila kwababusi bokuqala eRussia kusukela emlandweni weminyaka eminingi kunazo zonke ezasinda kuze kube namuhla, The Tale of Bygone Years. Imisebenzi yezikhulu zaseRussia zokuqala zixhumene ngokuqondile nokuzalwa kwezwe elizimele elidala laseRussia. Namuhla, ukutadisha umlando wezwe lakithi kubhekane nenani elikhulu lochwepheshe kulo mkhakha kanye nabathandekayo bomlando abanomdlandla. Umlando waseRussia uthakazelisa kakhulu, njalo ngonyaka wembula izimfihlo eziningi futhi unikeza izimfihlakalo eziningi nangaphezulu.

Ngokusho kweThe Tale, izikhulu zase-Old Rus zithola imvelaphi yobukhosi baseRurik, ukhokho kaRurik, owamenywa emazweni aseRashiya yi-Ilmen sloven ngo-862. Indawo yokuqala yokubusa nokubusa kukaRurik kwakuyiLadoga, khona-ke igunya lakhe lasakazeka kuwo wonke amazwe aseNovgorod.

Ukulinganiselwa kokuphila kwabantu besonto lesishiyagalolunye kwakungekho eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-35, lokhu kubangelwa ukuguqulwa okusheshayo kwabaphathi baseRussia. Ukubulala, umbusi wadlulisela amandla akhe esihlotsheni esiseduze noma isosha eliqotho leqembu lakhe. Ngemva kwesikhashana izingalo zikahulumeni izikhulu zaseRussia zokuqala zaqala ukudlulisela emadodaneni abo.

Ngesikhathi esingaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi isikhulu sesibili sasiseRussia isihlobo segazi sikaRurik, ukubusa kwakhe kwaba nethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni umbuso waseRussia njengamanye. U-Oleg, owathola isiteketiso "esiprofetho", waba ngummeleli wokuqala wenkosi yobukhosi, ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaKivanvan Rus. Ngo-882 u-Oleg umProfethi uthatha umuzi waseKiev, okwakungamakhulu eminyaka waba yinhloko-dolobha kanye nendawo yamazwe aseRussia. INkosana u-Oleg wayenomthelela ekutshaleni izindawo zaseRussia, kanye nokuqinisa ubudlelwane bayo bomthetho wangaphandle namanye amazwe. Ngo-907, ibutho lakhe laqala ukulwa noConstantinople, inhloko-dolobha yasendulo yaseByzantium, okwaholela ekupheleni kwezivumelwano ezimbili zokuthula, okuzuzisa kakhulu eRussia. I-feat of the prince yayifihlelwa emsebenzini wakhe "Ingoma Yenhlakaniphi Oleg" ka-Alexander Pushkin.

Phakathi kwezidingo zomholi wesithathu waseRussia Igor, owaba umbusi wezwe ngo-912:

• Ukwandiswa kwemingcele yombuso ngokuqondisa izizwe zezilonda eziseduze nayo;
• Ukuthuthukiswa kwamazwe eNhlonzwa yaseTaman;
• Ukunqoba phezu kwePechenegs engumngane.

Ukuphila kuka- Prince Igor kwaphela ngendlela ebuhlungu kakhulu. Njengoba sekuyaziwa, izikhulu zaseRussia zokuqala zahlanganyela ekuqoqeni intela (polyudja) ezivela ezizweni ezingaphansi kwazo. Kwenye yale mikhankaso yokuqoqa i-polydya, u-Igor wabulawa ngabameleli bamaDrevlyans. Ngemva kokushona kwesikhulu, izinsolo zikahulumeni zawela ezandleni zomkakhe u-Olga, ngoba indodana ka-Igor kuphela, uSvyatoslav, yayisemncane kakhulu ngesikhathi sokufa kukayise.

Ukuguqulwa kokuqala kukaChristina Olga kwakungukungeniswa kwemali eqondile yenkokhelo kubantu abangaphansi, kanye nokusungulwa kwendawo esemqoka yokuqoqwa kwayo. Ngo-957, umbusi waseRussia wavakashela uConstantinople futhi wamukela ukholo lobuKristu ogama lakhe lingu-Elena. Kuwukubusa kwakhe ukuthi umcimbi omuhle empilweni yenkolo yezwe ixhunyiwe - ubhapathizo lukaRussia (eKyivans), olwenzeka ngo-988. Nakuba kungenakwenzeka ukusungula usuku oluqondile lomcimbi, lugcinwe amashumi ambalwa eminyaka. I-Rusan yamaPagan yayinqabile kakhulu futhi yamukela kancane kancane inkolo yomunye.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-Russian prince Sviatoslav olandelayo wawuhlose ukuqhuba imisebenzi yezempi ngokumelene nezizwe zasendulo ezitholakala kalula. Ku-akhawunti yakhe, ukubhujiswa kweKhazar Kaganate, impi neByzantium, umkhonto we-Danube Bulgaria. Njengoyise, uSvyatoslav wabulawa ngabameleli bezizwe ezitha. Kulokhu, i-Pechenegs.

Izikhulu zaseRussia zokuqala zaziyizici ezivelele. Thatha, isibonelo, u-Olga. Ikhono lokuhola lo wesifazane lingabanjelwa umfazi wesimabhizinisi wanamuhla. Isonto lobuKristu limbiza ngokuthi lilingana nabaPhostoli. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ababikezeli babiza u-Olga ngobuqili, futhi izazi-mlando - zihlakaniphile.

Ngakho, inzalo yezikhulu zaseRussia - inzalo kaRurik ivela phakathi nekhulu lesishiyagalolunye. Ababusi bokuqala baseRussia babenobulungiswa ngokuphathelene nezihloko zezwe labo futhi behlukumeze omakhelwane babo. Uma uphendukela kumlando, ungabona ukuthi ukwakheka cishe kuzo zonke izifunda zomhlaba kwenzeka ngokunqotshwa nokunqotshwa kwensimu yesitha. I-Russia yakudala ayinjalo. Izikhulu zaseRussia zokuqala zazinakekela ukwandiswa kwemingcele yombuso wazo, futhi yilapho kuphela ecabanga ngenhlalakahle yezifundo ezihlala ensimini yayo. Ingxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-12 yabonakaliswa ukuqala kokuhlakazeka kombuthano owodwa omkhulu emazweni amancane nanhlanu ahlukene, awela emlandweni ngokuthi "ukuhlukaniswa kobuhlanga bukaRussia." Kusukela manje, i-Kievan Rus njengombuso owodwa uyeka ukuphela.