Izikhombisi Zokukhipha. U-Erich Maria Remarque: izingcaphuno, ama-aphorisms namazwi

U-Erich Maria Remarque ... Uqinisile kakhulu ngobuntu bakhe - owokuqala, owayehlose ukubhala umphefumulo wokuhlupheka esikhathini esibi sezimpi zomhlaba ...

Ekuqaleni igama lakhe labizwa ngokuthi u-Erich Paul Remarque. Lapho eneminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, cishe waba yisisulu ngenxa yamanxeba amahlanu abulalayo. Odokotela baprofetha kuye ukuphila okufishane nokungajabuli komuntu okhubazekile, kodwa amandla akhe emoyeni ayeqina. Kodwa-ke, ukushaya okukhulu kuka-Eric kwakuwukufa okungazelelwe kusukela ezinkingeni ezihluphekile nosizi lwenina - ngonyaka ozayo, ngemuva kokulimala. Kamuva izingcaphuno zikaRecarque zasetshenziswa ngabadlali bezindaba, bachaza ukuhlupheka ayekuhlupheka: "Umama uyithinta kakhulu konke okusemhlabeni. Umama kusho ukuthethelela nokuzinikela. "

Ithenda ekhethekile yomlobi

Njengoba etshela emibhalweni yakhe, ukuze athole uhlobo lwezithuko ngesikhathi sokulahlekelwa okunzima, ngolunye usuku isinqumo sifikile: esikhundleni sokuba "uPaul" ngegama eligcwele negama lomama - uMaria. U-Erich wayekholelwa ukuthi lokhu kuzoqhubeka nokuvikelwa empilweni yakhe, ingane yesikole-efundiswe, ekhishwe yimpi.

Ukuqala kanye nemifanekiso yokucabanga kwakungokwemvelo kulo muntu onethalente. Ngakho-ke, mhlawumbe, izingcaphuno ezivela ezincwadini zikaRemarque mayelana nothando nempi, ngomuntu nemicabango yakhe kuthinte umphefumulo wabafundi.

Ngezinye izikhathi imicabango yomlobi ibukhali kakhulu, imfushane, i-laconic, yasekuqaleni, ukuthi ikhunjulwa ngokushesha ngumfundi, iba yi-aphorisms.

Isikhumbuzo siqala umsebenzi wakhe wokubhala

Akuyona esikoleni sokushisa sokushisa esadlula ebusheni bakhe. Umzimba onamandla usaphila. Ngemuva kokulimala, wazama ukuhamba njengomculi, egijima umshayeli, bese-njengomlobi wezindaba. Ngalesi sikhathi wabhala imisebenzi yokuqala, ngesitayela esifana nomshini we-tabloid. Nokho, emva kweminyaka emihlanu, ukukhula kwakhe okubonakalayo komsebenzi kungasetshenziswa: uphathwe umsebenzi ohlonishwayo eYurophu - ukuba abe umbhali we-Hannover edition Echo Continental. Kwakuyisikole esihle. Ebuyela eJalimane, uba umhleli wesonto "Shport im bild".

Ukudala umbhali weveli enhle kakhulu emhlabeni mayelana neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala

Eminyakeni emine kamuva uLarque waqala ukubhala inkaba eyamletha udumo nokuchuma - "E-Western Front ngaphandle kokuguqulwa." Indaba ye-master of prose evelele mayelana nalabo bantu, emva kokuziqhayisa ekuphileni okuthula, baphonswa esithandweni esivuthayo sempi, baphoqeleka ukufa ngezinkulungwane. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, le novel yaphikisa ngokucacile amandla kaHitler, eheha abantu ukuthi babe ngabafundi, eveza ububele babo, benqatshelwe udlame.

Umbhali ubonakala sengathi ubonile inhlekelele yaseJalimane ngawo-1940, ekhuluma ngabantu bakubo abaphendulela njengamafaynon. Abagxeki bayavuma ukuthi ezincwadini zomhlaba le nveli iyincwadi enhle kakhulu ngeMpi Yezwe Yokuqala.

Ukuqhubeka kwakhe - incwadi ethi "Buyisela" - wakhuluma ngabahlali besikhathi salo mlobi, owakhubazeka ngokwenyama nangokomoya, esebuyile kusukela phambili waya empilweni enokuthula, ayengaziwa, angenakuphikiswa.

Ukuthutha ukuthutha

Akukho baprofethi ezweni lakubo. Ngokushesha uKlikushi wabiza imisebenzi yomlobi "ukuhlukumezeka." Ukubona komuntu ngezinhlekelele zempi yombhali ngokusobala akuhambisani nemibono yeGoebbels ye-National Socialists, eyaba namandla kuma-1930 eJalimane. Njengoba ama-fascists athi, imisebenzi yakhe "yabuthakathaka umoya waseJalimane," no-Erich Maria Remarque ngokwakhe waba "isitha se-Fuhrer."

AmaNazi, ngaphandle kwe-barbarism, ayengenanto yokuphikisa iqiniso leRatarque indaba ethembekile mayelana nesiphetho sesizukulwane sakhe, esikhubazekile yimpi: izincwadi zakhe "ezikhohlisayo" zashiswa esidlangalaleni. Umlobi, esaba ukuphindwa, wathuthela eSwitzerland.

Iminyaka engu-40 yokufuduka ...

Ingabe isikhathi sokufuduka komlobi sasihambisana nesikhathi sikaMose sokufuna "umhlaba othembisiwe" kubantu bakhe? Isikhumbuzo sazibonakalisa ngaphandle kwezwe kodwa hhayi nje njengomlobi - i-patriot, kodwa futhi njengomlobi - isazi sefilosofi. Yena ngokwakhe wabhala: "Isikhathi asiphulukisi ...".

I-classic ibonisa emaveli akhe umhlaba wonke umoya wangempela waseJalimane, umoya wabacwaningi, abantu abangabantu, izisebenzi, ukucubungula ngokujulile ukuhlupheka kwezwe lakubo nabantu bakubo. Yona kanye umoya owasiphoqa ukuba sikhulume "isimangaliso saseJalimane" - ukuvuselelwa okusheshayo kwezwe.

Ukusuka eSwitzerland, wathuthela eFrance, lapho-eya eMexico, lapho-eya e-United States. Amanoveli akhe "emigre" - "U-Triumphal Arch", "Ubusuku e-Lisbon", "Thanda umakhelwane wakho" - abe yisithombe esibucayi ezincwadini zomhlaba. Abahlolisisi bayakuqonda: Isikhumbuzi sibhala okuyingqayizivele.

Imisebenzi yakhe - "Ama-Comrades amathathu", "U-Triumphal Arch", "Ukuphila ngemali mboleko", "Ubusuku e-Lisbon". "Umbhoshongo omnyama", "Isikhathi sokuphila nesikhathi sokufa" - owaziwa futhi ohlolwe kabanzi. Imicabango evezwe yi-Remarque kuzo icashunwe futhi iyadingeka.

Inanoma ngayinye ye-Remarque ifanelwe isihloko esihlukile, kodwa sinethuba lokubhala kabanzi mayelana nento eyodwa kuphela.

I-Arc de Triomphe

Incwadzi ethi "I-Arc de Triomphe" ibhalwe yi-Remarque ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II e-United States, lapho eya khona. Isisekelo salo indaba yeqiniso yomdlandla waseJalimane, uDkt. Fresenburg, owasebenzisa igama elingamanga likaRavik ngaphandle. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-Remarque ivele emfanekisweni womlingisi oyinhloko weveli eningi yomuntu siqu ...

Leli bhuku eliyinkimbinkimbi, ngoba, naphezu kokuthi icebo lalo lihlanganisa iminyaka yempi egazini, i-leitmotif yayo yayinothando. Uthando, "olungabonakali ubungane." Kulo msebenzi ungase uzizwe nje ngesitayela somlobi, kukhona amandla amangalisayo okudala kwakhe. Indaba yodokotela ohlinzayo waseJalimane uRavik, ohlala eParis ngokungekho emthethweni futhi esebenza kahle, ngenkathi egcina incognito yakhe, akakwazi ukushiya abafundi bengenandaba, ngoba "uchitha impilo emahoreni amaningi", ekhumbula izwe langaphambi kwempi, elibiza ngokuthi "ipharadesi elahlekile".

Ukuvamile kwesithombe sikaRavik nobuntu bomlobi wakhe

Isikhumbuzi sidale "i-Triumphal Arch", hhayi nje kuphela ukunikeza umlingisi oyinhloko ngezici ze-autobiographical. NjengoDkt. Ravik, wayengenakuhlala eJalimane yakubo (amaNazi asulaza ubuzwe bakhe). Njengoba kunjalo, walwa eMpini Yezwe Lokuqala. Njengomlingiswa oyinhloko wenveli, wayethandana. Kodwa-ke uJoan Madou wayengumfanekiso wangempela - uMarlene Dietrich, uRomark owayenombhalo okhanyayo ngo-1937, owaphela kuphela ukufa komlobi ngo-1970. Kwakuwuthando olungathandeki, ngoba uMarlene akazange adalwe impilo yomndeni ... Isethulo esinolwazi lomlobi womlando wothando senza abafundi bafunde ngekhanda izingcaphuno ze-Remarque, bejabule ngombono wabo wezinkondlo.

Yini enye eyadonsela ndawonye umlobi omkhulu wamaJalimane wekhulu lama-20 noDkt. Ravik? Inzondo yama-fascists. Ngokusho kwesigcawu sencwadi, udokotela ohlinzayo ubulala eParis i-Gestapo-umbulali waseHaak, wahlushwa futhi wahlushwa ukuze alethe othandekayo wakhe ukuzibulala.

Uma ngabe ungumdali wale ndoda, umlobi ongaphambili, indoda ehamba phambili nodadewabo omdala omthandayo u-Elfried eJalimane, mhlawumbe lesi sitha esingazimele sasiyobhujiswa empilweni yangempela ngendlela efanayo! Umqondo wokuqala wokuziphindiselela emqondweni kaRavik, emva kokucatshangelwa, wasuswa esikhundleni sesifiso sokuthi "aqhubeke nomzabalazo." Lokhu kungaqondakala ngokuphinda ufunde izikhalazo ze-Remarque mayelana nempi, ngesithunzi sesintu.

"I-Arch Triumphal" - inkulumo ejulile nefilosofi

Yini enye eletha isithombe sombhalo kanye nomdali wayo oseduze? Ingaphakathi langaphakathi, elingavumi nje kuphela ukusinda ezikhathini zenkathazo ebomvu ye-fascism, kodwa futhi ukuba abe yizinto eziphikisanayo nezimfundiso ezingenangqondo. Isimo sakhe sengqondo ku-fascism I-Remarque ayikhulumi ngokuqondile. Kuye "iziboshwa zasejele", "ubuso obuswakanyiswe ngabangane abahlukunyeziwe", "usizi olunzima lwabaphilayo". Kodwa kubonakala ngokucacile ngokusebenzisa imishwana yabalingiswa bakhe: ngezinye izikhathi ukuveza, ngezinye izikhathi kungezansi. Njengomculi - ngezinhlangothi ezithile - unikeza umfundi ukuthi isisusa sokuthi "i-brown brown".

Khumbula ngendima yezincwadi empilweni

Akekho ngaphambili, nangemva kwalokho, wabhala ngezincwadi ngobuqotho. Phela, umuntu odelelekile, indoda engumfiki, lezi "izingcezu ze-cubic zokubhema unembeza" zazivame ukuba abangane abasondelene kakhulu. Futhi Remarque, noDkt. Ravik, abadalwa nguye, behlala kude nezwe lakubo, bathola indawo yokuthola umphefumulo ekufundeni izincwadi. Yeka ukuthi kunembile kangakanani izingcaphuno zikaRecarque ngazo, abangane bangempela kanye nabacebisi bemiphefumulo yabantu abahluphekayo, umkhiqizo ongabonakali wokuhlakanipha kwabantu!

Wayethanda imisebenzi kaZweig, Dostoevsky, Goethe, Thomas Mann. Yiqiniso, izincwadi eziphathelene nefilosofi nezincwadi ezinhle zakudala aziletha izindlela ezengeziwe zokwenza izinto. Kodwa-ke, njengoba isiGreki saseJalimane sekhulu lama-20 sibhala ngokucacile, sakha isivinini esingenakuvinjelwa ebubini bomphefumulo womuntu, esingavumeli lesi sici esimnyama ukuba singene empilweni yakhe.

Isithombe somlobi e-Arc de Triomphe

Izicaphuno ze-Remarque zikhuluma ngesimo sokuphila komlobi. "I-Arc de Triomphe ... nekhulu layo ivikela ithuna le-Soldier engaziwa", isebenza njengophawu lwe-pan-European lokuthula nokuzinza. Kubonakala sengathi luhlobo lobuciko obuhle olusinda ekukhuphukeni nasekuhlaselweni kukaNapoleon futhi okuhloswe ukuba kusinde i-fierco kaHitler. Le noveli ngokwayo ingoma yombono wezwe waseYurophu, ngokusekelwe othandweni, izindinganiso zomhlaba jikelele: ukuzikhethela komuntu siqu, ukubekezelelana, ukucabangela okubalulekile kweqiniso, ukulungele inkhulumomphendvulwano.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi uDkt. Ravik, ohlala eParis ngemibhalo eqoshiwe, uthola ukungena - akanalo izindlu ezihlala njalo, akanalo umndeni kanye nezingane - akacasuli, imicabango yakhe nezenzo ziqotho futhi zivulekile. Yena, ngokulandela unembeza wakhe, usiza abantu ezimweni lapho ozakwabo abaphumelela khona bebonisa ukuzikhathalela nobugovu.

Izinga eliphakeme lokuhlonipha empilweni yangasese lilokhu liphawulwe yi-Remarque ngokwakhe. Yena, njengoMama Teresa, wazama ukusiza wonke umuntu. Isibonelo, osebenza naye kaHans Sachachever Erich wayevele evikelekile endlini yakhe ... Imisebenzi yakhe yayidingeka futhi ihanjiswe imali, empeleni wabasebenzisa bonke ngosizo lwezezimali kulabo ababephikisana nabo.

Ukulahlekelwa yindlala komlobi kwaba ukulahlekelwa umngane wakhe - intatheli yaseJalimane uFelix Mendelssohn, owabulawa esesidlangalaleni, ebusweni bamaNazi.

Uyagula nomphefumulo wakhe ngabantu bakubo, ikakhulukazi labo abaseFrance. Phela, umsebenzi wezwe ngeJalimane abaningi babo baphela ekamu lokuhlushwa nokufa ... Mhlawumbe, ngakho-ke, encwadini encane I-Remarque iphetha incwadi yakhe embi kakhulu. Umlingisi onomhawu ubulawa yiJoan ophikisanayo nowesifazane. Amabutho aseJalimane awela emingcele futhi afike enhloko-dolobha yaseFrance. I-Ravik ifana nokuzinikela kokubulala kwabantu, esikhundleni sokufihla ...

Umkhathi okhethekile weParis wama-30s owadluliselwa ngumlobi

Kungaba ngokungalungile ukukhuluma nge-Triumphal Arch, ingakhulumi ukubaluleka kwayo kwezobuciko kanye nomlando. Ukulifunda, njengokungathi lingene emkhathini wangaphambi kwempi ... Mayelana nesithombe esikhethekile saseParis, ukuphila impilo engavamile engokwemvelo, njengokungathi nge-inertia, izingcaphuno ze-Remarque zatshelwa. "I-Arc de Triomphe" ikhuluma ngokuphila okungenandaba nokuphila komphakathi waseFrance. I-fragility yalesi simo sezwe iyabonakala.

Okufanekisiwe ekuchazeni inhloko-dolobha yaseFrance kuwukugxila kokubheka kwabafundi ezakhiweni ezimbili - i-Arc de Triomphe kanye neTomb of the Soldier Unknown.

Isiphetho

Umphakathi wabafundi uningi ... Sihluke kakhulu: sihluphekile futhi sicebile, sinenhlanhla futhi sinzima ukuphila, sibona izwe ngemibala ekhanyayo futhi siyidonsela emathoneni amnyama. Ngakho-ke sihlangene ngani?

Kungaba isifiso sokuthi, ngemva kokubuza lo mbuzo, abafundi bawuthola impendulo ezincwadini zakudala, bekhumbula izingcaphuno ezithile ... U-Erich Remarque, ngokuyisisekelo umuntu oyedwa, empeleni, kuwo wonke amanoveli akhe, wanxusa abantu abavamile. Futhi izindinganiso zayo eziyinhloko, ngokusho komlobi, kufanele kube uthando, ubungane, ukwethembeka, ukuhlonipha. Umuntu onalezi zimfanelo ngokungapheli uletha ukukhanya kulowo mhlaba omncane lapho ehlala khona.

Nokho, lokhu akwanele. Ngemuva kwalokho, "ipasipoti" (okungukuthi, ukuzakhamuzi), ngokusho kwe-Remarque, inikeza umuntu ilungelo elilodwa kuphela - ukufa yindlala, "hhayi ukuhlala egijima." Ngakho-ke kubalulekile nokuba ngumsebenzi wezehlakalo ezikhethiwe.

Zonke lezi zimfanelo zihambelana namaqhawe ezincwadi ze Remarque.