Isiko Russian we-19 ngasekupheleni - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Izici isiko Russian

Ukuze uzwisise kahle izici of isiko Russian ekuqa- XIX-XX eminyaka., Udinga unombono mayelana nohlobo umthetho yasekhaya, ezomnotho nezombusazwe kwesikhathi. Lokhu kubalulekile. Iqhaza isiko Russian ayikwazi overestimated. Ngenxa kwekuhlela kabusha kaPetru eMbusweni esungulwe i ohlanga ngokuphelele, kanye kushaywa kwemtsetfo ubushiqela. Lokhu ikakhulukazi njengoba kubonakala kula "yokuchuma" of uCatherine II.

Imicimbi ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX

Century kwasho kabusha ezikhonzayo ka-Aleksandru I. Ngo umkhuba, wenziwa ukuze aqinise oda amakhosi asendulo-absolutist. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ke kubalulekile ukucabangela umphumela entsha "umoya izikhathi." Okokuqala, ngilugcinile bubhalwe French Revolution kulo lonke isiko Russian. Uthando inkululeko ingenye archetypes yayo. It is lugujwe kuzona zonke izingxenye izinkondlo Russian kusukela Pushkin Tsvetaeva futhi aliqede. Ngemva Ministry ezazakhiwe, kwakukhona bureaucratization okwengeziwe lokulawula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukisa apharathasi central of the Empire, Russian. Ukusungulwa kwe uMkhandlu Wombuso - esibalulekile Europeanization kanye sesimanje lonke uhlelo. imisebenzi zako ezisemqoka ezisetshenzisiwe: ukuqinisekisa ukuvumelana kwezinkambiso zomthetho kanye yinye wezasekhaya zomthetho.

Inkathi Yokuchuma

isiko Russian we-19 ngasekupheleni - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 Kwathi uye wakwenza ngokuzimisela okukhulu. A negalelo elinamandla kule nqubo wayeseyindoda umcabango Western nezwe intuthuko wamavukelambuso. Futhi wathi ubuhlobo obuseduze nabanye isiko Russian. Lokhu kwaba ngenkathi French ithuthukiswe nezimboni nakancane kanye German nefilosofi classical. Lezi imibono zithandwa kakhulu esimweni. isiko Russian yasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 kwaba kakhulu ukuthonywa ifa ashiywe dlule zukulwane. amahlumela okusha lokusungula ezincwadini wakhuphukela sibonga kuye. Lokhu kusebenza futhi emasimini ezintandane isiko, ubuciko kanye izinkondlo. Works of Fyodor Dostoevsky, P. Melnikov-Pechersky, Leskov futhi Gogol benamandla amasiko enkolo zesiko lasendulo. Futhi kufanele kuphawulwe umsebenzi nezinye geniuses tetemibhalo, onesimo sengqondo ukuze imisinga Orthodox babe impikiswano ngaphezulu. Sikhuluma Blok, L. UTolstoy, Alexander Pushkin, nokunye. Ngo amakghonwabo kuyofikwa i isitembu ongenakucimeka wokulingwa ebonisa ukuthi izimpande zabo Orthodox. Futhi ungathintana Ningakukhohlwa obusolisayo Ivan Turgenev. Encwadini yakhe ethi emelelwa isithombe yobungcwele abantu sika "Amandla ophilayo". Futhi isithakazelo esikhulu Russian isiko bokubeka isikhathi. Lena isithombe K. Petrov-Vodkin, Vrubel, M. Nesterov. Umsuka lokusungula amanga ku-Orthodox isithonjana-imidwebo. ukucula esontweni yasendulo yayiwumuzi mkhuba olugqamile umlando isiko zomculo. Iphinde ingathiwa kamuva ucwaningo nge Rachmaninov, Tchaikovsky futhi Dmitry Bortniansky.

iminikelo Okukhulu

isiko Russian we-19 ngasekupheleni - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ithathe impumelelo umhlabeleli bezinye izizwe kanye namazwe. Nokho, akazange alahlekelwe umbono wabo ngalokho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, it has nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni nezinye izitshalo. Njengoba for umlando izizwe zaseYurophu, ke washiya uphawu eside. Okokuqala, sikhuluma umcabango zenkolo Russian. Yasungulwa ngaphansi kwethonya West. Ngebanga lalokho, isiko elithile eNtshonalanga Yurophu wathonywa wezenkolo nefilosofi. Lokhu kubonakala ikakhulukazi engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu XX. neqhaza ekuthuthukiseni isiko Russian sewenze imisebenzi M. Bakunin, Berdyaev, Florensky, S. Bulgakov, uVladimir Solovyov, kanye nabanye abaningi. Akufanele sibakhohlwe mayelana "isiphepho yeshumi nambili ngonyaka". Sikhuluma yisisusa esinamandla sokuba ukuthuthukiswa isiko Russian. NeMpi Yezwe II atehlukaniseki ekukhuleni ukwazi kazwelonke kanye kumiswa "Decembrists". Iphinde abathintekayo isiko kwamasiko Russian. Belinsky wabhala ukuthi ngonyaka ikunikinele lonke, kuyilapho enyakaza ukuzazisa kobuzwe ukwazi.

Izici yenqubo zomlando

ijubane lakhe ukuthi kubonakale ngesivinini esikhulu. Lokhu kungenxa ukuthola la maqiniso angenhla. swing kwamangqamuzana Igcwele emikhakheni ehlukene nemisebenzi yamasiko. Lokhu kubonakala ikakhulukazi isayensi. Liphinde nzima inqubo yamasiko uqobo. It yaphawula ukuxhumana okukhulu phakathi kwemikhakha ehlukene. Kahle kahle, lokhu kusebenza umculo, izincwadi, ifilosofi nokunye. Futhi kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi izinqubo kwaqina ka budlelwane emkhatsini wetincenye teluhlaka ephambili we isiko kazwelonke. Iyingxenye esemthethweni ke, lapho anakekela inkonzo isimo, futhi endaweni uquqaba (ie Folk kumiswa). Lesi sakamuva livela yembathani East Slavic Izinyunyana zamaKhosi. Lesi sendlalelo kwamiswa Rus lasendulo. Wayekhona ngokugcwele kuwo wonke umlando wezwe. Ngokuphathelene isiko kugcwele ngokusemthethweni-state, khona usukela khona "abayizicukuthwane" stratum. Wakhonza lesigaba esibusayo. Lokhu ngokuyinhloko ibhekisela esigodlweni futhi ukhomba ngophakathi. Lesi sendlalelo bekulokhu ngempela yamukele angaphandle emisha. Kulokhu, kuyancomeka ukuba basho Umdwebo romantic Ivanov, K. Bryullov, V. Tropinin, A. Kiprensky nezinye abaculi aziwayo kwekhulu XIX.

Ithonya ngekhulu XVIII

Engxenyeni yokuqala lalibukeka nezihlakaniphi abavamile. Ekupheleni kwekhulu, ke wama phandle eqenjini elithile emphakathini. Kuyinto eZweni nezazi. Kwakukhona izimbongi, abaculi, abaklami abadwebi. Uma ekuqaleni kwekhulu nendima evelele kwakungekaNkulunkulu nezazi ahlukile, ekugcineni - ovamile. Ukwakheka lesi sendlalelo waqala ukuba kugeleze babevela abalimi. Lokhu ikakhulukazi azizwa kanjani ngemva ukuqedwa serfdom. Ngu ovamile wayengase akwazi ukuzenza abameleli abafundile ka onxiwankulu yeningi futhi ovulekile. Kwakunzima ukusho ukuthi awase ukuthinta izicukuthwane kuphela. Kunalokho, kubonakala abalimi, abathengisi, onxiwankulu ngobala nenchubokuphatsa. Futhi lezi zisekelwa izici ezifana ebalulekile yesiko-Russian, njengoba ekuqaleni kwentando yenengi esekelwe. Ingqikithi wabo ukuthi abaholi abafundile hhayi amalungu kuphela kwamaningi amakilasi nelungelo. Noma kunjalo, indima eyinhloko namanje fanele kuze them. Ukwandisa inani ososayensi, abaqambi, abaculi, izimbongi futhi abalobi abahluphekayo. Ikakhulukazi, ehlobene serfs, futhi mhlawumbe isukela abavamile.

Izithelo kwekhulu XIX

Art isiko Russian uyaqhubeka ukuthuthukisa. Kuye kwanyatheliswa izincwadi iba inkosi esizindeni salo. Okokuqala, lapha wathonywa okuqhubekayo wenkululeko yekuphila. Eqinisweni, eziningi imisebenzi kwesikhathi zigcwele wamavukelambuso ukulwa izingcingo, kanye amapheshana zezombusazwe. Lapha sithola kubaluleka ezinkulu isiko Russian. Yena kakhulu liphefumulelwe intsha eziphambili. Kwezwakala wokubusa umoya emzabalazweni nokuphikiswa. Yena lwangena imisebenzi abalobi ezithuthukayo. Ngakho, izincwadi isibe omunye amabutho amaningi asebenzayo emphakathini. Ungathatha, isibonelo, ocebile zabuna emhlabeni futhi wenze ukuqhathanisa isiko Russian. Ngisho izincwadi zayo ngemuva kwekhulu elidlule, kusobala buyinto ezehlukile. Tolstovsky Pushkinian izinkondlo namaprozi kungenziwa ngokuthi kuyisimangaliso. Yasnaya Polyana laliyinhloko-dolobha kwezobuhlakani ingozi.

umnikelo Pushkin

Kunzima ukusho ukuthi yini kuyoba isiko Russia ngaphandle kwakhe. Pushkin - umsunguli okwangempela Russian. Engingakusho nje kokukhumbula, "Evgeniya Onegina". Lokhu inoveli evesini laqanjwa ngokuthi i-umhlaziyi adumile we encyclopedia zokuphila Russian. Kufana inkulumo eliphezulu kakhulu okwangempela ngemisebenzi buchopho. Kukhona isibonelo esivelele kulo mkhuba akunakubangelwa izincwadi inoveli "Dubrovsky", "Ndodakazi uKaputeni sika," idrama ethi "Boris Godunov." Ngokuphathelene ukubaluleka lembulunga yonke elinezinto ezinhlobonhlobo Pushkin, it is kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa ekuqondeni isiko eyigugu kuwo wonke ukuthi sidaliwe ngakuye. Yena kwavula indlela laseChekhov tetemibhalo, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Turgenev, Gogol, Lermontov. Waba Eqinisweni agcwele isiko Russian. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mgwaqo sikhathi esibaluleke kakhulu okuthuthuka ngokomoya lesintu.

umnikelo Lermontov sika

It kungenziwa ngokuthi owalandela nangaphansi owayephila ngesikhathi Pushkin. Eyokuqala ukugqamisa "Hero Lwesikhathi Sethu." Akunakwenzeka ukuba uqaphele sifanangwaca yayo nge noveli "Eugene Onegin". Phakathi naleso sikhathi, "Hero Lwesikhathi Sethu" - phezulu okwangempela Lermontov sika. Umsebenzi wakhe limelela iphuzu esiphezulu kwemvelo poslepushkinskogo isikhathi izinkondlo. Ngenxa yalesi lamanye ematfuba ukuthuthukiswa nephrozi Russian avuleka. Byron Ukudala - main eyingqopha yobuhle. wokuziqambela Russian romantic kusho ukuba khona ihlelo titanic izinkanuko. Futhi lapha akunakubangelwa Inkulumo lyrical futhi ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, elihlanganiswa ukucatshangelwa zefilosofi. Ngakho, kuyacaca ukuthi adonsela phansi Lermontov olusankondlo senkondlo, romance futhi inkondlo. Indawo ekhethekile kulokho luthando. Futhi ungakhohlwa mayelana "dialectics imizwa" - indlela Lermontov sokuhlaziya ngokomqondo, nokwagcina nomthelela izincwadi okwalandela.

Gogol inhlolovo

Umsebenzi wakhe uye wazakhela bebheke amafomu romantic of ngokoqobo. Indalo Gogol BakaJehova baye babalethela okuningi elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni imibhalo Russian. Njengoba isibonelo, ukuthatha "Ntambama kwi Ipulazi edude Dikanka". Lapha komculo nomqondo Ukraine - uhlobo Slavic Ancient Rome. Ufana lonke izwekazi kumephu yonke. Dikanka - isikhungo yayo yasekuqaleni, maphakathi phetho kazwelonke kanye nesazisi ezingokomoya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Gogol wasungula "esikoleni zemvelo". Kuyinto okwangempela ezibucayi. isiko Russian kwekhulu lama-20 kwaphawulwa ukuqashelwa lembulunga yonke elinezinto ezinhlobonhlobo Gogol. Kusukela ngesikhathi waba ingxenye esebenzayo futhi elikhulayo emhlabeni intuthuko etemibhalo. Umsebenzi wakhe has a engaba ezijulile yamafilosofi, luchazwa kancane kancane.

umnikelo UTolstoy sika

Umsebenzi wakhe okhazimulayo ufanelwe ukuqashelwa okukhethekile. Kwakuyisikhathi esigabeni esisha e ukuthuthukiswa emhlabeni Nokubhekana Namaqiniso Russian. Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuhlinzeka amandla eseyintsha lokusungula UTolstoy sika. It is kakhulu kwakuxhomeke izimpande yeningi womsebenzi walo, ukufuna zokuziphatha futhi emhlabeni ukwazi. Namaqiniso UTolstoy ihlukanisa ubuqiniso ekhethekile. Futhi kubalulekile ukwaba ukhululeka usho okudingayo nangobuqotho ithoni. Umphumela kuyinto abukhali ukuphikisana komphakathi kanye ukubona ibutho elinamandla. "Impi Nokuthula" - into ekhethekile emhlabeni nezincwadi Russian. Lokhu yinto eliyingqayizivele lobuciko UTolstoy. Kuyinto inhlanganisela okhazimulayo "yasezindongeni" multi-sasisuke olubabazekayo noveli ngokwengqondo ngendlela enkulu. Ingxenye yokuqala umsebenzi yanyatheliswa kudala. ezizukulwane eziningana abafundi lesi sikhathi. Nokho, "Impi Nokuthula" uhlala umkhiqizo nezokusigcoba ngokuba bonke ubudala. Yu Nagibin, umlobi othile wesimanje aye ngokuthi lo msebenzi engumngane engunaphakade phakathi komuntu. It lunikezelwe yimpi eyinhlekelele phakathi kwekhulu XIX. It uveza umbono zokuziphatha ukunqoba zokuphila phezu kokufa. isiko Russian kwekhulu lama-20 eyabeka ukubaluleka kakhulu.

Dostoevsky inhlolovo

It uhlala ukuze umxhwele titanic yabo nemvelo. Dostoevsky ungumlobi omkhulu Russian. survey zaKhe zokuziphatha kuhluke ngandlela-thile kusukela UTolstoy. Okokuqala, lokhu kubonakala ukungabi khona ukuhlaziywa enkulu engakaze ibonwe. Yileyo incazelo kwenzekani lapho. Kufanele 'omhlaba ". Vele ukuze ukwazi ukubona ukuthi yini ngempela kwenzekani. Ngenxa yalokhu kukhona ithuba lizibuka. Dostoevsky kwadingeka ikhono okukhulu, owawungumnyaka Ukungena ku okushiwo umphefumulo womuntu. Ngenxa yalokho, banikezwa incazelo nihilism wesimanje. Lesi simo sengqondo kwengqondo wayechazwa kubo ayohlala. Abafundi namanje owuthanda ukunemba ofuna ukuphumela obala nokujula. Ngokuqondene nihilism lasendulo, kwathiwa kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa Epicureanism nokugxeka. ekahle lakhe ukucwatha zasebukhosini. Iphinde libhekisela impumelelo ukuthula kwengqondo kuya vicissitudes fortune.

Aleksandr Makedonsky nihilism kanye umxhwele ngokujulile eNdiya yasendulo. Bazizwa efanayo nezindawo ezizungezile. Uma sithatha isimo sengqondo zefilosofi, kuba kuthi akufane nokwenzeka isikhundla Pyrrho ka Elis. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka ukucatshangelwa uyize. Kepha Nagarjuna ke, yena kanye nabalandeli bakhe nihilism kwaba embundwini inkolo.

Modern eyehlukile ambalwa kusukela esikhathini esidlule. isisekelo sayo namanje ukuqiniseka bokusungula. Akusiwona simo esibusisiwe ka equanimity noma dispassion zefilosofi. Kunalokho, kungamandla ukungakwazi ukuthuthukisa futhi zamukele. Leli akulona nefilosofi, kodwa ukushiyeka ezingokomoya.

Izigaba eyinhloko sokuthuthwa kwempahla art zomculo

XIX leminyaka wayevelele ukuthuthukiswa kakhulu izincwadi. Njengoba sihambisana nale ngokukhazimulayo kubaneka Russian isiko zomculo. Ngakho kwaba eduze izincwadi. Ngakho, Russian isiko kwezobuciko ahlanganiswe uye wakwenza ngokuzimisela. Uvele izithombe ezintsha ngokuphelele. I enhle yobuhle Rimsky-Korsakov oluyisisekelo lakhe lokusungula zomculo. Futh 'uphelele ubuciko i inani eliphelele ngaye. opera wakhe ugcwele izithombe emhlabeni vysokopoeticheskogo. Lokhu kubonisa ngokucacile ukuthi art kunomphumela ezimbili. It siguqule futhi linqoba indoda. Rimsky-Korsakov, lo msebenzi yobuciko ehlangene umqondo wakhe kwezindlela nokungabi nasici ngokokuziphatha. Lokhu kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa yokukhulekelwa kukankulunkulukazi romantic isiqinisekiso-Man umdali. Yena ebandakanyeke ngeziqu zamehlo ukuthambekela tibeka yesikhathi esidlule. Lokhu umculo amphakamise zonke womuntu. Inhloso yayo - ukuletha insindiso evela "nezilingo ezimbi" ukuthi esivela ngekhulu wobunxiwankulu. Lena enye ukubaluleka isiko Russian. Ngenxa wakhe umphakathi inzuzo futhi atholwe target enkulu yombango. Ukudala Tchaikovsky wenza umnikelo omkhulu nokuqhakaza isiko zomculo kazwelonke. Uye ebhaliwe imisebenzi eminingi kakhulu. I-opera "Eugene Onegin" kwaba uhlamvu zokuhlola. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsunguli elichaza ngokuthi "izigcawu lyrical". Imvelo ezintsha of the opera kuyinto ukubonisa ukungena kwezincwadi ezintsha ezithuthukayo.

isiko Russian yasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-20

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ekuqa- XIX-XX eminyaka. kuleli zwe kukhona izenzakalo ezingokomlando zezombusazwe eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kuyinto ngiyabonga kubo ukuthi isiko Russian yasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-20, ingenza ezihlukahlukene amafomu nelayelo. Wathola izitayela ezintsha, okuyinto edingekayo incazelo ezivukayo izinkinga zezenhlalo nesimilo. Kufanele ukuthi ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX eRussia lezwakala izwe nge inani elikhulu labantu abafundile. Isimiso semfundo sakhiwe izigaba ezintathu: engenhla, maphakathi, futhi kokuqala. Ukuthuthukiswa ekuqaleni ngasekupheleni ngenxa isinyathelo iqembu emphakathini obuswa ngentando yeningi. Ngenxa yalokho, lesi sikole siqala ukuvela uhlobo olusha. isiko Russian we-19 ngasekupheleni - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 yaba nethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni imfundo ukwandisa ukufunda nokubhala. Phakathi abasebenzi imfundo ephakeme kufanele kuphawulwe imiphakathi zemfundo kanye izifundo, kanye emakhaya abantu. isiko Russian we-19 ngasekupheleni - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 yaba nethonya hhayi kuphela empilweni ngaphakathi isimo kodwa futhi ngaphandle kwalo.