Isifo samathambo amoeba: i-agent causative, izimpawu, ukwelashwa

Izifo ezitholakala emathunjini ziyizifo eziningi zezifo ezihlanganisa izilonda zesigubhu sezimathumbu kanye nezibonakaliso zemitholampilo ngendlela yokucabangela, ukuhlanza, isifo sohudo (nge-mucus negazi), noma ukuqotshwa. Ama-causative agents of infect infestinal acestinal kungaba amabhaktheriya, amagciwane, helminths kanye protozoa. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuxilongwa futhi kuthathe imithi yokwelapha kaningi.

Incazelo

I-Amoebiasis (i-amoebic yamathambo) iyisifo esithathelwanayo nesifo se-fecal-oral transmission mechanism. Ukubonakaliswa kwayo okuyinhloko yilezi: ukubola okuvamile okungapheli kanye nokubonakaliswa okwezinye izikhathi, njengama- abscesses wesibindi, izilonda nezinye. Ngokuvamile, igama elithi amoebiasis lisho ukuthi isifo somuthi esisuka ku-amoebic, esibangelwa yi-Entamoeba histolytica parasite.

I-Amoebic encephalitis ne-keratitis ziphakathi kwezinye ze-amoebiasis. Ngokusho kweWorld Health Organization, cishe amaphesenti ayishumi ezakhamuzi zomhlaba anesifo sengculaza, futhi yisinye sezimbangela eziyinhloko zokufa ezifweni eziphazamisayo. Ukubonakaliswa okungekho emthethweni kunzima kakhulu ukuyihlolisisa, ngakho akunakwenzeka njalo ukuxilonga nokuphatha i-amoebiasis ngesikhathi.

Epidemiology

Kuwo wonke amazwe anesimo sezulu esishisayo nesomuncu, isisu somuthi we- amoebic sivamile . Izimpawu zalesi sifo zivame ukutholakala kubantu abakulahla izindinganiso ezihlanzekile nezokuhlanzeka. Ukuphela komuthi okuyi-pathogen yiCentral neSouth America, ikakhulukazi eMexico naseNdiya.

Ngezinye izikhathi ukuqhuma okukhulu kwalokhu kutheleleka emathunjini kubhalwe emazweni afanelekile, isibonelo, ngo-1933 ngesikhathi seMbukiso Wezwe, owawuseChicago. Njengamanje, izigameko ezinkulu neziphambene nalesi sifo zivela ezindaweni zokuxubana kwabantu abavela ezifundeni ezikhona. Ngokuvamile, ukutheleleka kubonakala esikhathini esifudumele.

Umthombo wokutheleleka ngumuntu ogulayo noma umthwali we-protozoa. Ukwelashwa kwenzeka kuphela ngezandla ezingcolile, ukudla kanye namanzi. Futhi, lesi sifo singadluliselwa ngoxhumana nabo abangqingili. Kuyaziwa ukuthi uhlobo lwe-cyst ye-amoebae lungasakazeka emaphakathini nasemaphikweni ezinambuzane.

I-agent ye-Causal

Kungani i-amoebic yamathuna ivele? I-agent yayo ye-causative ibhekisela elula, engaba khona emafomu amathathu ahlukene:

- izicubu (ezitholakala kuphela kubantu abagulayo);

- kukhanyiswe;

- Cystic.

Amabili okugcina atholakala kubathwali besifo. Liyi-cell micrometer engama-40 ngobukhulu, ene-nucleus ne-vacuoles eminingi. Ukuhamba emzimbeni womuntu usebenzisa umlenze wamanga. Ukuwondla yizibhaktheriya ezifanele, amakhowe, izinhlayiya zokudla. I-amoebae yamathambo ibangelwa ngokuqondile ngaleli fomu.

I-cyst iyinhlangano ejikelezayo noma e-oval engamamitha angu-30. Kungaba nama-cores amaningana (amabili kuya kwabane), kuncike esigabeni sokuthuthukiswa.

Umjikelezo wokuphila we-amoeba

I-Cyst iwela emathunjini amancane omuntu ngamandla angcolile, amanzi noma imifino. Lapho, igobolondo le-cyst libhujiswa, futhi i- amoeba yomama ovuthiwe ivela ekukhanyeni kwesigungu . Leli fomu liqala ukwabelana. Ngenxa yalolu hlelo, kutholakala izifo ezintsha eziyisishiyagalombili zamagciwane enuzi. Isifo samathambo amoeba siqala ngalesi sikhathi nje. Ngenhlanganisela yezimo ezihle zomzimba kanye nenani elanele lamafomu we-mononuclear vegetative, i-amoeba iyaqhubeka yanda futhi iqhubekela phambili emathunjini.

Esikhathini sokuphila kwabo, i-protozoa ikhiqiza izinto ezinobuthi umuntu futhi zenze izibonakaliso zampawu zokutheleleka emathunjini. Ngamafutha, izinhlobo ze-vegetative ne-cystic ziwela endaweni yangaphandle. Lapho bangakwazi ukuqhubeka isikhathi eside. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ayamelana nama-disinfectants.

I-Pathogenesis

Lesi sifo sithuthuka kanjani njenge-dysentery amoeba? Ukutheleleka kuqala ngokudla ukudla okungakahlanjululwa. Ngakho i-amoebae iwela emakoloni ayimpumputhe futhi ekhuphukayo, lapho bengakwazi ukuzibonakalisa khona isikhathi eside. Kodwa lapho kungabhekene nezimo zomuntu (ukungcola, ukungondleki kahle, i-dysbacteriosis), i-cysts ilahle igobolondo layo, futhi kubonakala i-amoeba ye-luminescent.

Esebenzisa ama-enzyme ayo e-cytolytic ne-proteolytic, i-pathogen ingena emathangeni, okwenza ukuvuvukala nokwakhiwa kwezilonda ne-necrosis ezindaweni ezincane. Kwezinye izimo, i-amoeba ingena emithanjeni yegazi futhi igeleza kwezinye izitho ezinokugeleza kwamanzi, ukwenza ama-abscesses lapho.

Ngesimo samathumbu sesifo, ukuvuvukala kusakazeka esiqondisweni esingaphansi, kusuka ku-cecum kuya emgqeni oqondile. Ingxenyana yomsindo ihlelekile, ngokumelene nesizinda se-hyperemia, ama-nodules amancane nezilonda eziqukethe i-necrotic detritus nezinhlobo zemifino ye-amoeba kubonakala. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ama-nodules abhujiswa, ashiya izilonda ezintsha endaweni engamamitha amabili nohhafu ububanzi. Amaphutha aphansi ezansi ahlanganiswe ne-pus. Uma uhlola i-biopsy kusuka odongeni lwesilonda, ungathola i-amoeba.

Izifo ezingapheli zihambisana nokubunjwa kwama-cysts, ama-polyps kanye nama-amoeba. Lezi zinhlobo ezimbi, ezihlanganisa izicubu ze-granulation, ama-eosinophils nama-fibroblasts.

Ifomu elingasetshenzisiwe

I-amoeba yamathambo inezibonakaliso ezimbili zomzimba, futhi jikelele-somatic. Uma izinhlobo zezitshalo ze-amoeba zingene ebunzini lobungama emathunjini, zingangena kwi-systemic bloodstream. Lokhu kuholela ekusakazeni kwe-pathogen kuwo wonke umzimba. Ngokusho kwesimiso se-vein system, i- amoebae ingena ku-parenchyma yesibindi.

Esithombeni singathuthukisa izilonda zesisindo esiphambene: kusuka kwamaprotheni noma ukubola kwesifo kuya kwesifo sofuba esibi kakhulu nesibindi sesibindi, esitholakala ngaphansi kwesigamu se-diaphragm. Ngezinye izikhathi kuthiwa yi-cyst ye-chocolate ngenxa yombala othize we-pus. Uma ukuvuvukala kungaphathwa, khona-ke ukuhlakazeka okuzenzakalelayo kwe-abscess ngaphakathi kwesigxobo esiswini kwenzeka ngokuthuthukiswa kwe-peritonitis. Noma i-cyst ingakwazi ukudlulisa umfutho emaphashini, i-mediastinum noma i-pericardium, ebangela izinkinga ezihambisanayo. Ngaphezu kwesibindi, i-agent ye-causative ingakwazi ukuthinta ubuchopho, isikhumba nezinye izitho.

Umtholampilo

Isikhathi sokukhushulwa siphelela cishe isonto, emva kwalokho i-amoebic isisu ibonakala. Izimpawu ziqala ngobuthakathaka obuvamile, ubuhlungu ezindaweni eziqhamukayo kanye nokwanda kokushisa komzimba. Ezingamaphesenti ayishumi amacala, lesi sifo sithatha umbane ngokushesha. Ibhekwa yihudo elidlulayo, ngegazi kanye ne-mucus, okubangela ukuphelelwa amandla kwamanzi nokufa okukhulu. Endaweni ethile kwesithathu kwesiguli, imfiva ibonwa ngokuhambisana nokwanda kwesibindi. Ukuvuvukala ekuqaleni kwalesi sifo kuvezwe kahle, ngakho-ke akukho zinguquko ezibonakalayo ekuhloleni kwegazi jikelele.

Ezinye izibonakaliso zihambisana no-dysentery ongasetshenzisiwe. Isibonakaliso, esingabizwa ngokuthi i-pathognomonic, kuleli cala alikho. I-Amoebiasis cishe ayibonakali emzimbeni kuze kufike isikhathi lapho ubukhulu obunzima be-pathogen buqoqa khona.

Uma ungathathi isinyathelo mayelana nokuphathwa kwesifo, emva kwesikhathi esithile ukutheleleka kuba okungapheli. Ukunciphisa i-anemia kanye nokukhathala okuvamile kuyaqala. Ukunciphisa ukuphika komzimba, ngokushesha ifomu lomathumbu liyadlula emathunjini engeziwe. Isigaba sengozi sihlanganisa izingane ezincane, asebekhulile, abesifazane abakhulelwe kanye neziguli ezithatha imithi yokuzivikela.

Izifo

Yimiphi imigomo yokuhlolisiswa kwamathambo? Ukuthola ukwelashwa nokuphathwa kwalokhu ukutheleleka kuhlobene eduze nokujikeleza kwempilo ye-protozoa. Ukuze uthole i-etiology yehudo, udokotela uthatha ukuhlaziywa kwesitokisi, lapho athola khona amafomu we-amoebae. Uma lezi zinhlobo zingama-cysts noma amafomu okukhanya, lokhu kubonisa isithuthi futhi angeke kube yisiqinisekiso sokuthola ukuxilongwa.

Njengoba emzimbeni womuntu njengezitshalo ezitholakalayo ngokwemvelo kakade kunezinhlobo eziningana ze-amoebas, ukuxilongwa kungase kube nzima. Kungenzeka futhi ukuba uthole ukuxilongwa uma kutholakala i-Entamoeba dispar. Lena i-amoeba engeyona i-pathogenic, engenabungozi ngokuphelele kubantu, kodwa i-morphologically ifana negazi.

Ukuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa, i-polymerase chain reaction kanye nezivivinyo ze-serological nazo ziyasetshenziswa. Ukuthola izinhlobo ezingasetshenzisiwe ze-amoebiasis, kubalulekile ukuqhuba i-X-ray ukuhlolwa, i-ultrasound kanye ne-tomography ehlanganisiwe. Ukuhlukanisa ukutheleleka kwe-amoebic nge-shigellosis, i-salmonellosis ne-ulcerative colitis.

Ukwelapha

Ukwelashwa kwe-amoebic yamathambo kuqala nge-cytostatics, isibonelo i-metronidazole noma i-tinidazole. Uma isiguli singenayo izimpawu, iodin quinine noma i-paromomycin ingasetshenziswa ukuqeda ama-parasites.

Umuthi wokuqala olwa nama-amebiasis wawuyi-emetine, okwakushiywe eNingizimu Melika kusukela kuma-ipecacuanas. Manje akuvamile ukusetshenziselwa, ngoba kuyingozi kakhulu futhi ayisebenzisi ngokwanele. Lesi sidakamizwa sisetshenziselwa kuphela ukugeleza okuphuthumayo, ngezinhlobo eziphikisanayo kanye nemithi yokwelapha eya ku-metronidazole.

Ukuze uthole ukwelashwa kwamafomu okungafani, i-metronidazole isetshenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa ne-yatren, doidochin, i-mexa- fomu kanye namanye amalungiselelo. Kwezinye izimo, sebenzisa ukuhlinzwa.

Izinkinga

Amathumbu e-Amoebic kubantu angaba nzima ukuguqulwa kwodonga lwamathumbu emathunjini. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho kuvela isici esijulile kakhulu. Uma i-perforated, okuqukethwe kwamathumbu kungena emgodini wesisu bese uyiphatha. Le nkinga elandelayo iqala - i-peritonitis. Ukuze ulondoloze impilo yesiguli, kuyadingeka ukuthi usebenzise usizo lokuhlinzeka: ukwenza i-laparotomy phakathi nendawo nokuqhuba ukubuyekezwa kwezitho zangasese.

Enye ingcindezi enzima ukuphuma kwamathumbu emathunjini. Ibuye iqhube ngesikhathi sekwakheka izilonda. Ukuze uthole ukukhululeka kwalo, umuntu angathatha izindlela zombili zokuzivikela nokusebenza. Izilonda zokuphulukisa kungenzeka, ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwezicubu ezibomvu, zinciphisa ukukhanya komathumbu, ngaleyo ndlela ziphazamise ukuhamba kokudla.

Ukuvimbela

I-Amoebic yamathumba isifo sofuba samathumbu emathunjini, ngakho-ke, ukuze kuvikelwe, kubalulekile ukuchitha imithi emithonjeni ye-pathogen ngesikhathi esifanele: imizimba yamanzi engathandeki, amathangi okuhambisa amanzi kanye nabanye.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukwenza izinyathelo zokukhomba abathwali kanye ne-sporoprodeliteley, kanye nokwelapha iziguli ezinamafomu anamandla ezinyathelo zokulwa nezifo. Ukubuyisela abantu nabathwali ngaphandle kwesizathu kufanele kuvunyelwe ukusebenza ezindaweni zomphakathi.

Enye indlela yokunciphisa inani labantu abanesandulela ngculaza ukugqugquzela ukuhlanzeka komzimba nokulungisa ukudla okulungile ngaphambi kokuyidla. Ngemuva kokutheleleka, umuntu kufanele agcinwe njalo kulo nyaka emgumbini wezifo ezithathelwanayo. Futhi emva nje kokuhlaziya ngaphakathi kwezinyanga ezintathu kuyinto enhle ye-amoebiasis, isiguli sizobhekwa njengempilo enhle.