Isayensi yemvelo - kuyinto ... Physical Geography. Chemistry, Physics

Isayensi - omunye izici ezibaluleke kakhulu yizenzo zabantu at esiteji samanje yentuthuko impucuko izwe. Namuhla, kunamakhulu ezimpikweni ezahlukene: lobuchwepheshe, ezenhlalo, zezenhlalakahle kanye nesayensi yemvelo. Yini abayifundile? Kanjani ukuthuthukisa umlando yemvelo-aspect zomlando?

isayensi yemvelo - lena ...

Kuyini isayensi? Lapho ezalwa, futhi kusukela lapho isiqondiso kuyinto?

isayensi yemvelo - isiyalo ukuthi etadisha zemvelo kanye izenzakalo ezivela zangaphandle nendaba ucwaningo (umuntu). Igama elithi "isayensi" ngolimi Russian lisuselwa elithi "uhlobo", okungukuthi, lahlotshaniswa nokuba igama elithi "uhlobo".

Isisekelo ngesayensi yemvelo kungenziwa kubhekwe njengento Tibalo kanye nebudlelwane lobukhona nefilosofi. Kulawa, ngokwengxenye enkulu, Zeza zonke yesimanje natural sciences. Ekuqaleni, izazi zemvelo wazama ukuphendula yonke imibuzo mayelana nemvelo futhi zonke zako. Khona-ke, njengoba yinkimbinkimbi ucwaningo ngale ndaba, isayensi ekuqaleni ukuzobhidliza ku eyala eseceleni ekugcineni Stavan abahlukene ngaphezulu.

Esimeni semakhaya ezikhathini zanamuhla zesayensi yemvelo - a eziyinkimbinkimbi eyala zesayensi yemvelo, ezithathwe ubuhlobo babo obuseduze.

Umlando ngesayensi yemvelo

Ukuthuthukiswa ngesayensi yemvelo kwaba kancane kancane. Nokho, isithakazelo babantu imihlola bemvelo ukuvela eminyakeni eminingi edlule.

ifilosofi yemvelo (eqinisweni, isayensi) iye ayenziwa eGrisi lasendulo. ongqondongqondo Lasendulo, usebenzisa izindlela bakudala wocwaningo, ngezinye izikhathi, umuzwa, ukwazi ukwenza eziningi ezitholwe ososayensi nekucabangela ezibalulekile. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, ama-philosophers zemvelo ayeqiniseka ukuthi umhlaba uzungeza ilanga, ebe, wakwazi ukuchaza le ukusitheka kwelanga nokwenyanga, kahle impela ukukala kwemigomo iplanethi yethu.

NgeNkathi Ephakathi ukuthuthukiswa isayensi yemvelo osedonsa kakhulu futhi kakhulu sincike isonto. Ososayensi abaningi ngesikhathi bashushiswa ngenxa yalokho okuthiwa bezinye izinkolo. Zonke izifundo zesayensi kanye nophenyo, eqinisweni, behlela khona incazelo kanye elungile imiBhalo. Nokho, ngenkathi Ephakathi logic kakhulu futhi inkolelo-mbono athuthukile. Kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi maphakathi ifilosofi yemvelo (cwaningo eqondile of zemvelo) ngokwendawo kugudlukela ngasengxenyeni esifundeni Arab-Muslim.

EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha isayensi yemvelo iqala (kuzicelo) kuphela XVII-XVIII eminyaka. Lesi yisikhathi emikhulu ekuqongeleleni ulwazi okuyiqiniso kanye nedatha enokwehla (imiphumela 'ensimini' observation experiment). isayensi ngekhulu le-18 futhi isekelwe ocwaningweni zabo ku imiphumela mikhankaso eziningi ngokwebalazwe, ukubhukuda, ukutadisha laba la mazwe ayesanda kutholakala. Ekhulwini XIX, waphinda kuziwa logic ziza kuqala nokuhlala ukucabanga theory. Ngaleso sikhathi, ososayensi baye ngenkuthalo ukucubungula wonke amaqiniso eqoqwe, ukukhula nezinkolelo ezihlukahlukene Ekuthathweni imithetho.

I zemvelo esivelele kunazo zonke emlandweni wesayensi kuzomele sifake Thales, Eratosthenes, Pythagoras, Klavdiya Ptolemeya, Archimedes, Isaaka Nyutona, uGalileo Galilei, Rene Dekarta, Blaise Pascal, Nicola Tesla, Mikhail Lomonosov nabanye ososayensi abaningi abadumile.

Inkinga yemvelo isayensi ngezigaba

Ukuze eyisisekelo natural sciences yilezi: Mathematics (okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi 'indlovukazi wesayensi "), i-chemistry, i-physics, i-biology. Inkinga Ukwahlukaniswa natural sciences, sekuyisikhathi eside kube exinwe izingqondo ezingaphezu kweyodwa kweshumi ososayensi kanye theorists.

Kuyinto engcono kakhulu yokubhekana nezinselele nale nselele Friedrich Engels - sefilosofi German kanye nososayensi, ngubani kangcono eyaziwa ngokuthi umngane oseduze noKarla Marksa futhi wakhe co-umbhali umsebenzi abadumile enesihloko esithi "Capital". Wakwazi ukubona izimiso ezimbili eziyinhloko (indlela) le typology eyala yesayensi: indlela inhloso, kanye isimiso yentuthuko.

Enemininingwane kakhulu ngezigaba wesayensi wanikela methodologist Soviet Bonifatii iKidroni. It akalilahlile ngokuhlathulula ukusebenza kwawo namuhla.

Uhlu ISayensi Yemvelo

Lonke eziyinkimbinkimbi eyala zesayensi zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu ezinkulu ezintathu:

• womuntu (noma zenhlalo) wesayensi;
• yobunjiniyela;
• yemvelo.

Ukuhlaziya uhlobo esidlule. Uhla oluphelele lolwazi ngesayensi yemvelo lapha ngenzansi:

• yezinkanyezi;
• geography ngokomzimba;
• biology;
• imithi;
• nokwakheka;
• isayensi emhlabathini;
• physics;
• natural sciences;
• amakhemikhali nokusebenzelana kwawo;
• wezitshalo;
• kwezilwane;
• Psychology.

Njengoba zezibalo, ososayensi kungekho ukuvumelana lapho iqembu eyala zesayensi kufanele aphathwe. Abanye bathi ilapho lapho isayensi yemvelo, abanye - olunembile. Ezinye indlela osebenza izibalo isigaba okuthiwa esisemthethweni (noma esingabonakali) imikhakha yesayensi.

i-chemistry

Chemistry - kuyinto ensimini enkulu isayensi yemvelo, into eyinhloko cwaningo we ketshezi, impahla yayo futhi isakhiwo. Lokhu isayensi uyazicabangela izinto umzimba yemvelo ezingeni atomic yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Iphinde uhlola kunenze nisondelane zamakhemikhali ukusabela ezivela ukuxhumana ezahlukene kwesakhiwo kuyizinhlayiyana impahla.

Ngokokuqala ngqá inkolelo yokuthi imizimba natural akhiwe ezincane (asibonakali womuntu) izakhi, kwaphoqa isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki Democritus. Kusolwa ukuthi imfuyo ngayinye yakhiwa izinhlayiya zikanokusho, njengoba nje amazwi iqukathe izinhlamvu ahlukahlukene.

i-chemistry Modern - wesayensi oyinkimbinkimbi, okubandakanya eyala eziningana kunabantu. Lokhu wezinto ezingaphili futhi organic amakhemikhali nokusebenzelana kwawo, oyisazi samakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo, Geochemistry, ngisho isikhala kwamakhemikhali.

physics

Physics - omunye sciences endala kakhulu emhlabeni. Vula imithetho yayo ziyisisekelo, isisekelo sazo zonke isayensi yemvelo eyala uhlelo.

Ngokokuqala ngqá igama elithi "physics" uye wasebenzisa u-Aristotle. Ngalezo zinsuku kwaba nefilosofi cishe ezifanayo. Ozimele isayensi physics ukuqala ukuze ujike ukubonwa ngekhulu XVI.

Namuhla, ngaphansi physics ukuqonda isayensi ukuthi study ndaba, isimo sawo futhi ukunyakaza, kanye nemithetho jikelele nemvelo. Ngo oyiyo lakhomba inani izigaba eziyinhloko. Lena Mechanics classical, wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto, quantum physics, kwezinto, kanye nabanye.

physiography

Umahluko phakathi natural sciences kanye zezenhlalakahle kwakuthatha umucu ngesibindi "umzimba" zikuphi kanye united, uhlukanisa isiyalo sako kunemiphumela ehlukile. Ngakho, i-geography ngokomzimba (ngokungafani kuya zezomnotho nezenhlalo) kwaba esifubeni ngesayensi yemvelo.

Lokhu isayensi study igobolondo le kwendawo Umhlaba buboke, kanye ezinye izingxenye zemvelo futhi izinhlelo kufakwe ngezithako zawo. geography ngokomzimba Modern siqukethe uchungechunge ucwaningo umkhakha. Phakathi kwabo:

• landscape izifundo;
• geomorphology;
• Climatology;
• Hydrology;
• Oceanography;
• inhlabathi isayensi, kanye nabanye.

Isayensi humanities: ubunye nokwehluka

Humanities, ngesayensi yemvelo - njengoba uma ziqhelelene, njengoba kungase kubonakale?

Yiqiniso, lezi eyala zihlukile endaweni isihloko uphenyo. I zemvelo wesayensi cwaningo nemvelo, zezenhlalakahle - begxila umuntu kanye nomphakathi. Humanities ayikwazi ancintisane yemvelo ncamashi, bona abakwazi izibalo ukufakazela ithiyori yabo bese uqinisekisa umbono.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lezi zikhonzi kuhlobene eduze, okwakuthandelene nomunye. Ikakhulukazi esimeningcondvo ngekhulu xxi. Ngakho, isikhathi eside wezibalo uye zimpande izincwadi kanye nomculo, zemvelo noma yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali - 'ubhedu kwezobuciko, Psychology - ngokuma kwezwe kwezenhlalo nakwezomnotho nokunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eside bekulokhu kucace bhá ukuthi bathole okuningi ezibalulekile zenziwa nje eslphambanweni eyala eziningana ngokwesayensi lapho, Uma unganakile, kungabi khona noluncú olusihlanganisa nobabili.

Ekuphetheni ...

isayensi yemvelo - igatsha wesayensi etadisha zemvelo, izinqubo kanye izenzakalo. Lezi eyala kunabaningi kangaka: kungcono chemistry yemvelo, izibalo, isayensi yezinto eziphilayo, geography astronomy.

natural sciences, naphezu umehluko eziningi kule ndaba futhi indlela yocwaningo, okuyinto kuhlobene eduze ne-social sciences kanye humanities. Ikakhulukazi eqinile lobu budlelwano ebonakaliswa ngekhulu xxi, lapho zonke izinhlobo zesayensi bukhomba futhi Ziyathandelana.