Ion crystal ngehele

Ukudla okuqinile khona crystalline kanye amorphous futhi mhlawumbe ube isakhiwo crystalline. It ahluke endaweni efanele izinhlayiya e amaphuzu ngokunembile echaziwe, libhekene Ukuphinda ngezikhathi volumetric, isikhala ezintathu-ntathu. Uma ngokwengqondo ukuxhuma la maphuzu nge ngqo - uthole Uhlaka isikhala, okuthiwa i-ngehele crystal. Igama elithi "crystalline ngehele" libhekisela iphethini weJiyomethri echaza PERIODICITY ngakuthathu ukuhambisa molecule (ama-athomu, ion) endaweni crystal.

yizinhlayiyana okuthiwa ama indawo amaphuzu ISIZINDA ngehele. Ngaphakathi ifremu kukhona ukuxhumana phakathi engeyokuqala. Uhlobo kanye nemvelo izinhlayiya zokuxhumana therebetween: amangqamuzana, ama-athomu, ion - ekutholeni uhlobo crystal ngehele. Sekukonke kunezinhlobo ezine zalezi zinhlobo: ionic, athomu, yamangqamuzana nensimbi.

Uma amaphuzu ngehele ahlelwe ion (izinhlayiya nenkokhiso negative noma positive), lokhu ion crystal eheleni: libhekene uxhumano of the gama elifanayo.

Lezi zixhumanisi kunamandla kakhulu futhi uzinze. Ngakho, ama-ejenti kanye lolu hlobo isakhiwo abe ubulukhuni sezingeni eliphezulu kanye kwabantu, non-oluyingozi futhi refractory. Emazingeni aphansi, sokuziphatha njengomncane insulators. Nokho, lapho ukuncibilika compounds enjalo ngobugebengu geometrically lesifanele ion crystal ngehele (ion indawo) futhi yehlise amandla uxhumano.

At lokushisa eduze lokushisa ukuncibilika zinhlayiya ngezibopho ionic kakade ukwazi ukukuthwala kagesi. compounds ezinjalo zitholakala kalula oncibilikayo emanzini kanye nezinye iziphuzo, okuyinto akhiwa izinhlayiya zishintshe polar.

Ion crystal ngehele nobuntu zonke izinto ngezibopho ionic - nosawoti, metal hydroxides, metal compounds kanambambili nge nonmetals. isibopho ionic akanayo directivity emkhathini ngoba ion ngamunye lihlotshaniswa ion eziningana esiphikisayo, amandla ukuxhumana kuncike ibanga elibahlukanisile (umthetho Coulomb sika). compounds ezihlobene Ion-babe isakhiwo okungezona yamangqamuzana, zingabantu ukudla okuqinile kanye ngamahele ionic, polar kakhulu, ukuncibilika okusezingeni eliphezulu nokubilisa amaphuzu, e ikhambi aqueous, kuba kagesi conductive. Compounds ngezibopho ionic injalo emsulwa cishe ayitholakalanga.

Ion crystal ngehele isici esithile oxides ejwayelekile futhi hydroxides of izinsimbi, nosawoti, ngamanye amazwi, Izinto nge ionic chemical isibopho.

Ngaphezu kwalokho kukhona ionic isibopho, metallic, ezinto covalent izibopho ku crystal.

Okunamandla kokuba nobuhlobo covalent, kukhona Semiconductors noma insulators. izibonelo ejwayelekile amakristalu-athomu kukhona idayimane, Silicon ne-germanium.

Diamond - mineral cubic allotropic ukuguqulwa (ifomu) carbon. I crystal ngehele diamond - zenuzi, oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. ISIZINDA we-athomu omoya-ngehele enjalo oxhumene by an izibopho eziqinile kakhulu covalent. Diamond yakhiwa ahlukene carbon ama-athomu elise eyodwa maphakathi a Tetrahedron, ogama vertices kukhona athomu amane eliseduze. a ngehele okunjalo libhekene FCC iyunithi cell, okuholela ubulukhuni esiphezulu yedayimane kuqhathaniswa okusezingeni eliphezulu ukuma. Esikhathini ngehele idayimane azikho molecule - kanye crystal kungenziwa uthathwa njengomunye wezinye-molecule elinesithunzi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, le-athomu crystal ngehele nobuntu Silicon, boron okuqinile, germanium futhi compounds izakhi umuntu Silicon ne-carbon (Silica, asebenza ngebhethri, mica, emfuleni isihlabathi, Silicon Carbide). Ngokuvamile, abameleli kwezinto eziqinile crystalline nge ngehele-athomu kukhona abambalwa.