Isilwane kuqala isikhala. Belka futhi Strelka - dogs osomkhathi

Apreli emhlabeni yeshumi nambili lonke igubha Cosmonautics Day. Yingaleso sikhathi-ke, emuva ngo-1961, phumela lokuqala emkhathini wenza Cosmonaut Soviet Yuriy Alekseevich Gagarin.

Ukuze umuntu ongangena esikhaleni, ngaphandle kokwesaba ngoba impilo yabo futhi ngaphandle kokugqoka ukuphila kwabo engozini, kudingeka kweminyaka yocwaningo kanye ucwaningo eziningi ezingokoqobo.

Kuyinto imfihlo ukuthi esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba abantu bebona Umhlaba ngokusebenzisa ifasitela lomkhumbi noma lebhanoyi mkhathi, izilwane bebelokhu isikhala. osomkhathi Shaggy kokufika phezu izindiza, oyothatha ngaphesheya emkhathini woMhlaba, indoda lilandelwa ukuziphatha isilwane kuqala isikhala nokuthi zizizwa kanjani ngayo. Imishini ekhethekile evumela ukubukela, ngisho izinguquko ezincane zabo zomzimba. Lezi idatha kwenza ukuba ngcono ukusebenza izindiza ubuchwepheshe ukuze aqhube kwakunokwenzeka ukuqalisa indoda emkhathini ngaphandle yini empilweni yakhe.

Insumansumane ezivamile

Ngutiphi tilwane wathumela emkhathini ngowokuqala ngqa? Abaningi kule mbuzo ungase uzwakale aphansi. Active Iningi Ukuphendula, sizwile ukuthi izilwane lokuqala, lapho bebona isikhala, kwadingeka ambalwa izinja mongrel okuthiwa Belka futhi Strelka. Futhi, bamangala eziningi, kufanele ubike ukuthi lokhu impendulo akulungile.

Futhi bonke okufanayo bonyana wathoma ngokwenzani?

Ezigabeni kokuqala ucwaningo, ososayensi US wathumela emkhathini wezinkawu. Lezi zilwane zakhulela abakhethiwe ngenxa yokuthi isondele zabo bokuphila kubantu.

I ezifana indiza yokuqala suborbital owenziwa Ochwepheshe NASA Juni 11, 1948. Ngeshwa, inkawu zazifile ngalesi isilingo. Ngakusasa iphelela babebuthene izidalwa eziphilayo ngomphumela efanayo. Kodwa phakathi nalezi izindiza kuyinto lisakwazi Imininingwane ukunika amandla ubuchwepheshe ngcono, kanti izilwane owandizela isikhala, steel ngokuphepha emuva Earth iphila futhi iluhlaza. Ngo-60-yalolucwaningo saqala ukuze lelisu izindiza futhi nokufinyelela kuyo uzungeza emzileni.

Sekukonke, izinhlelo zocwaningo olwenziwa e-United States phakathi kuka-1948 no-1969, kwaqalwa emkhathini 32 hlobo lwezinkawu.

Isikhala Izikhangibavakashi Inja

Ngesikhathi esifanayo parallel United States i-Soviet Union labetibambile isikhala yayo ukuhlola. Kubo, izinja yasetshenziswa kaningi. Ingabe uyazi ukuthi yini isilwane kuqala, a elicibilikile emkhathini kusukela cosmodrome Russian?

Dezik futhi amaGypsy - lezi izinja ezimbili egcekeni Julayi 22, 1951 waya missile ballistic emkhathini. Ukufinyelela emngceleni okunemibandela nge isikhala, esemgwaqweni endaweni engamamitha 100 km, zingabantu capsule ekhethekile lawela ngokuphepha emhlabathini. Ukundiza okwathatha imizuzu 20, futhi ngemva izinja ezimbili nomuzwa omkhulu. Uqinisile iviki elilodwa obenziwe omunye indiza, okwaphela kancane ngempumelelo. Dezik wayethumela ngokuphindaphindiwe emkhathini, futhi omunye umgibeli we nangomcibisholo, inja okuthiwa Fox, iphahlazeka ngesikhathi kokwehla, njengoba parachute, okuyinto kwakufanele ukuze iqikelele ukuthi ihlala abushelelezi capsule ayivulwanga.

Isisulu sokuqala ochwepheshe isikhala ngokuthi abaholi ukuzwa lesi silingo. Kodwa ucwaningo akayekanga. Sekukonke, phakathi kuka-1959 no-1960, indiza 29 sub-esemkhathini kwenziwa lapho izinja zibé ziningi kangakanani, onogwaja, amagundane amhlophe kanye amagundane. Ezinye isilwane kuqala isikhala phakathi nohambo lakhe ibingamashumi ngaphansi izinzwa - ukuze bakwazi ukufunda isimo bokuphila emzimbeni.

Animal izindiza ku-orbit

Uhambo lokuqala luzoba mkhathi ingafiki orbit bephethe izidalwa eziphilayo senziwa Novemba 3, 1957. Futhi uma ngaphambi kokuba izilwane zazithunyelwa ngazimbili, manje umgibeli umkhumbi namaSoviet "Sputnik-2" kwaba nguye kuphela inja Laika okuthiwa. Nakuba ukubuya azikona inja kwakunokwenzeka, kodwa washona namanje indiza, ngemuva kwamahora angu-5, ngoba wenza ematfuba 4 ngokugcwele emhlabeni Earth. Okwamanje imbangela yokufa kwakhe kwaba eziningi ukucindezeleka futhi okweqile zomzimba. It Laika - lena isilwane kuqala, a elicibilikile emkhathini ukuzungeza futhi, ngeshwa, akazange abuyele.

Ngokuzayo satellite nabantu bukhoma ku ibhodi kwathunyelwa ku-orbit iminyaka emithathu kuphela kamuva. Kwathi ngo-July 28, 1960 I-indiza wayebuye akuphumelelanga, mkhathi yamila ngemuva kwemizuzwana 38 ngemuva kokuqala injini. Kulesi sokuhlola, izinja zabulawa osomkhathi Chanterelle kanye seagull.

Futhi ngo-August 19, 1960-mkhathi "Sputnik-5" waya ku-orbit, wenza 17 linemibhikisho emhlabeni Umhlaba lawela ngempumelelo. Sonke lesi sikhathi ebhodini babe Belka kakhulu futhi Strelka. Ngemva ikhomishana ngo-March 1961, abambalwa abaningi balaba indiza yimpumelelo, kwanqunywa ukuba athumele umuntu emkhathini kuqala.

Ukukhethwa izilwane ucwaningo emkhathini

Izilwane kuqala isikhala kwakungafanele ufana nje, lawo madoda akhethwa ngokucophelela futhi ababeqeqeshwe ngaphambi kwendiza. Ngokuthakazelisayo, ukukhetha izinja ukubamba iqhaza indiza, wanika ntandokazi egcekeni, abantu outbred, ngoba kukhona eziqinile okwengeziwe.

Izindiza esemkhathini kwakudingeka izinja enempilo enesisindo Kilos kwabayisithupha 35 cm ubude, ezineminyaka ephakathi kuka-iminyaka emibili kuya kweyisithupha. Beka izinzwa ukufunda ukwaziswa elula kunazo kwaba izilwane shorthaired.

Ngaphambi flying izinja eziqeqeshwe ukuba emakamelweni elivaliwe belingisa gumbi mkhathi, ungesabi of imisindo elikhulu nokudludliza, ukudla, usebenzisa idivayisi ekhethekile enikezela ukudla weightlessness.

Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo indiza yokuqala Belka futhi Strelka emzileni

Kuthiwa indiza Belka futhi Strelka emkhathini esivulela abantu indlela eya izinkanyezi.

Bambalwa abantu bazi ukuthi empeleni lezi izinja lovely ngokuthi Albina futhi Marquis, kodwa ngaphambi kokuqala ukuhlola ke wayalwa ukuba esikhundleni izidlaliso angaphandle eSoviet, futhi manje lesi silwane kuqala isikhala, wavakashela orbit futhi ngokuphepha wabuyela Earth, bayawazi kithi ngaphansi amagama ongakwesokudla futhi Squirrel.

Izinja zikhethwe inqwaba izicelo, kodwa, ngaphandle kuzihlaka ngokomzimba eziyisisekelo kwakubaluleke elingenamikhono umbala. Buhle izilwane umbala ukukhanya, okwenza kube lula ukuqapha kwazo ngokusebenzisa nabaqaphi. Esinye isici esibalulekile kwaba inja futhi isikhalazo, njengoba kwaba njalo endabeni ka-impumelelo lokuhlolwa kwabo ngempela wethulwa emphakathini jikelele.

Nakuba isikhathi okulindeleke ukundiza Belka futhi Strelka ingenye usuku, kodwa ukuqeqeshwa nokuhlolwa izilwane ezazisemizini izimo indiza eseduze kuze kufinyelele ezinsukwini eziyisishiyagalombili.

Phakathi indiza ebhodini okusebenzayo esisekela ukuphila uhlelo, futhi usebenzisa ama-apharathasi izinja ekhethekile nemibandela weightlessness Kondliwa ukudla namanzi. Ngokuvamile, izilwane ngangazizwa kahle, futhi ngesikhathi kwethulwa rocket kuphela abakubona palpitations inhliziyo. Lesi sibalo benganhlanhlathi lapho mkhathi ifinyelele orbit.

Uma kufezeke ekukhuleni kahle isikhala isilwane, kwaba sobala - umuntu angakwazi futhi aphumele ngaphandle emkhathini bese ubuyela bengenamiyocu kulesi sigameko.

Nezinye izilwane wayekade isikhala

Ngaphezu wezinkawu nezinja ngaphandle ozungeze umhlaba baye bavakashela nezinye izilwane ezifana amakati, izimfudu, amaxoxo, iminenke, onogwaja, amagundane, amaphela, zintulo, ngisho ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi. Abaningi kuyoba ukwazi ukuthi Mashi 22, 1990 ku-mkhathi "Mir" owakwazi amabhu iphuphu amaqanda izigwaca. Lena yokuthi lokuqala lokuzalwa of a ophilayo emkhathini.

Can nokuzalanisa izilwane emkhathini?

Kodwa iqiniso ukuthi iqanda ngaphambilini avundiswa ingaqala futhi dweba iphuphu emkhathini, akusho ukuthi izilwane nezitshalo isikhala bazalela. ososayensi be-NASA lalingakufanelekele ukuthi cosmic emisebeni nomphumela olimazayo umsebenzi zokuzala zezinto eziphilayo. Amagciwane Engeke Esaba amaseli ngenxa ukusakaza eziningi ze-proton kukhona emkhathini, ayisekho ukwenza umsebenzi walo. ngaleyo ndlela Conception, kusuka kube nzima. Futhi ngokuhamba ukucwaninga azikwazanga ukulondolozwa ngokuya isikhala kakade zarozhdonnye imibungu. Zagijima ngokushesha saphela sikhule futhi wafa.