Kwamangqamuzana Social: yini incazelo yalo ngoba emphakathini wanamuhla?

Ekhulwini XIX ke yahlakazeka imibono enjalo ku ngokuhlelwa komphakathi umphakathi, owawuthi umbandela main sokunquma kwamangqamuzana yezenhlalakahle wayehlobene izindlela zokukhiqiza. Ikakhulukazi, lo mbono kwaba Marxism. Nokho, theorists zawo zazilotshiwe angawodwa hhayi kuphela amakilasi, kodwa futhi ungqimba ngaphakathi ekilasini ngalinye (isibonelo, amancane, aphakathi nendawo kanye nonxiwankulu elikhulu), ngaleyo ndlela igcizelela ukuthi ukungalingani kanye inyumbazane kukhona isici kunoma yiliphi iqembu labantu. Nokho, baba nomuzwa wokuthi kufanele unqobe, futhi isigaba ezinjalo, isigaba sabasebenzi, ukudlala lo msebenzi emlandweni.

olwasungulwa Ngokuphambene, isigaba theory, esekelwe kwamangqamuzana okufanayo yezenhlalakahle wayelele. Umbhali lo mbono babhekane nezinga elikhulu kwaba Pitirim Sorokin. Waba kwaso sonke isimiso izimpawu kanye nenqubo ye babhekane nezinga elikhulu kwezenhlalo, ukwakha isakhiwo umzimba nomphakathi. Sorokin zihlukaniswa univariate futhi multivariate babhekane nezinga elikhulu, okungukuthi, esigabeni sika-umphakathi ngemacembu ezifana "kwezakhi" elilodwa sici futhi lonke iqoqo kubo. Waxoxela lezi kwezakhi ku ezifana izici isici njengoba umsebenzi, imali engenayo, izimo zokuphila, imfundo, izici ezingokwengqondo, inazo izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo, isitayela ukuziphatha, nabanye abaningi. zezenhlalo eziningi zasikhathi sinye bakholwe base stratum negama elithi "ukuphela" elementi senhlalo.

Ososayensi nakho nesithakazelo kanjani isiphetho kwamangqamuzana ngabanye nezenhlalo zomphakathi kunqunywa division zibe kwezakhi. Bona ibalwa kungenzeka ushintsho eqenjini eyodwa kuya kwenye (ukuhamba ovundlile), kanye ngaphakathi emakilasini (mpo), ngenxa yesizathu esisodwa, ezimbili noma ngaphezulu izizukulwane, ukugqamisa phakathi kwabo ukuhamba esisemthethweni futhi okungahleliwe. Ekustadisheni inkinga ka babhekane nezinga elikhulu indima enkulu eyadlalwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela Max Weber. Wayekholelwa ukuthi umehluko phakathi namaqembu wabantu ngenxa nje kuphela ukufinyelela ingcebo, amandla yomphakathi futhi umthetho, kodwa futhi izinkomba social - isimo nokuqashelwa. Ngokusho Weber, iqembu ngalinye sizalwa nawo isitayela ezithile zokuphila - imikhuba, amaphethini, amagugu.

Ukufunda izimiso ezichaza ukuziphatha kwabantu ohlelweni lomphakathi, kanye zefilosofi indlela kwamangqamuzana yezenhlalakahle kuthinta isimo sabo, babehilelekile nezokuhlalisana kwabantu ezifana Lyndon futhi Mead. izingxenye ezinjalo indima social, njengoba ngemibono nokuqashelwa, yenza abantu ngokufanele olwabiwa eqenjini labo, ukuhlola noma imuphi umuntu noma umcimbi (isib, a izingubo brand ukuthenga, kungakhathaliseki ukuthumela izingane zabo Yelky University, kwakudinga ukuba abe-Rolls-Royce noma Mercedes ). Uma umuntu efuna ukuqeda indima ozibekile, njengoba umthetho, kunenkolelo ukuthi ilahlekelwe nokuqashelwa, futhi singasetshenziswa yakhe unswinyo nomphakathi.

kwamangqamuzana Social kulezi zimo iphenduka ibe iqembu ukuphendula, ngisho wonke umphakathi ekuziphatheni womuntu, okuyinto "enqaba" ukugcwalisa okulindele sokuhambisana ukuze kwezinkambiso olwamukelwa kanye namagugu. unswinyo ezinjalo zingase zingatholakali ngaphansi komthetho, futhi ngezinye izikhathi zisekelwe amasiko, isimilo noma inkolo. Lokhu kunjalo ikakhulukazi nobuntu emphakathini wendabuko, uma baya ngokuhamba ngisho isinyathelo ngokomzimba - kushaywa, isigwebo sokufa, noma Lynch lynching, ejele. Kwezinye izimo, sebenzisa unswinyo kwezomnotho ezifana inhlawulo noma ukudliwa kwempahla. Kodwa emazweni amaningi esimanje ikakhulukazi kungagcini abalingiswa abamhloniphi.

Ukuxhumana phakathi izindima social, isimo, unswinyo, udumo, kanye nezinye izinto ezifana uyafundelwa isiyalo ekhethekile, interactionism. Ngayinye yalezi amaqembu, kusho ososayensi, kudala "izwe" ayo lapho ngesineke "ukuphila iskripthi" izenzo ezithile, izingubo ezithile. Kukhona ngisho kwamangqamuzana yezenhlalakahle kolimi eyenziwe umehluko phakathi namaqembu amakhulu wabantu ensimini okhokhelwayo noma yenkampani. Kodwa imihlaba abanjalo bangabaphostoli engazinzile. Labo noma eminye imicimbi yomphakathi, ikakhulukazi emikhulu, amandla abantu uhlaziye indima yabo futhi wenze izenzo ngezinye izikhathi engalindelekile. Ngakho ushintsho emhlabeni ajwayelekile lapho indima esanda basakaza.