Inkumbulo Social: ekutholeni izibonelo ethile

Khumbula wakho odlule kubaluleke kakhulu kuwo wonke umuntu. Umlando endaweni lapho bonke kufanele kahle ababeyizazi, ngoba unikeza sokuqonda izenzakalo esidlule. Lokhu, ungagcina esintwini emaphutheni esikhathini esizayo. Imemori yezenhlalakahle lwesintu - kuba uhlelo enkulu ephilayo, okuyinto likhula nsuku zonke, "ukudla" izinkumbulo, izincwadi, umculo, njll ...

Emagugu emasiko emphakathini

inkumbulo Komphakathi, kwencazelo onikelwa ngezansi, ubhekwa isihloko socwaningo imikhakha eyahlukene, ngoba ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene kakhulu. Kuyinto uhlelo ebalulekile evumela ukuba adlulisele amagugu amasiko, okuyinto sihlanganise indawo ebanzi kakhulu, ahlukahlukene futhi ayihlelekile. Ngenxa yokuthi abantu abaningi baye baklama ngezindlela eziningi ukua adlulise ukwaziswa yabo, isipiliyoni kanye nemibono ukuze kuzuze izizukulwane ezizayo, inkumbulo nomphakathi, umphakathi nawo njengomnyango mkhulu kakhulu, ngoba kungaba ukudweba wonke umuntu.

Emagugu emasiko kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba sichaza esidlule futhi kusiza ukuqonda ikusasa. Kungasekho inkumbulo jikelele bengayi, kodwa, ngeshwa, kulula kakhulu phendulela. Izindaba zokuphila lwezindaba nokongiwa abathintekayo ochwepheshe nje kuphela kodwa futhi abantu abavamile. Babhala Umlandvomphilo, Umlando, ezingalotshwanga ephrintiwe kuphi futhi nje amanga indlu endala, endaweni closet yobhuqu negcwele elinde in amaphiko. Zonke imfihlo ngesinye kuyacaca ukuthi kungani abantu ifunda indaba bakhe beqiniso.

yizimbaxa

Ukuze siqonde okushiwo umqondo inkumbulo kwezenhlalo, kufanele kube kancane shí Psychology nefilosofi. Bobabili isayensi kusikisela ukuthi kukhona equlekile collective, olawula emphakathini wonke. Ngokucacile uchaze lesi simiso kunzima kakhulu, kodwa iqiniso ukuthi zikhona, liye proven ngokuphindaphindiwe. Igama elithi kunzima ukunikeza ngokucaca stroke ngenxa yezizathu eziningana. Okokuqala, kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi sikhuluma umqondo luyingxenye theory. Okwesibili, isibonelo kunzima ngempela. Nokho, siphawula ukuthi ososayensi abaningi banamuhla baye bathuthuka kakhulu ngaphezu amandulela, futhi bakwazi ukunikeza incazelo yalokhu umqondo futhi unike izibonelo eziqondile.

Ukuthuthukisa umqondo inkumbulo yezenhlalakahle lwesintu has ngempela emasikweni akudala e umlando kwengqondo. odokotela bengqondo Russian amatasa le nkinga, izama ukumthola isiqinisekiso. LS Vygotsky, Luria nabanye ososayensi bakwazi ukufakazela ukuthi ukuphendukela izenzakalo zezombusazwe kanye zomlando emphilweni umphakathi kungaba nomthelela emqondweni womuntu nayo yonke inkumbulo yakhe, babayise ezingeni elisha.

inkumbulo nomphakathi

Igama elithi kuwuhlobo ukudluliselwa "Capital of Memory" namaqembu omphakathi, kanye express imibono ethile, izikhundla kanye namagugu. inkumbulo Social luntfu thwali zokuziphatha, amasiko kanye namagugu. Ngenxa wakhe, anqwabelene "dolobha" memory ingasetshenziswa inqubo yokuxhumana, futhi futhi.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi elithi "inkumbulo social" okuyisihloko ososayensi ucwaningo ezivela emikhakheni ehlukene kolwazi. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuba baqonde ukuthi indaba yobulungisa ingaphezulu enezici kakhulu. Nokho, ezincwadini zesayensi alichazi imemori yezenhlalakahle kohlelo, isimo sawo futhi okuqukethwe. Ngokuvamile, kukhona izincazelo eziningi umqondo, njengoba konke kuncike indlela methodological yesayensi ukhonkolo.

Ngokwesibonelo, ulwazi indlela inquma inkumbulo nomphakathi njengoba yesikhashana iziteshi yokudlulisa ulwazi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo ngemfanelo gama kanjengoba uquqaba lonke ulwazi okukhona emphakathini. Futhi, ungakhohlwa ukuthi umqondo wokuphathwa imiqondo exhumene ezifana isipiliyoni zomlando wesintu, iqiniso zomlando, kontrpamyat, inkumbulo wabelane.

Imemori zomlando lesintu

ukwazi zomlando kusho inkumbulo yazo zonke izenzakalo komlando wesintu. Lolu uhlobo elehlukile, iyingxenye ye-eziyinkimbinkimbi enkulu inkumbulo nomphakathi. Eyokuqala ukusebenzisa umqondo wegama elithi "inkumbulo zomlando" waqala ososayensi-mlando, ubani aqala ukuqaphela ematfuba efanayo zezenzakalo ezifanayo ngezikhathi ezithile. ukwazi zomlando emphakathini - kuyinto iqoqo imiyalezo, izinganekwane, izindaba, isuka kwesinye isizukulwane iye kwesinye. Uma sikhuluma okunokwethenjelwa kangakanani inkumbulo komlando nasemphakathini wonkana, kufanele kusho ukuthi ngokwezinga elikhulu iqoqo zibona angahleliwe izenzakalo ezidlule.

Akukho lapho zomlando inkumbulo Ukudluliselwa omubi namabala izenzakalo kwakufanele nomthelela. Ngokuvamile ngocansi izindaba ukungabikho kobulungisa, ukucindezelwa, ukuhlukunyezwa, uma sikhuluma imemori komlando nesizwe esithile.

Nokho, inkumbulo zomlando ngokuvamile ngephutha kudidaniswe isiko, umahluko ophakathi kwala imiqondo likhulu. inkumbulo Cultural kuyinto iqoqo core imiqondo ezivamile wonke umphakathi esidlule, okuncike izikhumbuzo kwamasiko, izincwadi, njll Akufanele siwuthathe kalula umthelela izici yamasiko kwi bezibona esidlule lomuntu siqu.

Izikhundla memory nomphakathi

Izindlela kanye namafomu memory zomlando wehlukile kakhulu, ikakhulukazi isayensi ithuthuka ngokushesha. Ngaphambi kokucabangela izindlela ukulondoloza inkumbulo zomlando, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi zonke zibe nomthelela omkhulu bezibona endoda ngokwayo emlandweni, kanye nokwelashwa zokugcina. zokukhwabanisa ngobuciko esidlule ezingeni wombuso kungaholela imiphumela emangalisa, ngoba abantu ngeke bakwazi ukuba baphendukele imisuka bakhe beqiniso. Ngeshwa, manipulation umlando ingxenye iziphathimandla kuvamile, okuyinto nomthelela omubi kakhulu ubusha bezibona esidlule abantu babo. Amaqiniso amaningi ngekhono futhi ngamabomu efihlekile, kodwa into uyanyamalala indaba zomlando. Ithonya kunzima kakhulu, ngoba nezazi-mlando ezingenamandla izincwadi. Nokho, uma kuwukuthi bayakholelwa ukuba yiqiniso kwale ndaba. ulwazi oluningi oluyinkimbinkimbi yazuza imfundo ephakeme? Lo mbuzo uyaqhubeka uzovulelwa.

Izindlela alondoloze inkumbulo lesintu

Izindlela kanye namafomu memory zomlando zadalwa kancane kancane. Ifomu yokuqala umphakathi abangu ekulondolozeni inkumbulo eqoshwe emadwaleni, lapho -ke isizukulwane esisha esephawula ukuthi ukhokho wawo wahlala. Architecture waba nethonya elikhulu kakhulu abantu phambi lapho eloba. ukuthuthukiswa ngokubhala kwakhe kwaphawula ukuqala inqubo omkhulu ehlala kuze kube yilolu suku. Ngenxa yesandla, isizukulwane imiqulu amadala ukuxhumana ulwazi olubalulekile kanye imfihlo kubalandeli bakhe. Shono Bathi: Kulotshweni ipeni - hhayi bagawula ngembazo. Kungani ukubhala ngakho kakhulu ethumba wonke umuntu nayo yonke into? Ake uqale nge yokuthi izakhiwo kwaba kuphela amakhosi etholakalayo of izikebhe zabo. Benza umsebenzi ethunywe wona nge izicukuthwane abacebile, ngoba abakhi iningi lalimpofu, kodwa unekhono. Omunye ingaphikisana ngokuthi uthando lokufunda ukufunda nokubhala, nabo bebekhona iyunithi, futhi lokhu kuyiqiniso. Kodwa ungafunda ukufunda nokubhala ngokushesha okungaka, futhi ayidingi imvume ekhethekile - bhala okufunayo. Abapristi bakwazi ukudlulisa imicabango yabo, okubonwayo nezimfundiso ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abafundile waqala ukuloba eqanjiwe, echaza kuye zonke iwusizi isikhundla sakhe. Isizukulwane esidala ukwaze buthelela ngokuhlakanipha futhi balidlulisele ezinganeni zabo. Empeleni, izincwadi - kusikhali lesinemandla ukuze kulondolozwe inkumbulo yomphakathi. Kukhona okubalulekile, kodwa izinhlobo zincane wokusindisa memory yokuzijabulisa: umculo, ubungcweti, imikhosi.

Njengoba sekunama-nezikole zamabanga indawo ebalulekile ekwakheni ukwazi zomlando lwesintu iye okungewakho esasizifunda. Abakholelwa abafundi unquestioningly, futhi lokho lapho ukudweba ulwazi. Folklore Umlando, izincwadi, Umlandvomphilo, amaholide, izinsuku yesikhumbuzo, ubungcweti kunomthelela omkhulu kwi ukwakheka yonke inkumbulo kwamasiko. Kuleli zwe lanamuhla, umthelela uye waqinisa kuphela abezindaba njengoba savela ngokushesha, umsakazo, i-TV, i-internet. Umphakathi kufanele baqonde ukuthi amaqiniso angokomlando yangempela akuvamile amanga phezu, ngakho ulwazi evela kunoma yimuphi umthombo okufanele agxeke bese udalula umbuzo okunengqondo.

Izici

Uma unesithakazelo umbuzo, iziphi izici inkumbulo kwezenhlalo, kufanele futhi ubuyele kwencazelo eside, kodwa ngeke sikwenze lokho. Izici memory yezenhlalakahle (njengoba kuqhathaniswa inkumbulo kwakuzoba umuntu oyedwa) ukuthi imemori noma yimuphi umuntu ezilinganiselwe, ke lenesicalo, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi luphela. Umuntu ongashadile akukwazi obapha inkumbulo zomlando. Ekhuluma inkumbulo kwezenhlalo, ungakwazi neze ukuhlukanisa abantu abambalwa noma iqembu labantu abakhuluphele abathwali yayo. Inchazelo libhekisela eqenjini labantu, kodwa mayelana Iqembu elikhulu kakhulu labantu - umphakathi emhlabeni wonke. Lokho umuntu, ngubani lomphakathi, kuyingxenye encane inkumbulo nomphakathi. Emagugu emasiko akunakwenzeka ngaphandle umphakathi, ngaphandle iqembu labantu, okuyinto ngendlela yalo ke uhumusha futhi sihamba.

Izazi eziningi ziye egxile yokuthi uma imemori nomphakathi - iqoqo izinkumbulo abantu, lonke mkhulu kunezinhliziyo izingxenye zalo ngabanye kangako. Lena okwatholakala kubaluleke kakhulu, eholela umphakathi baqonde ukubaluleka kwabantu, ukushintshana mutual ulwazi nokubambisana emhlabeni wonke.

Izici memory yezenhlalakahle ziyancipha komunye ukuqonda global - alinaso imingcele. Kungase uyayeka kuphela uma kwenzeka ukuthi abantu bonke uzonyamalala, ukuba indoda. Ngoba ngisho umuntu oyedwa kungaba kabusha zonke esidlule yohlobo oluthile. Yebo, alusebenzi ebese olungalungile, kodwa ngisho kuleli fomu inkumbulo yezenhlalakahle uzoqhubeka khona.

Ngubani ehilelekile kulo magazini?

Kubalulekile wazi ukuthi okokuqala igama elithi "inkumbulo social" siqedwe ososayensi base-Estonia J. Rebane endaweni izincwadi baseSoviet abaphenya kwengqondo. Ngezenzo ukuthuthukisa lo mqondo futhi babehileleke yethula ku ukusetshenziswa, ososayensi VA Rebrin futhi Y. Levada. Kuyinto lezi abacwaningi baye nomthelela yokuthi leli gama liye abonakale ukuthi angobani ngempela abantu abasemkhakheni wezesayensi.

Kuze kube manje, imemori yezenhlalakahle luntfu zenzuzo inqwaba ososayensi emhlabeni wonke. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi eminyakeni yamuva kakhulu uye kwakhulisa isithakazelo inkumbulo njengoba enzeka ingqondo. Ucwaningo olusha sikuvumela ukudala zokuqeqesha ezisiza esitolo ulwazi omningi futhi ngesikhathi esifanele. Kusukela kowezi Imininingwane hit inkampani ngokushesha okukhulu, abantu abaningi baqala ukucabanga mayelana gqwa ulwazi etholakale. Phela, inani udoti nje angenamkhawulo. Uma idlule zonke, ungakwazi ulahleke ekusakazeni futhi kubangele ebuchosheni beshaqekile.

Kubalulekile kakhulu ukufunda kuphela ngokucacile oyifunayo, okuyinto ayiqukethe imininingwane engadingekile noma ukubonakaliswa eside. Inani elandayo lososayensi ezivela emikhakheni ehlukene abaphendukela ekucwaningeni amakhono esiyingqayizivele yingqondo yomuntu. Abacwaningi agcizelele ukuthi ngisho nengxenye waqonda.

Ekhulwini zokugcina imemori yezenhlalakahle izimpikiswano ezihilelekile: Moris Halbvaks, Jacques Le Goff, B. Gene, Per Nora, P. Hatton futhi Aleida Assmann. Lezi ososayensi baye babamba iqhaza elikhulu kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni okwabelwana inkumbulo umqondo. Ngenxa yokuthi baye alalelwa le nkinga enkulu futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi, silitadishe uyaqhubeka kuze kube yilolu suku. Okwamanje, nezindaba inkumbulo yezenhlalakahle elandelayo ososayensi bekwi Russia: i-IM Savelyev, AI Filyushkin, LP Repin, OB Leontiev, NE Koposov. Lena ingxenye encane nje kuphela yeqembu elikhulu nososayensi abakholelwayo bachitha isikhathi sabo esiningi abahlola lesi simo we oluqongelelwe emhlabeni. Izinkinga zokwenyuka lolu daba futhi kufakwe sekharikhulamu imfundo ephakeme. Lokhu akwenziwa ngezinkulumo nje kuphela ukuba bayofundisa abantu abasha ukukhuluma ngalolu daba, kodwa lokho waba nesithakazelo isihloko, ukuletha imibono fresh. E-US, isibonelo, umkhiqizo ojwayelekile esavela ephephabhukwini lesayensi i "Umlando & Memory", ehlanganisa lesi sihloko ngokuningiliziwe, kanye zonke izinhlelo ezintsha, imibono nokwatholakala.

sengqondo nomphakathi

inkumbulo Social yomlando we umphakathi ngokucacile kakhulu uboniswe sengqondo sabantu noma amaqembu ethile emphakathini. Mentality kuyingxenye encane kodwa ebalulekile omkhulu inkumbulo eziyinkimbinkimbi zezenhlalo. Noma yimuphi sengqondo - kuba eziphilayo, ukushintsha, ifomu asebenzayo inkumbulo umphakathi, noma, ngaphezulu nje - ifa yasekhaya kwamasiko. Equlekile ingxenye sengqondo yomphakathi yakhiwa amayunithi, ababiziweyo archetypes. Ziyakwazi iqoqo iyiphi engaguqukiyo, imicabango yabantu, izahlulelo kunoma yimuphi umkhakha, futhi ube nethonya elikhulu nokuqaphela umuntu noma yimuphi umcimbi. Eqinisweni archetypes zinquma impendulo umphakathi ukuba izenzakalo ezithile. Iphinde luvula ithuba elikhulu zokukhwabanisa, ngoba ukubukwa nezenzo zabantu noma umphakathi kungaba ngobuqili kulawulwa ebhekisela kusolwa Izenzakalo zesikhathi esidlule kweqiniso.

Kuleli zwe lanamuhla kulula kakhulu, ngoba ukufinyelela ulwazi ngqangi zabantu abavamile akudingeki. Ukuze ufunde mayelana izenzakalo kuphela kusuka ku-intanethi noma ithelevishini, okuyinto ukwethula ulwazi embonweni ezithile, okuyinto subjective ngokuphelele futhi ezingelona iqiniso.

Izibonelo inkumbulo nomphakathi

Isibonelo esimangalisayo imemori nomphakathi wabantu kungabonakala izinto silula: indlela abantu siphathe abanye abantu, indlela ukukhetha umholi wezombangazwe njengoba yakha amasiko alo, indlela ukufundisa ngayo esizukulwaneni esisha. Endaweni ehlukile, ngasinye salezi zici ngeke kubonakale abalulekile ukuze ezithinta inkumbulo yomphakathi. Nokho, lo mbono uyakhohlisa, ngoba isamba izingxenye mkhulu kunaye, ethula into enkulu. Isibonelo inkumbulo ngabanye nomphakathi ngokucace kubonakala imikhuba yasekhaya yakhe, nezahlulelo nezinqumo kuthatha. Ithonya imvelo, kanye nolwazi mayelana esidlule, ngisho noma akuzona ehlelekile, has nethonya elikhulu ukuziphatha komuntu imvelo lanamuhla. Aware wawoyise omkhulu, isakhamuzi ngenkuthalo kuzibonakalisa ku kwezepolitiki, kwezomnotho nezenhlalakahle isimo. Futhi izakhamuzi, ejwayele yokuthi akhuphuke kwaphoqa emhlabeni, abe yekwentiwa kanye bengenandaba, akazange ngisho wenze umzamo ukuze alungise leso simo.

Ukuze zonke kubantu kubaluleke kakhulu kuba umbuzo ukuzimela, kuba maqondana nalolu daba, ungakwazi ukutshela okuningi ngalokho archetypes abantu abathile abahlala. Amaqembu amaningi yobuhlanga ukucula isimo sabo esidabukisayo, ekhalela ababusi elihluphayo ne amashwa. Kodwa uma kungukuphikisana empeleni, noma nje enezimpande umkhuba uhlushwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane kanye balalele?

Kufinyeta isihloko, kufanele agxile eqinisweni lokuthi wonke umuntu ongashadile - kungcono ingxenye okuthile okukhulu. Lokhu Kubalulekile nokukhumbula, befundisa izingane zabo, ngokukhetha lizwe, ukuthatha isinqumo esibalulekile. Kuyinto izenzo zakho namuhla liyobaqondisa isizukulwane esilandelayo. Nakuba imibuzo ayikaqondwa kahle, kungashiwo ngokuzethemba ukuthi isiko, inkumbulo yezenhlalakahle ozokhula kuyashesha futhi ethembisa.