Injabulo yezwe lasendulo. I-Cleopatra: indaba yothando

Impela igazi legazi lingabizwa ngokuthi ezinye zezinjabulo zezwe lasendulo. Abantu abaningi babusa umhlaba, kodwa uCleopatra uhlukile ngoba wayengowokugcina kumaFaroya aseGibhithe kanye nozombusazwe wokuqala wesifazane. Enye yemiqulu yasendulo, owayephila ngesikhathi esithile wabhala ngaye ngokuthi ngentengo yothando lwakhe kwakuwukufa. Kodwa nokho kwakunamadoda angesabi ukwesaba okunjalo. U-Madly othandana noCleopatra, banikela impilo yabo ubusuku ababehlala naye, futhi ekuseni ekuseni amakhanda abo avuliwe aboniswa emnyango wesigodlo ...

Ukuziphatha ngesikhathi

Kumuntu wanamuhla, injabulo ye-Ancient World ingabonakala njengokuphakama kokungcola. Ngaleso sikhathi, hhayi kuphela ukuhlala ndawonye, kodwa nemishado yezomthetho phakathi kobaba namadodakazi, omalume kanye namantombazana, kanye nabantwana bakithi bebesakazeke ngokwanele, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabahloniphekile. Yiqiniso, isisusa sokuqala esashukumisa izenzo ezinjalo kwakuyisithakazelo sempahla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu babone ukuthi benza kanjani ezimweni ezinjalo emindenini yasebukhosini, futhi bathatha isibonelo kubo.

EGibhithe, futhi, ukujabulisa okunjalo kwezwe lasendulo kwakwenziwa. UCleopatra nomfowabo babengafani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abapristi babethuthukisa futhi bakhuthaza kakhulu emindenini yasebukhosini umbono okuthiwa ukuhlanzeka kwegazi. Ngokusobala, ezikhathini zasendulo babesazi kakade ukuthi ukushada komzimba okuningi kuholela ezifweni ezihlukahlukene zengqondo kanye nezinye izifo zezinzalo ezihle kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, izinjabulo ezingcolile ze-Ancient World priests zingasebenzisa ukufeza imigomo yabo yobugovu, ngoba kuyaqondakala ukuthi umuntu ogulayo noma odidekile kulula ukulawula.

Ukungenisa izinyanga ngalezo zinsuku kwakuwumkhuba ovamile, kanti izimfanelo zokuziphatha zabantu lapha babengenacala. Ngokwesibonelo, cabanga ngoFaro Akhenaten, owayengumyeni weNefertiti omuhle. Wayehamba phambili futhi enhle kuzo zonke izici, indoda, kodwa ngisho nangesikhathi sokuphila komkakho naye washada nendodakazi yakhe yesibili. Kamuva kulesi sihloko sizokhuluma ngeGibithe nokuthi yiziphi izinjabulo zezwe lasendulo. Ezweni elibuswa abaningi, kodwa uCleopatra wayeyindoda engavamile.

Ulwazi jikelele

Indlovukazi yaseGibithe yesikhathi esizayo yazalwa ngo-69 BC. E. Wayengummeli womunye wemindeni yamaGreki ephawulekayo. Uyise wakhe kwakunguPtolemy XII, nonina uCleopatra V. Ngaphandle kwakhe, kwakunezinye izingane emndenini: odade abathathu - u-Arsinoe, uBerenice, uCleopatra VI, nabafowabo ababili abasebancane ababizwa ngokuthi uyise. Lapho umbusi waseGibhithe ohloniphekile, ononya futhi onzondwa ekugcineni efa, izingane zakhe zenyukela esihlalweni sobukhosi: indodana engu-12 ubudala uPtolemy nodadewabo uCleopatra, ngaleso sikhathi owayeneminyaka engu-17 ubudala. Ngokwesiko okwamukelwa ama-farao, babeshadile.

Kumele ngithi uCleopatra VII wayengowesifazane ofundele kahle. Wafunda izibalo, ifilosofi, izincwadi, futhi wadlala nezinye izingoma zomculo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayazi izilimi ezingu-8 futhi nguyena kuphela wobukhosi basePtolemaic owakhuluma ngokukhululekile namaGibhithe.

Ukubukeka

Kuze kube manje, akakwazanga ukuthola umthombo lapho ukubonakala kwalendlovukazi kungachazwa ngokuthembeka. Kodwa ungasho ngokuqinisekile ukuthi bonke abacwaningi baphinda ngokuphindaphindiwe: UCleopatra wayengowesifazane onokwenyama nokukhohlisa. Lokhu kuboniswa ngamaqiniso avela empilweni yakhe.

Manje ungabiza ukuziphatha okungcolile izinjabulo zezwe lasendulo. UCleopatra wayenamadoda amaningi, kodwa ngaleso sikhathi akuzange kubhekwe njengento ehlazozayo. Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi uFaro omncane uPtolemy XIII wayebhekwa njengombusi waseGibhithe kuphela. Empeleni, iNdlovukazi uCleopatra yayisemandleni

Umzabalazo wamandla

Kodwa lokhu akukwazanga ukuhlala isikhathi eside. Enganeliseki nomqondisi wakhe wokubusa uPtolemy XIII, kanye nabanye abahloniphekile abahloniphekile ngo-48 BC. E. Kwavusa ukuphikiswa kukaCleopatra enhloko-dolobha yaseGibhithe - i-Alexandria. Abantu abahlubukayo basongela ukubulala indlovukazi, ngakho kwadingeka abaleke nodadewabo u-Arsinoeus emazweni aseSyria angomakhelwane. Kulokhu, uCleopatra akazange azibheke njengelutho.

Ngokushesha wakwazi ukubuthana ibutho, lapho ehamba khona waya emngceleni waseGibhithe. UMfoweth 'udade nomyeni nomkakhe banquma ukuthola empini, obani abazoba ngamandla kuleli zwe. Amabutho amabili esitha ahlangana ubuso nobuso cishe ngamamitha angu-30 empumalanga yePort Said, ngasePelousia.

Isingeniso

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uJulius Caesar noPompey balwela amandla eMbusweni WaseRoma. Lezi zinsuku zalahlekelwa impi eFarsalos futhi yaphoqeleka ukubalekela e-Alexandria. Kodwa ama-grandees aseGibhithe anquma ukunxusa umbusi futhi abulale uPompey. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, uKhesari weza e-Aleksandriya, lapho wayekulindele khona "uhlobo lokumangala" - inhloko yesitha sakhe. Lapho ebona, wayethuka futhi wayala uCleopatra noPtolemy ukuba bayeke impi, bahlakaze amasosha akhe futhi beze kuye ngokushesha ukuze baqonde futhi baqhubeke bebuyisana.

Ngemva kokuvela e-Alexandria, uFaro osemusha waqala ukukhononda ngezenzo zikadadewabo. Kodwa ngaphambi kokwenza isinqumo, uKhesari wayefisa ukuzwa olunye uhlangothi lwengxabano. Indlovukazi yazi ukuthi ngokushesha nje lapho evele enhloko-dolobha, abalandeli bakhe bomfowabo babezombulala ngokushesha. Ngakho wafika ngecebo lokuqala: wafika e-Aleksandriya ebusuku ebusuku emkhunjini olula wokudoba. Walalela ukuba azibophe ngendwangu ye-motley (ngokusho kwamanye imithombo - i-carpet) futhi alethe emakamelweni ombusi. Kwakubili ukuguqulwa okukhulu kanye nehlaya lokuqala. Ngakho-ke, omunye wabajwayele abathandana kakhulu emlandweni kwenzeka.

Ukwazi ubuqili bokukhohlisa nazo zonke izinjabulo ezijabulisayo ze-Ancient World ezazikhona ngaleso sikhathi, uCleopatra, onothando lwakhe oluqhubeka lukhumbuza izingqondo zabantu, walishaya umbusi ocebile hhayi nje ngobuhlakani bakhe kodwa futhi nangomqondo okhohlisayo wokuhlekisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunyakaza kwakhe kanye nezwi lakhe kwakuthanda uKesari. UJulius, njengamanye amadoda, akakwazanga ukumelana nethando lothando lomGibhithe othakazelisayo futhi ngobusuku obufanayo waba ngumthandi wakhe.

Indlovukazi egcwele

Impi yase-Aleksandriya, eyayihola uKhesari kuphela ngenxa yothando lukaCleopatra, yaphela ngemva kwezinyanga ezingu-8. Ngesikhathi sokulwa, izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zenhloko-dolobha yaseGibhithe zashiswa, kuhlanganise nomtapo wolwazi odumile. Emva kwalokho, i-Aleksandria yafunga ukuthembeka kuKhesari, futhi ukugcwala kwamandla esihlalo sobukhosi babuyela eCleopatra.

Ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yisikhathi, washada ngokushesha nomfowabo olandelayo - uPtolemy XIV. Kufanele kuqaphele ukuthi lo mshado wawunenkohliso. Empeleni, i-tsarina sonke lesi sikhathi yayiyinkosikazi kaJulius Caesar futhi yilawula kuphela umbuso ngokusekelwa kwempi yamakhosi.

"I-Courtesan yase-Alexandria"

Naphezu kokuthi iRoma yayithathwe yizihlubuki, futhi kwakukhona imifula yegazi, uKhesari wayengasheshe abuyele lapho. Ngenkambinkimbi enhle yenkosikazi yakhe, wakhohlwa kokubili ngomsebenzi wakhe nangemisebenzi kahulumeni. Ukuze agcine uMbusi eceleni kwakhe, uCleopatra wazama zonke izinsuku ukuba amangaze futhi amtshele ngokwengeziwe. Kuze kube yilesi sikhathi, akekho owesifazane owayekwazi ukubopha esilingweni sikaKhesari isikhathi eside.

Emibhalweni embalwa engasinda, nemisebenzi yobuciko baleso sikhathi, ungacabanga ukuthi injabulo yezwe lasendulo yayiyizinto. UCleopatra nomthandi wakhe wayejabule emkhunjini onokunethezeka, ubude bawo babuyi-100, ukuphakama - 20, nobubanzi - amamitha angu-15. Esigodini sawo sagudluza isigodlo sangempela samathambo amabili ngemisedari kanye nemikhonto ye-cypress. Ngokuvamile, umkhumbi wawulandelwa ukuhanjiswa kwemikhumbi engu-400. Ukunethezeka okunjalo kwakuhloswe ukuba kuboniswe kumbusi woMbuso WaseRoma konke ubukhulu baseGibhithe, kanye nokuhlonishwa okunakho.

Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, uKhesari kwadingeka acele uCleopatra futhi abuyele emuva. Izinjabulo zezwe lasendulo ngenxa yemiphumela azifani neze zanamuhla: emva kwesikhathi uCleopatra wayenendodana okuthiwa nguPtolemy-Cesarion. Ukuze avikele indlovukazi nengane yakhe ezitheni ezinokwenzeka, kwakukhona njalo amabutho amaRoma angu- 3 e-Aleksandria , okwakushiwo amaRoma ngokuhlakanipha.

Ukubulawa kukaJulius Caesar

UCleopatra, kanye nendoda nendodana yakhe ngo-46 BC. E. Bavakashela eRoma, lapho banikezwa khona umhlangano wokunqoba. Abantu bakubo bahlatshwa umxhwele ngokunethezeka okungakaze kube khona kwenkosikazi yangaphandle: inqwaba yezinqola ezishaya ngegolide, ilandelwa inqwaba yezigqila ezimnyama zaseNubian, kanye nama-cheetah, ama-gazelle nama-antelopes.

Ngenxa ye-"Alexandre courtesan," uKesari wayesekulungele ukushintsha umthetho, owawuvimbela umyeni wakhe ukuba abe nomfazi ongaphezu kweyodwa. Ngendlela, umkakhe wasemthethweni nguCalpurnia - owesifazane ongenamntwana. Wayefuna nokushada ngokusemthethweni indlovukazi yaseGibhithe futhi enze indodana yakhe uKhesarion yindlalifa yodwa yoMbuso WaseRoma.

Kumelwe kuthiwa akekho oye wakhathalela inani lezintombi eziyimfihlo zikaKesari kanye nezinye izinjabulo zezwe lasendulo, okwakungeyona ingaphandle kuye. Kodwa lapho ezama ukuqaphela uCleopatra njengomkakhe wasemthethweni, lokhu kubonakala njengokuhlambalaza abantu bonke. Futhi emva kweminyaka emibili ukufika komGibhithe, ngo-March 44 BC. E., Iqembu labaqambi baseRepublican libulala uCesari. Ugwazwe izikhathi ezingu- 23 . Ngakho-ke kwaphela ngokumangalisayo lokhu indaba yothando kanye nomzamo wokwenza ubuhlobo bakhe nomthetho "we-Aleksandria wokudukisa." Abanye ababusi bamazwe bavele bakhokhele izinjabulo zezwe lasendulo. UCleopatra wayethukile, ngoba wayengalindelanga ukuphenduka okwenzekayo.

Balekela eRoma

Enye indlala yendlovukazi yayingumqulu owashiwo umbusi owabulawa. Lapho kutholakala isivumelwano sikaJulius Caesar, wabe eseqoka u-Octavian, umshana wakhe, njengomlandeli, futhi akazange akhulume ngisho nendodana kaCesarion eyaziwa ngokomthetho. UCleopatra waqaphela ukuthi yena nendodana yakhe babesengozini yokufa, ngakho wazama ukuphuma eRoma ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka futhi abuyele e-Alexandria.

Ngemva kwesikhashana, ngaphansi kwezimo ezingaqondakali, umfowabo nomyeni wakhe uPtolemy XIV bayafa. Kukhona isiphakamiso sokuthi ubuthiwe nguCleopatra uqobo lwakhe, ukuba abe yedwa ogcwele inkosi yaseGibithe, nendlalifa yakhe yokwenza indodana kaKhesarion.

Ngemva kokufa kombusi waseRoma, umbuso waqala ukuxabana phakathi kwababulali bakhe nokuphindisela okomile u-Octavian, Lepidus no-Antony. Ngenxa yalokho, i-triumvirate inqobile. UMark Anthony waba umbusi wezifundazwe ezisempumalanga. Kodwa uCleopatra, eshiya iRoma, wayengazi ukuthi wakwazi ukushaya indiza yothando enhliziyweni yakhe.

Umhlangano omusha

U-Mark Antony wayengumholi wezombusazwe ohlonishwayo ongumRoma, futhi naye ungumngani futhi u-Julius Caesar. Babehlale bexhasana ngezikhathi ezinzima kunazo zonke. Kwaze kwaba sekufeni kombusi.

Ngemva kokunqoba umbulali kaKesari - uBrutus - uMarku waya e-Asia naseGrisi ukuyoqoqa isihlengo. Yonke indawo wayibingelela nge-ovation, futhi nguCleopatra kuphela ongazange amhloniphe umlawuli omkhulu. Ethukuthele, u-Antony wamyala ukuba eze eTarsu.

Yiziphi izinjabulo zezwe lasendulo, omunye ongase ahlulele ngendlela uCleopatra abonakala ngayo emhlanganweni obonakala sengathi uyomabhizinisi. Ake ucabange nje: inkosikazi yaseGibhithe yahamba ngomkhumbi egqoke izingubo zeVenus, ibhajwe ngamakhemikhali, ama-nymphs nezintambo! Umkhumbi omkhulu, owenziwe ngezinkuni eziyigugu ngogongolo olugqamile, wahamba ngaphansi kwemikhumbi ebomvu. Yiphunga iphunga elingavamile futhi yafika ogwini emisindo yomculo omuhle, lapho ilanga seliqala ukuhla. Ekuhlanganiseni okusheshayo kusihlwa, umkhumbi wavele ukhanyisa ukukhanya okukhulu kakhulu.

UMark Antony - umholi wezempi ohlakaniphile, onesibindi nabathandekayo besifazane, obonakala sengathi uyazi zonke izinjabulo zezwe lasendulo - wayekhathazekile ukusebenza okunjalo okukhulu. Ngakho-ke, kunokuba ahlasele indlovukazi yenkohlakalo ngenkulumo ethukuthele futhi esongela ukuguqula izwe lakhe libe yisinye sezifundazwe eziningi zoMbuso Omkhulu WaseRoma, wamema uCleopatra ukuba adle naye yedwa. Ephendula, wancenga u-Antonia ukuba agibele umkhumbi wakhe, ngokusemthethweni ugcotshwe ngama-rose petals, futhi wahlela umkhosi ngokumhlonipha, izinsuku ezingu-4 ezihlala njalo. Kwakungokunethezeka okunjalo eGibhithe ukuthi injabulo yezwe lasendulo yayivame ukuhlelwa. I-Cleopatra (isithombe sobukhosi bobukhosi, yebo, asikwazi ukukunikeza, kodwa izithombe - njengokungadingeka) azizange zime lapho. Wabiza isiRoma esiphakeme ukuba sivakashele isigodlo sakhe e-Alexandria.

U-Antony wafika enhloko-dolobha futhi ngokushesha waya endaweni yokuhlala yenkosikazi. Wayelindele ukwamukelwa okunjalo okuhle kangangokuthi wazikhohlwa ngokuphelele ngezindaba zombuso. Kulo lonke ubusika esigodlweni "se-Alexandre courtesan" nezinye izinto zokungabaza ezingabazekayo zahlelwa. Ukushintshela ku-Bacchante wangempela, akazange amshiye umthandi wakhe okwesikhashana futhi aphikisele kuzo zonke izifiso zakhe. UCleopatra wazama ukukwenza ukuze usuku lonke uMarc Antony aluchitha eceleni kwakhe lwaluhlukile. Wakha amuseyimu amaningi amasha, athembisa kokubili injabulo. Ngakho wathola umthandi wakhe, owayengumdlalo wezinjabulo ezifanayo zezwe lasendulo. Isithombe esingezansi yisakhiwo esivela kulesi filimu "u-Anthony noCleopatra" lapho iNdlovukazikazi yaseGibhithe ehloniphekile u-Elizabeth Taylor idlala indima yenkosikazi yaseGibhithe.

INkosi yaseGibhithe

Umkhankaso wezempi olandelayo u-Anthony waqala ngo-37 BC. E. Lesi sikhathi kwakuhlose ukunqoba amazwe aseSyria. AmaRoma acela uCleopatra ukuba amnike imali yomkhankaso weParthian. Indlovukazi yavuma, futhi uMark wamnika ingxenye engasenyakatho yeJudiya nePhenicia, futhi wabhala nomshado wakhe nezingane. Yonke imibono yomlawuli yayisetshenziswa kuphela inkosikazi yaseGibhithe. Wanikela emazweni ayinqobe abantwana bakhe. Waqala ukubizwa ngokuthi "i-New Isis" futhi wayekhona ezithamelwaneni zendodakazikazi: izingubo eziqinile ngekhanda ngesimo sekhanda lika-hawk nezimpondo zenkomo.

Nomaphi lapho u-Anthony ekulweni, wayehamba ne "Alexandre courtesan", owamhlela zonke izinhlobo zenjabulo zezwe lasendulo. Abantu abaningi babusa umhlaba, kodwa uCleopatra, ngoba akekho owaziyo ukuyala amadoda. Wathinteka u-Antonia ukuba alahle umkakhe kuphela ovumelekile, kodwa futhi neRoma. Ekugcineni, waziwa ngokuthi inkosi yaseGibhithe, futhi umyalo wakhe waqala ukugcoba imali eyayihlotshaniswa neCleopatra. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phezu kwezihlangu zaleli legionary yamaRoma base beqala ukuqothula igama lakhe.

Lokhu kuziphatha kukaMarko Antony kwakungeke kwenzeke kodwa kubangele ukufutheka okukhulu kwamaRoma. Kulesi senzakalo ngo-32 BC. E. I-Octavian yavela eSenate ngenkulumo yakhe yokumangalela. Ngenxa yalokho, kunqunywe ukumemezela impi indlovukazi yaseGibhithe. Ibutho elihlangene likaCleopatra no-Antony lidlula ibutho lamaRoma. Lo mbhangqwana othandweni wayazi ngalokhu, wayebheke amandla empi futhi ... elahlekile. Iqiniso liwukuthi indlovukazi, eyayingenaso isipiliyoni sezempi, yaqala ukuyala ingxenye yezempi. Ngokusobala, engasiqondi isu likaMarku, ngesikhathi esinqunyiwe sempi wayala ukuthi imikhumbi yakhe ihambe. Ngakho, amaRoma anqoba. Le mpi yolwandle yenzeke ekuqaleni kuka-September 31 BC. E. Eduze i-Actium eGrisi. Kodwa i-Octavian August yayidinga omunye unyaka ukuya e-Alexandria. Ngokuphelelwa yisikhathi, uCleopatra no-Antony bahlela idili elikhulu lokuphumula, lapho okwakukhona khona okungenamkhawulo, okwakungakaze kube khona iGibhithe.

Ukufa kuka-Anthony noCleopatra

amabutho Octavian sika-30 BC. e. cishe wafika izindonga Alexandria. Enethemba ukuthambisa intukuthelo kombusi omusha waseRoma wabe indlovukazi wathuma isithunywa kuye nge kwezipho ezinhle. Esekwazi cishe yonke injabulo Yezwe Lasendulo, Cleopatra wayesalokhu eqiniseka ukuthi e 38 abo alunguza zonke esifanayo eziyengayo futhi angenakuvinjwa. Royals ngakhetha ukuzifihla ethuneni lakhe zikanokusho, okuyinto isanda eyakhelwe oda wakhe, kanye ukulinda kancane.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, sithi uMark Antony watshelwa ukuthi owesifazane wakhe othandekayo wabulawa yena. yena Sebekuzwa wazama ukugwaza yena nge angababulali. Umlawuli wayesaphila lapho walethwa ethuneni. Ngemva kwamahora ambalwa Anthony washona ngo izingalo indlovukazi yakhe.

Inqobo nje uma indlovukazi yaseGibhithe ukuthi edonsa Isikhathi esithile, amaRoma bakwazi wasithatha Alexandria. Engcwaba Mark, wabuyela esigodlweni. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uMbusi omusha waseRoma wabe yayaziwa ukuzidela kwakhe yokubonisana uthando, futhi yayikwazi injabulo kakhulu ezweni lasendulo. Cleopatra imithetho amadoda ababebusa izwe, kodwa kulokhu wayengakwazi ukuxoxa Octavian - at LamaRoma izintelezi zakhe zobufazi abaze okuvelayo.

"Alexandria seductress" kakade kusengaphambili ikusasa futhi akazange ukondla iyiphi ukukhohlisa ngalokhu: wafaka ngamaketanga, baphoqwa ukuba zidlule emigwaqweni Lomuzi Waphakade ngemuva enqoleni lokuhalalisa. Kodwa, ngokusho legend, Cleopatra ukugwema ihlazo: Izinceku zakhe othembekile wadela senkosikazi yayo ubhasikidi ukudla, indawo yokufihla a ASP encane anobuthi. Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, yena wabhalela Octavian lapho wacela ukuba angcwatshwe kanye Marc Anthony. Lena yindlela 30 BC. e. usuku lokugcina ngo-August uqede uthando indaba indlovukazi yaseGibhithe.

"Courtesan Aleksandriya" wangcwatshwa honours okukhulu, njengoba layifunako. Kuyaziwa ukuthi Cleopatra kwaba owokugcina oFaro ezaziwayo. Emva kokushona kwakhe, iGibhithe lalithumela lebhalwe zoMbuso WaseRoma wathola isimo esifundazweni. Ngokusho yetinsita Octavian Awugustu wayala ukuba abhubhise bonke isithombe indlovukazi.

Mangisho ukuthi ngenkathi zonke izicukuthwane ababengalazi nezinjabulo engavamile kakhulu ezweni lasendulo. Izwe lalibuswa eziningi, kodwa Cleopatra okungukuthi esiyingqayizivele. Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, wayengeyena enhle, njengoba kushiwo kanjalo ngokuvamile kucatshangwa. Kodwa sibonga umuntu ohlakaniphe abukhali futhi ephapheme, erudition futhi ebukekayo ebukekayo ukwazi woo ojenene ababili enkulu kangako enjengokufa uJulius Caesar kanye uMark Antony, ngubani ebesezilungele ukufa ngoba uthando lwakhe.