Okutholakele kwabacwaningi baseNingizimu Melika

Uhlu lwabacwaningi eNingizimu Melika lukhulu kakhulu. Ubani othole leli zwekazi futhi nini? Ngisho nomfundi osemncane esikoleni esiphakeme uyazi ukuthi lo nguChristopher Columbus. Kodwa ososayensi abanobucayi abanakho-cha, futhi kukhona ukungabaza ngalokhu. Mhlawumbe abashayeli bezandla abangenabuso base-Middle Ages, abaseNormans, bafika esiqhingini saseGreenland nasogwini lwaseNyakatho Melika ngaphambi kukaColumbus. Noma imikhumbi yaseChina iye yawela iPacific Ocean futhi yilaba basolwandle baseMbusweni waseCelestial abayiziqephu ezingenasisekelo zezwekazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uChristopher Columbus, kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, wayeqiniseka ukuthi unyawo lwakhe aluhambanga nezwekazi elisha, kodwa ogwini olusentshonalanga yeNdiya. Kulesi sihloko, sizozama ukuqonda abacwaningi abaningi baseNingizimu Melika. Ngamunye wabo waba nomthelela ekwakhiweni kwezwekazi elisha. Ososayensi baseRussia nabo babekuloluhlu lwabaqashi.

Umlando wokuhanjiswa kwe-Western Route

Uhlu lwabacwaningi baseNingizimu Melika luphethwe nguChristopher Columbus, futhi kubalulekile ukuqonda ukufaneleka kwakhe. Ngalezo zinsuku, iYurophu yabhekana nobunzima ekukhulumisaneni ne-India. Umgwaqo lapho uthola khona ama-silika nezinongo kwakude futhi kuyingozi. Eqhubeka nokuthunyelwa kwesimo esiyinkimbinkimbi yomhlaba, uColumbus wafakazela ukuthi iNdiya ingasuka eYurophu, ingahambi ngasempumalanga, kodwa entshonalanga. Yilapho, ngemuva kweLwandle i-Atlantic, yaqinisekisa ukuthi u-seafarer we-sponsor yakhe, inkosi yaseSpain, ubeka izwe eliyigugu le-sandalwood nezinongo. Wathola imali yemishini yokuhamba. Ngo-1492, uColumbus wadabula i-Atlantic futhi wavula i-Great Antilles. Le mpumelelo yamvumela ukuba ahlomise ezinye izinyawo ezimbili. Ngo-1498, uColumbus wathola isiqhingi saseTrinidad. Amanzi olwandle ogwini lwawo abonakala sengathi abakwa-seamen babethambile kancane. Ukuhlanza okunjalo kungenziwa kuphela ngumfula omkhulukazi wezwekazi - ummemezeli wanquma. Imikhumbi yakhe yangena echwebeni lase-Orinoco futhi yahlola ogwini lwaseNingizimu Melika kuze kube se-peninsula yaseParia.

Ama-Expeditions we-Amerigo Vespucci

Umbuso wasePutukezi, uma ufunde ngokuphumelela kwabahloli bamazwe baseSpain eNingizimu Melika (owacabanga ukuthi ulunxweme olusentshonalanga yeNdiya), wahlomisa ama-transatlantic amathathu. Babeyalwe ngu- Amerigo Vespucci. Akazange azinqamule ukubhukuda edolobheni, kodwa wenza ukungena ngesibindi phakathi kwezwe. Ngenxa yalokho, wathola futhi wachaza i-Brazilian Highlands, izindawo eziphansi ze-Amazon kanye ne-bay, lapho manje idolobha laseRio de Janeiro likhona. Kancane kancane i-Vespucci yaqala ukuhlukumeza ukungabaza. Izindawo ezisanda kutholakala azibukeke njengeNdiya nhlobo. Wabhala ezweni lakubo ngo-1503 ukuthi kwakuyi "Izwe Elisha". Futhi leli gama lalinganiselwe. ENyakatho naseNingizimu Melika zisabizwa ngokuthi "India" nethi "New Light".

Umnikelo we-Amerigo Vespucci uyigugu kakhulu. Nguye owanikeza abaseYurophu ulwazi lokuba khona kwezwekazi elisha. Ngakho-ke, zombili amazwekazi abizwa ngegama lakhe. Kakade ngo-1507, umdwebi we-cartographer ovela kuLorraine Martin Waldzemüller wabiza ingxenye engeningizimu yezwekazi elithi "America" (umbhalo oqoshiwe we-"Amerigo"). Ngo-1538 leli gama lasakazeka enyakatho yezwekazi.

Umhlaba we-Fairy of Eldorado

Ephefumulelwe yimpumelelo yabahloli bamaPutukezi baseNingizimu Melika, imikhumbi yabo eyabuya, egcwele igolide, ngo-1522-58, olosolwandle baseSpain nabo bafinyelela eNew World. Ngaphansi kokwelashwa kwezizwe zendawo ngokholo lobuKristu, baqala ukuthatha umhlaba. Lokhu ukunqoba (ngo-Spanish "ukunqoba") kwakuhambisana nokubulawa kwabantu abaningi abasesigxotsheni, ukuphanga kanye nobudlova. Abantu baseYurophu bakholelwa ukuthi leli zwekazi elisha yizwe legolide, i-Eldorado. Kodwa kanye nabanqotshwayo kanye nabashisekeli bezenkolo, abacwaningi bangempela bafika eNingizimu Melika, benza amamephu achaza ngezinhlobo ezaziwa ngaphambili zezitshalo nezilwane ezafunda amasiko namasiko ezizwe zendawo. Nge-Isthmus yasePanama, abaseSpanish bangena ogwini olusentshonalanga. Ukuthunyelwa kukaP. Andaga (1522), F. Pizarro (1527), D. Almagro (1537), uP. Valdivia (1540s), uHadrillero (1558), uP. Sarmiento de Gamboa (1580) wathuthela ePacific Ocean Eningi ukuya eChile.

Abaqothule nabacwaningi baseNingizimu Melika

Akukhona nje ukuthi amaSpain namaPutukezi ahlanganyela ekunqobeni amazwe amasha. Abanini bamabhange baseJalimane u-Ehinger, u-Welsers nabanye bathola imvume ngo-1528 evela kuMbusi uCharles the Fifth ukuze akhonze ogwini olusenyakatho-mpumalanga eNingizimu Melika, elihlanjwe uLwandle lwaseCaribbean. I-France neHolland nayo "ihlubukisa" ngokwabo isiqephu sezwe elisha. Abasolwandle baseBrithani uJames Davis, uRobert Hawkins noJer Strong bathola iziqhingi zaseFalkland. Futhi i-Dutch V. Schouten noJer Lemer ngo-1616 bezungeza iKapa Phondo. Ukufuna inzuzo kudonsela abaqashi baseSpain phakathi kwezwekazi. Lapho befuna izimayini zegolide eziyingqayizivele, bawela eNorth West Andes futhi behla waya ehlathini laseAmazonian. Abahloli bamaSpanishi nabasePutukezi baseNingizimu Melika nabo bangena emgodini weLa Plata River, echazwa eParana, eGran Chaco, eParaguay. Uhambo lukaFerllana lwawela leli zwe kusukela ePacific kuya e-Atlantic Ocean ngo-1541.

Abacwaningi besayensi eNingizimu Melika kanye nokuthola kwabo

Umgomo oyinhloko wazo zonke izihambeli ezibalwe ngenhla kwakuwukuthunjwa kwamazwe amasha. Ucwaningo lwesayensi (imephu, incazelo yalokho okwakubonwayo endleleni) yenziwa kuphela ngenxa yokuthi yasiza phambili iqembu lezinqola. Kodwa ngokufika koKhanya, izinhloso zabaqashile zashintsha. Abacwaningi bokuqala bezesayensi baseNingizimu Melika babheka uJalimane u-Alexander Humboldt nomFulentshi u-Aime Bonplan. Iminyaka emihlanu (kusukela ngo-1799 kuya ku-1804) ayichitha ezweni, eqoqa iqoqo lezitshalo, izilwane kanye namaminerali. Ngemva kwalokho, u-A. Humboldt wazinikela cishe eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu ekubhaliseni umsebenzi omkhulu we-volume volume 30 "Uhambo oluya emazweni aseNew World (i.e., equatorial)."

Okunye ucwaningo lwesayensi

Sinebalazwe eliqondile lezwekazi kuya ku-English ukuhamba kuka R. Fitzroy noFer King. Ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, lapho ingxenye esenyakatho yezwekazi laseMelika isivele iqhutshiwe, ingxenye engeningizimu - ngenxa yezinhlanzi ezinzima nezintaba eziphakeme - yahlala ingaziwa. Futhi "i-terra incognita" yakhanga ososayensi abavela emazweni ahlukene. Ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, abahloli bamazwe aseNingizimu Melika njengamaJalimane V. Eschwege K. Steinen, amaFulentshi uJ. Saint-Hilaire no-A. Cudro, ama-Austrian nabaseBavaria. Nutterer, I. UPaul, I. Spiks noK. Martius, amaNgisi J. Wells, W. Chandless, G. Bates no-A. Wallace. UCharles Darwin wenza umnikelo omkhulu ekutadisheni umhlaba omusha. Kungokwemvelo eNingizimu Melika eyashukumisela ososayensi ukuba bacabange ngokuthuthukiswa kokuphila kwemvelo emhlabeni.

Izinkambiso zaseRussia ezweni langasese

Uhambo lokuqala lwenzeka ngo-1822-28. UGI Langsdorf waqondisa uhambo lwezemfundo oluyinkimbinkimbi eRussia. Amalungu ayo afunde izifunda zangaphakathi zaseBrazil. Kulolu cwaningo lwesayensi olusenyakatho aluzange luphele. Abacwaningi baseRussia baseNingizimu Melika njenge-AS Ionin, i-NM Albov, iGG Manizer, i-AI Voeikov bachaza i-geography, isimo sezulu, isiko, izinhlanga nezilwane zaseTierra del Fuego. Isazi sezinto eziphilayo uN. I. Vavilov wavakashela izwe lase-1932-33. Futhi wasungula imithombo yemvelaphi yezitshalo ezihlukahlukene zezolimo.