Indlela ukuxazulula izinkinga zofuzo biology?

Ucwaningo we ngemithetho eyisisekelo yakulelo ufuzo futhi ezihlukile eziphilayo ingenye inselele enzima kakhulu kodwa ethembisa kakhulu ebhekene isayensi yesimanje. Kulesi sihloko sibheka indlela eyisisekelo imiqondo theory kanye nama-postulates wesayensi, kanye sizodingida indlela yokuxazulula izinkinga zofuzo.

Ukuhlobana cwaningo ufuzo

amagatsha amabili ezinkulu yesayensi yanamuhla - imithi futhi zizalela - ethuthukiswe ngokusebenzisa zofuzo ucwaningo. Ukuyala kakhulu efanayo yemvelo, igama okuyinto kwahlongozwa ngo-1906 yi-usosayensi oyiNgisi W. Betsonom, ngisho theory sisasebenza. Wonke umuntu unquma ukuqonda sina lo mshini ifa zezici ezahlukene (njenge umbala wamehlo, unwele, igazi), ngabe uqale ukufunda imithetho ufuzo futhi ukushintshashintsha, kanye sibalo kanjani ukuxazulula izinkinga zofuzo lomuntu. Lokho udaba siyaphi ukwenza.

imiqondo Eyisisekelo kanye nemigomo

legatsha Inkonde ngayinye ifakwe umshini othize, eyinqaba nje kuye, iqoqo izincazelo eziyisisekelo. Uma sikhuluma isayensi etadisha izinqubo yokudlulisela zezici ngofuzo, siyaqonda imigomo elandelayo kakhulu yinzondo nobugovu: isakhi sofuzo, genotype, phenotype, izinyoni umzali, nzalo, gametes, nokunye. Nge ngamunye wabo sihlangane, lapho sifunda imithetho, usitshele indlela yokuxazulula izinkinga biology, izakhi zofuzo. Kodwa ekuqaleni sizofunda indlela Hybridological. Phela, siyini isisekelo izifundo zofuzo. Kwahlongozwa yi semvelo Czech G. Mendel ekhulwini le-19.

Indlela ifa izimfanelo?

Imithetho izakhiwo ukudluliswa umzimba zitholwe Mendel ngokusebenzisa ucwaningo ukuthi lwenziwe nge isitshalo owaziwa - ipea. indlela Hybridological kuyinto Ukunqamula amayunithi ezimbili, okuyinto ihluke nomunye ngomunye pair of izici (monohybrid cross). Uma ukuhlolwa kuhilela eziphilayo babe ngababili amaningi kwezinye izindlela (okuphambene) komba ngalesosikhathi ukhulume poligibridnom ukuwela. Usosayensi wasikisela lokhu okulandelayo notation unhlangothi hybridization izitshalo ezimbili ipea ahlukile imbewu anemibala. A - ophuzi upende, futhi - eliluhlaza.

Kulesi F1 ukuqopha - nzalo we (I) isizukulwane sokuqala. Bonke ngokuphelele iyunifomu (efanayo), ngenxa yokuthi ziqukethe esivelelayo isakhi sofuzo A, ukulawula ophuzi imbewu umbala. Okufakiwe ngenhla sifana lokuqala umthetho Mendel (Rule F1 nzalo nekufana). Ukwazi echazela abafundi indlela yokuxazulula izinkinga zofuzo. Ibanga 9 inohlelo emkhakheni wezinto eziphilayo, okuyinto wafunda ngokuningiliziwe Hybridological indlela wezakhi zofuzo. Iphinde ayihlolayo yesibili (II) ngokuvamile Mendel ngokuthi umthetho wokuhlukaniswa. Ngokusho kwalo, nzalo F2, etholwe ukweqa ezimbili nzalo isizukulwane sokuqala nomunye, a eqhekeza e isilinganiso 3 kuya ku-1 phenotype futhi genotype 1 no-2 kuya ku-1.

Ukusebenzisa ifomula engenhla, uyokwazi ukuqonda indlela yokuxazulula izinkinga zofuzo ngaphandle amaphutha uma izimo zabo singasetshenziswa lokuqala noma kakade eyaziwa umthetho II Mendel sika, kulokho owela kwenzeka lapho ukubusa okuphelele omunye izakhi zofuzo.

Umthetho uthi izimpawu ezimele ngokuhlanganisa

Uma abantu sabazali kuhluke amabili namabhuzu izinhlamvu okunye, ezifana imbewu umbala nokuma, kusukela izitshalo ezifana ipea, bese ngokuhamba Ukunqamula zofuzo kumele kusetshenziswe Pinneta Izinsimbi.

Kasibili lonke nzalo, okuyizinto isizukulwane sokuqala ukuba silalele kokubusa ukufana Mendel. Okusho ukuthi aphuzi, ne surface bushelelezi. Eqhubeka isiphambano phakathi plant F1, sithola nzalo lesibili isizukulwane. Ukuze uthole indlela yokuxazulula izinkinga ku zofuzo, grade 10 eklasini biology isebenzisa irekhodi ezimbili hybrid kokuzalela, ukusebenzisa formula yehlukanise phenotypically 9: 3: 3: 1. Ngaphansi isimo izakhi zofuzo ahlelwe ngazimbili ezahlukene zingasetshenziswa Mendel postulate yesithathu - izici umthetho ukuhlanganiswa uthi ezimele.

Njengoba ngofuzo igazi iqembu?

Mshini yokudlulisela kwesici ezifana lwegazi kubantu, ayihambisani imithetho esisanda kuxoxa ngazo. Lokho, akusiyo singaphansi komthetho sokuqala nesesibili Mendel. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isici ezifana igazi, ngokusho izifundo Landsteiner, kulawulwa alleles ezintathu mina: A, B no 0. Ngakho genotypes zimi kanje:

• iqembu Okokuqala - 00.
• Okwesibili - AA noma A0.
• iqembu Okwesithathu - BB noma B0.
• Okwesine - AB.

0 isakhi sofuzo kuyinto allele esikhubazayo ukuze izakhi zofuzo A no B. Iqembu yesine kuwumphumela kodominirovaniya (khona mutual zezakhi zofuzo A no B). Kuvamise ezidingekayo okufanele icatshangelwe, ukwazi indlela yokuxazulula izinkinga kwi nofuzo kwabangaphezu lwegazi. Kodwa akugcini lapho. Ukusungula genotype izingane ngegazi, abazalwa ngabazali namaqembu yayo ezahlukene, sebenzisa ithebula engezansi.

ithiyori Morgan ufuzo

Ukubuyela esigabeni esihlokweni sethu "Umthetho uthi esizimele izimpawu ngokuhlanganisa", lapho saxoxa indlela yokuxazulula izinkinga zofuzo. cross Dihybrid, njengoba umthetho lo III Mendel sika, okuyinto singaphansi, kusebenza izakhi zofuzo allelic, ama-chromosome homologous ku pair ngamunye.

Esikhathini American zofuzo T. maphakathi no-20 leminyaka Morgan uye wagomela ngokuthi iningi izimpawu ilawulwa izakhi zofuzo, okuyinto zitholakala chromosome efanayo. Sinenkosi ifomu ilungiselelo kanye nokuxhumana namaqembu komugqa. Futhi yilokho inombolo yabo isethi haploid lezakhi zofuzo. Ngo inqubo meiosis, okuholela kwetinhlavu gametes, amaseli ocansini uze hhayi izakhi zofuzo olulodwa, wacabanga Mendel, nayo yonke izakhiwo zabo, ngokuthi Morgan amaqembu bamba.

crossover

Phakathi prophase mina (obizwa nangokuthi division lokuqala meiotic) phakathi chromatids kwangaphakathi wama-chromosomes homologous umklomelo izingxenye (lukusami). Lesi senzakalo ngokuthi crossover. Kuyinto ngesisekelo ukushintshashintsha zofuzo. Crossover kubalulekile ikakhulukazi lapho kutadishwa biology kwakuphathelene cwaningo kuphazamiseka womuntu sitholwa njengefa. Ukusebenzisa naletintfo ezibekwe theory chromosomal ufuzo Morgan, Sichaza algorithm iphendula umbuzo indlela yokuxazulula izinkinga zofuzo.

Ezimweni ifa Sex-ozixhumile endabeni ethile ye ukudlulisela izakhi zofuzo, okuyinto zitholakala chromosome efanayo. Ibanga obukhona phakathi zofuzo amaqembu nokuxhumanisa wezwakalisa njengoba amaphesenti - amayunithi kumephu. A amandla elihlangana phakathi izakhi zofuzo ngqo wakhona ibanga. Ngakho-ke, owela kakhulu phezu kwenzeka phakathi izakhi zofuzo, okuyinto zitholakala ngandawonye. Cabangela lo mkhuba ifa exhumene kabanzi. Kodwa khumbula ekuqaleni yini izakhi ufuzo obangela izici ngokobulili eziphilayo.

Ama-chromosomes e ucansi

Esikhathini karyotype womuntu banayo isakhiwo ethize: azalela ethulwa okufanayo X chromosome amabii, kuyilapho amadoda ambalwa ngokobulili, ngaphezu X chromosome, kukhona U-version, obonisa kokubili ifomu futhi iqoqo izakhi zofuzo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi akusiyo homologous kuya X chromosome. Ezinjalo izifo lezinceku womuntu ezifana hemophilia, nombala ubumpumputhe kuphakama ngenxa "ekuhlephuleni" zezakhi zofuzo umuntu-X chromosome. Ngokwesibonelo, umphathi umshado hemophilia nendoda okunempilo kungenziwa abazelwe kuzuze izizukulwane ezaziyolandela.

Inkambo ngaphezulu Ukunqamula zofuzo kuqinisekisa ukuthi isakhi sofuzo bamba elawula igazi ekunqandeni, ubulili X chromosome. Lolu lwazi yezesayensi isetshenziswa ukuze abafundise izindlela, ekutholeni indlela yokuxazulula izinkinga zofuzo. 11 ekilasini inohlelo emkhakheni wezinto eziphilayo, okuyinto uhlola ngokuningiliziwe izigaba ezifana "zofuzo", "Medicine" futhi "zofuzo lomuntu". Bavumela abafundi ukufunda izifo wesintu wonke wathola ifa kanye ukwazi izizathu lapho kuphakama isidingo.

isakhi sofuzo Ukusebenzisana

Dlulisela nezakhi zofuzo - inqubo kunalokho xaka. Lezi izikimu ngaphambili baba uma ecacile kuphela abafundi eziyisisekelo ulwazi ubuncane. Kusemqoka, njengoba inikeza izindlela ukuthi unikeze impendulo yombuzo othi kanjani ukufunda ukuba uxazulule izinkinga biology. Ufuzo izifundo ukuxhumana yakha zofuzo. Lokhu epistasis polymer, complementarity. Sizobe ukukhuluma kabanzi ngazo.

ISIBONELO ifa somuntu sokuzwa engokomfanekiso lolu hlobo nokuxhumana njengoba complementarity. Izindlebe kulawulwa amabili namabhuzu zezakhi zofuzo ezahlukene. Eyokuqala inomthwalo wokuthuthukisa evamile cochlea of endlebeni engaphakathi, kanti eyesibili - ukusebenza emsipheni sokuzwa. Umshado abazali abayizithulu, ngamunye okuyinto homozygous esikhubazayo ngayinye omunye amabhangqa amabili zezakhi zofuzo, izingane zizalwa ukuzwa evamile. Lezi genotypes abakhona izakhi zofuzo ezimbili evelele ezilawula ukuthuthukiswa evamile izinsiza-kuzwa.

pleiotropy

Leli cala ezithakazelisayo isakhi sofuzo yokusebenzisana lapho omunye isakhi sofuzo ekhona genotype, inkulumo phenotypic incike izici eziningana. Ngokwesibonelo, entshonalanga Pakistan uthole labantu we abanye abameleli. Abanalo nezindlala umjuluko ezindaweni ezithile emzimbeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo abantu abanjalo baye kwatholakala ukuthi une-ukungabi khona molars ezithile. Abakwazanga engimbumbile ngokuhamba ontogeny.

Ezilwaneni, isib, imvu karakulskih samanje evelele isakhi sofuzo W, olawula indlela noboya Umbala nokuthuthukiswa ejwayelekile esiswini. Cabanga indlela isakhi sofuzo W ezuzwa kwasetshenziswa abantu ababili heterozygous. It kuvela ukuthi inzalo yabo ¼ amawundlu ngemikhono genotype WW, uyafa ngenxa anomalies kakhulu ekuthuthukeni esiswini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ½ (gray noboya) heterozygous futhi iphila, futhi ¼ - bangabantu nge noboya omnyama ukuthuthukiswa evamile isisu (genotype yabo WW).

Genotype - uhlelo ephelele

imiphumela Multiple zezakhi zofuzo poligibridnoe ibhuloho, ifa mkhuba exhumene ukukhonza ubufakazi njengoba obuqand yokuthi isethi zofuzo somzimba wethu ingamanzi oluphelele, nakuba imelelwa alleles ngabanye lokhu ngezakhi ezingamaqoqo. Bangakwazi ngofuzo yimithetho Mendel, noma loci ixhunyaniswe ukulalela naletintfo inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela Morgan. Uma ucabangela imithetho obangela yokuxazulula izinkinga zofuzo, sathola ukuthi phenotype kwanoma iyiphi umzimba kuthonywa kokubili allelic futhi izakhi zofuzo-non-allelic nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni eyodwa noma ngaphezulu izici.