Ingqikithi ukusabela zamakhemikhali. Umthetho ukulondolozwa mass izinto (amakhemikhali)

Chemistry - isayensi izinto, kudivayisi yabo, impahla yabo futhi kugucuka, sithola ngenxa zamakhemikhali, lapho esisekelweni esabekwa imithetho yamakhemikhali. Zonke-chemistry jikelele isekelwe 4 imithetho eyisisekelo, eziningi zazo eziye wavula ososayensi Russian. Kodwa kulesi sihloko sizogxila umthetho ukulondolozwa izinto mass, oyingxenye ye imithetho eyisisekelo yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali.

Umthetho ukulondolozwa mass ndaba idingidwa. Esihlokweni umlando kokutholakala umthetho, essence yayo futhi izingxenye uzobe kuchazwe.

Umthetho ukulondolozwa mass izinto (amakhemikhali): kumagama

izinto IMisa engena yokusabela chemical ilingana nenqwaba yezinto ezibonakalayo okuholela kuwo.

Kodwa emuva indaba. Bangaphezu kuka-20 eminyaka edlule ngesiGreki sefilosofi Demokrit bazitshela ukuthi yonke into kuyinto izinhlayiya ongabonakali. веке химик английского происхождения Роберт Бойль выдвинул теорию: вся материя построена из мельчайших частиц вещества. Futhi kuphela usokhemisi XVII ekhulwini umsuka IsiZulu URobert Boyle ezihlongozwayo imfundiso yokuziphendukela: zonke ndaba yakhiwe kusukela ezinhlayiyeni ezincane kunazo zonke daba. Boyle olwenziwa ucwaningo kanye metal, amalahle ukufudumeza. Yayinesisindo izitsha ngaphambi nangemva Ukushisa, futhi ngaphawula ukuthi Ukukhuluphala. Burning izinkuni wanikeza nomphumela ohlukile - esingamakhilogremu ukhuni kancane umlotha.

umlando wanamuhla

Umthetho ukulondolozwa izinto mass (amakhemikhali) anikezwe usosayensi ubunye e 1748 MV Lomonosov, futhi ngo-1756 wafakaza eksperimentnym indlela. usosayensi Russian kwaholela ubufakazi. Uma ukushisa uphawu amaphilisi kuhlaziywe tin amaphilisi futhi bafudumale, bese emva, kuyoba sobala umthetho mass nokongiwa izinto (amakhemikhali). Amazwi uzwakalise usosayensi Lomonosov, okufana kakhulu yesimanje. usosayensi Russian Usebe negalelo elingenakuphikwa ekuthuthukiseni kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela-athomu-yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Wahlanganisa umthetho ukulondolozwa mass izinto (amakhemikhali) umthetho ukulondolozwa amandla. Imfundiso yamanje wakuqinisekisa izinkolelo. engamashumi amathathu kuphela kamuva, ngo-1789, usosayensi Lavoisier waseFrance waqinisekisa theory Lomonosov. Kodwa lokho kwakuseyisiqalo nje ukuqagela. Law, kwakunjalo ngekhulu leminyaka lamashumi amabili (ekuqaleni), ngemva kweminyaka engu-10 yocwaningo by usosayensi German G. Landolt.

izibonelo ucwaningo

Cabanga ngezenzakalo ezingasisiza ukufakazela umthetho ukulondolozwa izinto mass (amakhemikhali). izibonelo:

1. Lo mkhumbi yafakwa phosphorus obomvu, ikhava uvalwe stoppered walinganisa. Heat phezu ukushisa low. Ukwakheka intuthu emhlophe (phosphorus oxide) wathi kwakunenqubo ukusabela zamakhemikhali. Reweighed futhi uqinisekise ukuthi isisindo bomkhumbi ngalolu ketshezi etholwe aliguquki. I kwesibalo ukuthi bayavuma: 4F + 3O2 = 2R2O3.
2. Thatha izitsha ezimbili Landolt. Komunye wayo ngokucophelela ukuze azihlanganise, uthele reagents kuholele nitrate kanye potassium iodide. Ngo esinye isitsha ukubeka potassium thiocyanate futhi chloride ferric. Yavalwa uvalwe. I-pan kufanele balinganisele. Hlanganisa okuqukethwe isitsha ngasinye. Ngo kwamiswa eyodwa kwenze ophuzi - a iodide phambili, thiocyanate etholwe kwenye yensimbi umbala omnyama abomvu. Ngo ukwakheka izinto ezintsha izikali ibhalansi.
3. Zazhzhom ikhandlela, usifake esitsheni. Hermetically ukuvala esitsheni. Lapha kukhona isikali ngo balance. Lapho umoya esitsheni sekugcineni, amakhandlela uyaphuma, chemical ukuphendula inqubo usuphothuliwe. Izikali ziyalinganisela, ngakho isisindo reactants kanye isisindo esifanayo zezakhi kwakhiwa.
4. Dweba isipiliyoni eyodwa ngaphezulu futhi cabanga ngesibonelo umthetho ukulondolozwa izinto mass (amakhemikhali). calcium Formula chloride - CaCl2, futhi sulfate acid - H2SO4. Ekusabeleni lezi izinto, a kwenze emhlophe - calcium sulfate (CaSO4), futhi hydrochloric acid (HCl). Ukuze ukuhlola, sidinga isikali futhi isitsha Landolt. Kakhulu uthele ngokucophelela sibe sitja calcium chloride futhi sulphate acid, ngaphandle ukuxuba kubo, uvalwe stoppered. Thina zinesisindo ibhalansi. Khona-ke mix reagents, nokugcina ukuthi kwenze emhlophe (calcium sulfate). Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi kukhona ukusabela zamakhemikhali. Nalapha nesisindo isitsha. Isisindo azishintshile. Equation for okunjena zaziyoba ibukeke lokhu: CaCl2 + H2SO4 = CaSO4 + 2HCl.

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Inhloso esemqoka ye zamakhemikhali eziningi sokudiliza-molecule e-izinto ezifanayo futhi kamuva zakha entsha ketshezi. Kulokhu, kuma-athomu e lomcebo ngamunye ekuhlobaneni nangemva uhlala ingashintshiwe. Lapho kumiswa izinto ezintsha, amandla ikhishwe, futhi lapho ihlukana nge ukumuncwa kwayo, umphumela lisebenza khona, esizibonakalisa ngesimo ukumuncwa noma ukudedela ukushisa. Phakathi chemical ukusabela kokumethemba-molecule - reagents ahlukaniselwe ama-athomu abese etholwe imikhiqizo ukuthi bayavuma amakhemikhali. Atoms ngokwabo zihlala zinjalo.

Ukusabela ingahlala eminyaka, futhi lesi simo singenzeka ngokushesha. Ngo womshini imikhiqizo chemical kudingekile ukwazi ngesilinganiso okuvela ethile chemical yokusabela, ukumuncwa noma ukuyikhulula sihamba izinga lokushisa okuyinto ingcindezi kudingekile, inani reactants futhi ekwenyuseni. Catalysts - encane isisindo into, akusho iqhaza ukusabela chemical kodwa kakhulu ezithinta ijubane layo uma igijima.

Indlela ukubhala kwesibalo chemical

Ukwazi umthetho ukulondolozwa izinto mass (amakhemikhali), kungenzeka ukuba baqonde indlela yokwenza chemical zibalo.

1. Sidinga ukwazi ukuthi ifomula we reactants engena ukusabela zamakhemikhali, kanye nemikhiqizo ifomula etholwe yi yayo.
2. Kwesobunxele ebhaliwe ifomula reagents, phakathi okuyinto wabeka "+" futhi ilungelo - ifomula umkhiqizo okuholela uphawu "+" therebetween. Ngo amafomula we reactants futhi umkhiqizo okuholela ibekwe uphawu "=" noma umcibisholo.
3. Isibalo ama-athomu zonke izingxenye ze-reactants kumele silingane nesibalo imikhiqizo ama-athomu. Ngakho-ke, okuza kubalwa, okuyinto ifakwa phambi amafomula.
4. Ungawuhlehlisi amafomula kusukela ohlangothini lwesobunxele kwesibalo niye kwesokunene noma uzihlele kabusha.

Inani umthetho

Umthetho ukulondolozwa izinto mass (amakhemikhali) kwenza ukuba ukuthuthukisa isihloko esithakazelisayo njengoba isayensi. Thola ukuthi kungani.

• ukubaluleka Omkhulu yomthetho ukulondolozwa mass chemical ukuthi ngesisekelo yawo yamakhemikhali ukwenza ukubalisa ngemboni. Ake sithi ufuna uthole 9 kg zethusi sulfide. Siyazi ukuthi ithusi nesibabule ukuphendula senzeka esikhungweni isilinganiso isisindo 2: 1. Ngokusho kwalo mthetho, ukusabela chemical zethusi isisindo 1 kg kanye 2 kg sulphur etholwe zethusi sulfide enesisindo 3 kg. Njengoba kudingeka uthole isisindo zethusi sulfide 9 kg, ie izikhathi 3 ngaphezulu, futhi reagents kudingeka izikhathi 3 ngaphezulu. Lokho 6 kg yethusi 3 kg nesibabule.
• Ithuba lokwenza lesifanele chemical equation.

isiphetho

Ngemva kokufunda lesi sihloko akufanele unemibuzo mayelana okushiwo umthetho umlando ukutholakala kwayo, ukuze okuyinto ngenhlanhla abathintekayo compatriot abadumile yethu, usosayensi MV Lomonosov. Yikuphi uyaphinda uqinisekisa indlela omkhulu ngayo isayensi amandla otchestvennoy. Iphinde baba ukubaluleka ecacile kokutholakala mthetho nencazelo yalo. Futhi labo akazange azi kanjani ukubhala zibalo chemical esikoleni, ngemva kokufunda lesi sihloko, kufanele bafunde noma ukukhumbula indlela yokukwenza.