Incwadi ethandwa kakhulu emhlabeni. Isilinganiselwa yezincwadi ethandwa kakhulu yesimanje

Incwadi yokuqala uvele eRussia ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVI, lapho iphrinta kuqala Ivan Fedorov, ngomusa Metropolitan of Kiev uJohane waqala umsebenzi "Umphostoli." Incwadi senzelwe yokukhulekela futhi iqukethe Izenzo eTestamenteni Elisha, taPawula zabaPhostoli, kanye alilluiarii amavesi ezivela encwadini yamaHubo. Kwase kubekwe isisekelo nemidwebo.

Sekudlule iminyaka engamakhulu ayisihlanu kusukela lapho kunyatheliswa incwadi ethi "Umphostoli", amanzi amaningi aye agelezela. wokunyathelisa yanamuhla Ungaphrinta amakhulu ezinkulungwane amabhuku enezithombe ezihlukahlukene izembozo. Izigidi zabafundi balo balinde ukubukeka emashalofini izincwadi ozithandayo kanye ngokuthwebula nabo ngaso leso sikhathi. Imisebenzi ziwumthombo omkhulu basuke bengabangane bengcebo engokomoya yomuntu yesimanje, nezilinganiso yezincwadi ethandwa kakhulu anda kancane.

Indima izincwadi

"Isizwe Russian - ukufunda kakhulu emhlabeni" - amazwi omunye referents we CPSU Central Committee for Culture (mhlawumbe wakuphinda Isisho sakudala) waba esithi yonke indawo ezweni elaliyiSoviet Union. Ingabe kuyafaneleka, hhayi okwethu ukwahlulela. Nokho, izincwadi Russian elisuka zomlando ezijulile (XI leminyaka BC. E.). Okukhulu yobuciko tetemibhalo, ikakhulu wesandla, manje igcinwe eMoscow, eSt Petersburg nakwamanye amadolobha aseRussia. Classics of XVIII-XIX eminyaka zifakwe iprogramme njengoba izikole zamabanga namanyuvesi. LaseChekhov futhi Dostoevsky, Chernyshevsky futhi Griboyedov, amashumi namakhulu abalobi ziye zaba nomthelela yengcebo izincwadi Russian. Futhi izincwadi, izincwadi, izincwadi ...

IBhayibheli "Capital"

Incwadi ethandwa kakhulu - ngokuqinisekile IBhayibili eliLizwi kuyingxenye yokuphila izigidi zabantu hhayi kuphela e-Russia kodwa futhi emazweni amaningi emhlabeni. Akunjalo kudala, "Capital" - umsebenzi eliyisisekelo noKarla Marksa critique capitalism - Uphinde abhekwe edition ethandwa, kwathiwa kudingeka ukufunda Soviet asebenza party, kanye ngezigidi eziningi kwamalungu avamile omphakathi LamaKhomanisi zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa.

Ukuze bathi umsebenzi noKarla Marksa - incwadi ethandwa kakhulu, kungaba elula, ngoba ngenxa yokuthandwa kwayo, waphoselwa ngenxa yokuduma yabezindaba. Kwenzeka into efanayo kumagazini ofundwayo enomthamo omningi yemisebenzi V I. Lenina - bamane esakazwa ngaphansi ukuze, nakuba yokuthengisa okudayisa babekhona ngaphandle kwesihloko "Okubhaliselwe".

Ngasekupheleni kwawo-50-yalolucwaningo yencwadi emakethe kweSoviet Union lapho babenenkinga engathí sina: ukuthi benzeni imibhalo kukaStalin ngo amavolumu 18, futhi inyatheliswa emaphepheni ezinhle, indwangu ikhava ngegolide lettering, e ukuzungeza amakhophi ayinkulungwane 300. Ngemva amabili Party Congress, owawuse-1956, kanye nokugxeka sehlelo ubuntu umholi kuleli bhuku kukodwa, indawo lapho engaya khona. Kwenqwaba labhujiswa amaziko evulekile-eziko, futhi izimo ezimbalwa ekusindiseni namuhla ukubaluleka rarity.

edition-Russian

izincwadi ethandwa Iningi namuhla eRussia - ke amanoveli Bulgakov futhi izindaba, ikakhulu zisetshenziswa wobuciko "Master noMargarita", izindaba laseChekhov kanye amanoveli, umsebenzi nenhle futhi usentekenteke Kuprina Gogol ukubhinqa. Okulandelayo ukuza imisebenzi ngokwengqondo ngokujulile Dostoyevsky, Leskov Indaba letingasiwo emaciniso, ngokuthinta tale Bazhov ... Ethandwa kakhulu incwadi Russian ungadlulisa unomphela.

Uhambo Literary ku umlando Boris Akunin - kuba eduze namuhla, kodwa akukho imisebenzi ngaphansi abadumile. Kubalandeli of umphenyi izincwadi letingemaciniso ashicilelwe Aleksandry Marininoy noDaria Dontsova, Tatyana Ustinova futhi uPolina Dashkova. Othile zifana nabaseshi kuyindida, umuntu indaba iqonde, kodwa ngazwilinye - incwadi ezithakazelisayo ukufunda.

abaseshi

izincwadi ethandwa Iningi namuhla ethulwa njengoba kumnandi, ubunhloli kanye abaseshi zezombusazwe. Detective Iphalethi izincwadi Russian sasivumela ibanzi futhi ihlanganisa imikhiqizo efana "Petrovka 38" futhi "Ogareva, 6" UJuliana Semenov, "Era Kusuka Umthwalo Emahlombe" Weiner abazalwane "Ihhotela" Dead umgibeli "Strugackih abazalwane. Nokho, abafundi Russian musa ukulahla umphenyi kanye adventure izincwadi abalobi angaphandle. Izincwadi neyaziwayo zakudala umphenyi uhlobo, edumile Artura Konan Doyle, futhi manje niziqhenya ngokuzigabisa lwendawo emashalofini ezigidi zabantu baseRussia.

Sherlock Holmes

Adventure umphenyi Sherlock Holmes nomngane wakhe uDkt Watson - lokhu yobuciko inimitable, ihamba uhlu izincwadi ethandwa kakhulu of umphenyi eqanjiwe iminyaka eminingi. Umlobi Artura Konan Doyle, kunesinye uchungechunge imisebenzi abazinikezele ukuba ngumholi we-Pirates, uCaptain Sharkey. Lezi izindaba ungenalo ekuqaleni umphenyi, zingabantu okusikhumbuza adventure kanye lokusungula Louis Bussenar, ikakhulukazi, inoveli "Abathumbi wamadayimane."

Love Izincwadi

Okwesibili kuphela eqanjiwe umphenyi kumfundi Russian kukhona amanoveli, novellas futhi tindzaba letimfisha ngothando. iziza Melodramatic, uthando onxantathu, injabulo nosizi, le Apotheosis lothando nokuwa yayo - konke kukhona okunyathelisiwe.

ubudlelwano Classical romantic kubonakala yomkhiqizo "Eugene Onegin," inoveli Pushkin sika "Master noMargarita" by Bulgakov, endabeni "Shulamith" Kuprin nabanye abaningi. Incwadi ethandwa kakhulu lothando ingatholakala imitapo yolwazi kanye izitolo.

Vil'mont futhi Demidov

Abalobi ovelele lokubhala yesimanje on isihloko uthando - kuyinto Ekaterina Vilmont. ungakhetha "Ukukhwabanisa amanzi ahlanzekile" kulezi zinyanga Wabhala, "Ngalé imfihlo umnyango", "Masking ngoba villain," "Kunzima ukuba nesibindi." Ezingeni efanayo ezingeni Vilmont art Svetlana Demidov (Lubenets). Indaba yakhe "banal Story" futhi "Lonke Palette ngesisa" kukhona izincomo ezifihliwe for girls ongenalwazi. Ekateriny Vilmont futhi Svetlana Demidova nemisebenzi ezitebhisini ephakeme rankings of "10 yezincwadi ethandwa kakhulu ngothando."

eqanjiwe

Uhlobo eqanjiwe futhi inani elikhulu abalandeli. Incwadi Strugatsky abazalwane "Izwe Crimson Namafu", "Roadside Picnic", "ngoMsombuluko iqala ngoMgqibelo", "Okunzima Be uNkulunkulu" kufakwe Golden Isikhwama kwezincwadi Russian. umlobi yesayensi Ivan Efremov kuyinto umbhali esivelele izindaba zimo ngiyaphupha. Imisebenzi yakhe ukungafi "Ihora Bull," "Edge I razor sika," "i-Andromeda" sokujabulisa angaphezu kwelilodwa isizukulwane abafundi sibonge.

Alexander Belyaev, nombhali amandla amazing kanye imisebenzi efana "I Amphibian Man", "uProfesa Dowell sika Head", "Air Umthengisi," Elithi "Ariyeli" ukujula, ngaphezu kwezinsuku zokugcina kweminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha, awalulahlanga value abo, ingenye abalobi ethandwa kakhulu .

izincwadi ezidume kakhulu (letingemaciniso kanye yesayensi) zalotshwa phakathi nekhulu leminyaka eledlule, abalobi abaningi babe cha, kodwa ukukhunjulwa kwabo uyaphila. Ama-Movie esingu ngemisebenzi isayensi abalobi eqanjiwe, ahumushe okuqukethwe amanoveli ngendlela yabo. Eqondiswa ukusebenzisa imiphumela ekhethekile ukuze uthuthukise umbono iziqephu, njengoba icebo kokujwayelekile ifilimu lumayelana ezinye uhlobo izenzakalo cosmic. Yiqiniso, kule ncwadi, kulezi zindlela azitholakali, futhi umfundi siya ku ebhayisikobho, kuyinto at ukulahlekelwa - akusali ukuhambisana. Lona magic cinema, kodwa kwaba njalo uma umqondisi unesithakazelo kakhulu conjuncture, ukufundwa kwezincwadi ngesakhiwo okungenzeka bahlukunyezwe - incwadi kanye ifilimu kuyoba ezinhlangothini ezihlukene.

Fantasy amabhuku

Indawo okhethekileko ezincwadi zonke endlini ukubambelela ncwadi fantasy. Lokhu uhlobo okusikhumbuza yesayensi, kodwa into ebaluleke ihlukile - fabulousness, wonke kokungekhona okungokoqobo icaciswe izigaba okuhle nokubi. Njengomthetho, imisebenzi zakhelwe iziza udweshu phakathi nabathakathi okuhle nokubi.

Ethandwa kakhulu incwadi fantasy ebhaliwe esikhathini esidlule, kodwa ukunakwa kubo kuyaqhubeka namuhla. Izigcawu kunazo yesiteleka sibekwa izinhlelo Dzhoan Rouling sika Garri Pottere, emisebenzini Dzhona Tolkiena, ezinjengokuthi "Nkosi we Izindandatho" nesithi "Ntwana Hurin". Ukuze imisebenzi ebhaliwe uhlobo fantasy Lingase lihlanganise inoveli "Running on Waves" Aleksandra Grina, lapho izenzakalo eziyinqaba kwenzeke ngempela enesiphetho esijabulisayo. Ngo indaba the author efanayo sika "Scarlet Ulibangisa" futhi inezici of ayiziphihli indaba, kodwa kukhona umsuka ezenziwe umuntu, njengoba u-Arthur Gray, wathandana Assol, bathunga oseyili kasilika ebomvu bebodwa - awaveli ngemilingo njengoba kwenzeka e imisebenzi fantasy. Incwadi ethi "Scarlet Ulibangisa" kungenziwa ashiwo "lwasemaphusheni" isigaba.

Ethandwa kakhulu incwadi fantasy - a "Harry Potter" Dzhoan Roulling, okuyinto has zonke izici lesi sitayela. Lesi siphetho kuyinto ukugxekwa ngazwilinye ezenziwe ngesikhathi ingxoxo yomphakathi lokusungula somlobi.

Izincwadi kubantu abasha

izincwadi, ama-likufuna kakhulu isizukulwane young - kuba imisebenzi ngempela ovuthiwe classical. Akumangalisi ukuthi abafana namantombazane ukubizwa ngokuthi ukushicilelwa abawuthandayo izincwadi ezisukela "The Little Prince"-Antoine Saint Exupery ukuba "Garnet Isongo" Kuprin. Phakathi kwalezi zimo izintandokazi imisebenzi "iNkosi Izindandatho" by Tolkien futhi "ethi Alice in Wonderland" Lewis Carroll. Ibid, futhi "I Idiot" Dostoevsky futhi "Dandelion Wine" ngu Ray Bradbury. "Arc de Triomphe" Erich Maria Remarque uqonde athande amantombazane iminyaka 15-16 ubudala.

Russian Ngiqinisile - ukufunda izwe kakhulu emhlabeni. Lezi zincwadi ethandwa kakhulu entsheni emakhulwini, abafana namantombazane eside sebedlula labokhulu ngenani wokufundwayo izincwadi futhi baye bakhetha abazali.

izincwadi angaphandle

Encwadi abalobi aseMelika, eBrithani kanye isiFulentshi, hhayi ngaphansi ezifunwayo Russia, kuka imisebenzi abalobi Russian. Detective uhlobo iyona engumFulentshi Zhorzh Simenon, ngubani hero of the amanoveli kukaKhomishana Maigret. U-Agata Kristi, ukukhonza ikakhulu umlingisi samanje tindzaba tabo, ukuze enze izithombe kwaziwayo Hercule Poirot no Miss Marple. Amabhuku Agatha Christie Ungakwazi ukugembula phezu izincwadi eziningi ngemisebenzi Shakespeare ngisho neBhayibheli imbala. Edgar Allan Poe, umlobi waseMelika umphenyi izindaba, iye yatha- ngenxa umkhiqizo "igolide bug".

Phakathi abalobi American, abalandeli abaningi nezinye izinhlobo kungukuthi ezihlobene izincwadi umphenyi. Okokuqala, lena segolide abalobi ezinhlanu American, okubandakanya Ernest Hemingway, Dzhon Steynbek, Skott Fitsdzherald, Dzhon Apdayk futhi Uilyam Folkner. Lesi sakamuva kubhekwa ejulile kakhulu umbhali temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba e lonke elase-United States umlando etemibhalo. inoveli yakhe "The Sound kanye Ukufutheka", "Sartoris," "Ukukhanya ngo-August" neyaziwayo imisebenzi wezinga eliphakeme kakhulu. Futhi Snopes trilogy, yakhiwa ezintathu amanoveli ezimele ngokuphelele "Hamlet", "City", "Indlu", kungaphansi kwalandela izingxoxo ezingapheli, a baxgeki nezintatheli. incwadi Faulkner edume - inoveli "Sanctuary", okusho ngesitayela nokuqukethwe enibaziyo drama "Ubugebengu Ziyisijeziso" Dostoyevsky sika.