Impi yombango e Tajikistan (iminyaka 1992-1997): incazelo, umlando kanye nemiphumela

Ngobusuku obandulela nokwahlukana eU.SSR (futhi ekuqaleni '80s), isimo emaphethelweni isimo kwaba ukuthi Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Moldova, Tajikistan, nezinye republic eziningi elise-Asia Ephakathi behlala ndawonye bengashadile akusashiwo ungeniswe eMoscow futhi empeleni, endleleni ka separatism. Ngemva kokuwa Union balandela kubulawa esabekayo: lokuqala zingena ngaphansi ukusatshalaliswa bakithi, bese uhulumeni bendawo baqala ukuqeda yonke izimbangi kungenzeka. Cishe nesimo esifanayo bahlakulele impi yombango Tajikistan.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-Tajikistan, efana Kazakhstan, ubelokhu omunye ambalwa republic elise-Asia Ephakathi, lapho engafuni ngempela ngokuwa kweSoviet Union. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi izinkanuko futhi bheka kwakunomuntu lokhu ezaholela kulwiwa.

izimfanelo

Akumele, nokho, ukucabanga ukuthi waqala "ngokuphazima kweso futhi kungazelelwe 'ngoba zonke mkhuba amanye imisuka yakhe. Kwakumelwe kuleli cala.

impumelelo kwedemografikhi - kuhlanganise. Yayiyini Tajikistan 1990? kubheduka impi yombango kuleso sifunda ezweni elaliyiSoviet Union, lapho kuze izinsuku zakhe zokugcina esehlale khona ukukhula ngokushesha kanye engaguquki sabantu. Ukuze ngandlela-thile usebenzise omkhulu umshikashika izinqolobane, waphonsa abantu emakhoneni ezihlukahlukene zezwe. Kodwa izindlela ezifana inkinga ingakasombululeki kuze kube sekupheleni. Yokwakha kabusha waqala, boom zezimboni ime, njengoba mxhaso wayeka nezinhlelo Izindawo. abangasebenzi Afihliwe safinyelela 25%.

Izinkinga omakhelwane

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, elisungulwe Afghanistan Taliban umbuso, futhi Uzbekistan waqala ababeziphatha ezindabeni ayengaphansi udade republic. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ensimini ka Tajikistan babhekana izithakazelo zase-United States ne-Iran. Ekugcineni, iSoviet Union akuyona, futhi ayikwazanga elalisanda kumiswa Russian Federation ukwenza njenge umlamuli esifundeni. Voltage kancane kancane kwandisa, sekuwumkhuba umphumela onengqondo kwempi yombango e Tajikistan.

Ukuqala ukungqubuzana

Ngokuvamile, ekuqaleni ukungqubuzana ngenkuthalo nomthelela izinqubo, ngaleso sikhathi wabe e-Afghanistan. Phakathi Pashtun, Tajik futhi Uzbek amaqembu baphendula esempini ngoba amandla esifundeni. Kulindeleke ukuthi Pashtuns e-Taliban nazo namandla kunomFilisti abaphikisi babo elidume wahlukana futhi njalo ingxabano phakathi kwabo. Yiqiniso, Tajiks futhi Uzbeks ayeshesha ukusondelana nomunye. Ikakhulukazi, Uzbekistan besekele izikhonzi zayo endaweni ye Tajiks. Ngakho, Uzbeks angabhekwa amalungu 'wayegcwele' sokuba itholane phezulu civil. Lokhu kufanele sitshele kabanzi.

Ngakho, lesi sikhulu Armed Forces of Uzbekistan, kanye nemiklamo polubanditskimi Hissar Uzbeks ngenkuthalo liphazamisa e isinyathelo sezempi, ngisho 1997, lapho ingxabano kwakuqale ziphela ngokuphelele. Ngaphambi UN Uzbeks ngenkuthalo walungisiswa yokuthi okuthiwa ukusiza ukuvimbela ukusabalala Islam olukhulu.

Izenzo besithathu

Yiqiniso, sinombono konke lokhu kungamboza ububi bonke amaqembu azizivimbanga uzama ubambe ucezu ikhekhe khuluphele, enethemba ukwandisa ithonya lawo esifundeni. Ngakho, e Dushanbe (1992) cishe kanyekanye wavula Iran yabo kanye US Embassy. Ngokwemvelo, zafeza ezinhlangothini ezahlukene, ukusekela amabutho ahlukahlukene ukuphikiswa ensimini ka Tajikistan. isikhundla lesilinganiselwa eRussia, okuyinto wathatha ukuntula amandla esifundeni, odlale ezandleni wonke umuntu - ikakhulu Saudi Arabia. izikhulu Arab akakwazanga ukumsiza kodwa phawula indlela Tajikistan ewusizo njengoba base, Lifanele imisebenzi e-Afghanistan.

Ukuqala kulwiwa

Phakathi kwakho konke lokhu ezifisweni elikhula njalo izakhiwo lobugebengu, ngaleso sikhathi esadlala indima ebalulekile apharathasi nezokuphatha Tajikistan. Zonke-ke zimbi kakhulu kusukela ngo-1989, lapho ushwele mass kwenziwa. Iziboshwa eziningi ezaziboshelwe, begqugquzelwa by imali besithathu, babe ilungela ukulwa nama-noma ubani noma yini. Kuyinto kule uhlobo "isobho" esuka lapho kuqala impi yombango Tajikistan. Iziphathimandla bafuna konke, kodwa ukufeza indlela elilungile liphakathi izakhiwo semi lobugebengu.

Ukungqubuzana waqala ngo-1989. Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi impi ngemva imibuthano anti-lamaKhomanisi e Dushanbe. Kusolakala uhulumeni wamaSoviet ke elahlekile ubuso. ukubukwa ezinjalo ukuzikhohlisa, emuva lé ngawo ngasekupheleni 70-yalolucwaningo iziphathimandla eMoscow kulamave neyaziwayo ngokusemthethweni kuphela. Nagorno-Karabakh luveza a ukungakwazi ephelele ezibiyele ukuze isenzo esifanelekile uma usongo, ukuze amabutho olukhulu lapho nje baphuma ithunzi.

okhethweni

Novemba 24, 1991, okhethweni lokuqala kamongameli, iwine Nabiyev. Ngokuvamile, kwakulula ukwenza, njengoba izimbangi kule "ukhetho" wayengasekho. Ngokwemvelo, ngemva kwalokhu waqala ukuvutshelwa mass, umongameli we-esanda basakaza izikhali Kulyab kwamaqembu, okuyinto wencike abamele.

Abanye abalobi ephakeme baye bame kwelokuthi lokhu yiphutha inhlekelele emphakathini wentando yeningi Republic abasha. Kanjalo. Nakuba ayegxile insimu ka Tajikistan washonaphi izikhali kanye ningatholakala kusukela e-Afghanistan kanye Uzbekistan, ukuthi ekuqaleni ukushayisana kwaba kuphela Kuxhomeke isikhathi. Ngeshwa, yaphela impi yombango eTajikistan predetermined kusukela ekuqaleni.

ubutha

Ekuqaleni kuka-May 1992, ezizivelelayo kuqhathaniswa umbono kwendalo Kulyabis "National Guard", baphuthuma lo offensive. Bathunjwa yi-main zokuxhumana izikhungo, izibhedlela, ngenkuthalo wathatha abathunjwa, igazi lokuqala elachithwa. IPhalamende ngaphansi kwengcindezi enjalo ngokushesha ukunikeza kwamaqembu alwayo bokuthunyelwe ukhiye. Ngakho, izenzakalo kwentwasahlobo 1992 kwaphumela ekwakhekeni "sokusebenzisana" uhulumeni.

nabameleli bayo cishe benze okuthile okuwusizo ukuze wezwe esanda ezenziwe, kodwa ngenkuthalo bengavumelani, ukwakha nomunye izingobe futhi bahlanganyele ngxabano evulekile. Yiqiniso, isikhathi eside ngakho-ke wayengeke aqhubeke, impi yombango Tajikistan. Kafushane, kwaqala Kufanele kufunwe e ukwenqena ukuxoxisana nabo.

Coalition kwakusadingeka uhlobo ubunye yangaphakathi, okuhloswe ngaso ukubhujiswa ngokomzimba of bonke ababephikisa ezingaba khona. Izimpi ezazilwela nge ngokwedlulele, nesihluku ezilwaneni. Ngiphakathi iziboshwa noma ofakazi wayeshiye. Esikhathini kwentwasahlobo ka-1992 Nabiyev kakhulu abangu wathunjwa, futhi baphoqwa ukuba ngemvume bahoxe. Ukuphikiswa wathatha amandla. Kulesi umlando omfushane Tajik impi yombango kungenzeka iphele, njengoba ithiphu entsha ahlinzekwa imibono ngempela ezinengqondo hhayi zingaphazamisi ukuze ungawuzwa lizwe egazini ... Kodwa kwakungenjalo ukuba.

Ukungena impi amabutho wesithathu

Okokuqala, ukuze amandla olukhulu bajoyine Hissar Uzbeks. Okwesibili, uhulumeni wase-Uzbekistan uye basho ngokucacile ukuthi amabutho ahlomile yezwe ngeke ajoyine ukulwa uma Hissar ngeke Ukunqoba iyakholweka. Nokho, Uzbeks akazange anqikaze zisebenzisa amabutho akhe mass ensimini ka ezweni elingumakhelwane, ngaphandle kokubuza kuya izinqumo UN. Kuyinto ngenxa yalesi "hodgepodge" ingajezisa eside ngakho yathatha impi yombango Tajikistan (iminyaka 1992-1997).

Ukubhujiswa kwabantu ngobuningi

Ekupheleni kuka-1992, Hissar futhi Dushanbe Kuliabis uthwebule. amabutho ukuphikiswa okwaqala ashona eentabeni ngemva kwabo bahamba nguTola nezinkulungwane zababaleki. Abanye bahamba Apmir wokuqala, futhi kusukela lapho abantu kuhanjiswe ku Afghanistan. Ungqimba eyinhloko abantu ababalekela impi waya ekufezeni Garm. Ngeshwa, kube washukumisela eziqhelelene ingajezisa. Uma they finyelela abantu kungahlonyiwe, kwagqashuka kubulawa esabekayo. Amakhulu ezinkulungwane izidumbu siphonswa emfuleni nje Surkhab. Ngemizimba babebaningi ukuze abendawo akazange ngisho wasondela emfuleni iminyaka ecela emashumini amabili.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, empini eyathatha, le flaring ke lantambama futhi iminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu. Ngokuvamile, "civil" ukubiza lengxabano ayilungile kakhulu, ngoba kuze kube u-60% we amaviyo amaqembu aphikisanayo, ingasaphathwa yamaqembu sifo bavela kwamanye amazwe ayengaphansi kweSoviet Union, kuhlanganise Georgia, Ukraine, ne-Uzbekistan. Ngakho ukuthi isikhathi impi licacile: umuntu ngaphandle kwezwe kuye kwaba inzuzo kakhulu ukumelana ahlomile eside futhi okuqhubekayo.

Ngokuvamile, lokhu kubhikisha ukuphikiswa aziphelelanga lapho. isikhathi esingakanani wahlala impi yombango Tajikistan? iminyaka 1992-1997, njengoba iphuzu olusemthethweni umbono. Kodwa akunjalo, ngoba lokhu kuhilizisana zokugcina isukela kowezi-2000. Ngokusho idatha olungekho emthethweni, isimo kuleli zwe-Asia Ephakathi, ekude kakhulu enhle namuhla. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ngokukhethekile manje, lapho Afghanistan sisonke baba insimu eziphehliwe vakhabitami.

Imiphumela impi

Kuyinto akukho ngozi ukuthi le nhlekelele enkulu yezwe akukhona ukuphazamisa ilungelo isitha, inhlekelele engokwemvelo, kodwa yombango. Ngo Tajikistan (1992-1997 GG.) Population ungase sikholelwe kusukela nelwatinchanti lwabo.

Izenzakalo yaleyo minyaka libhekene abalimala omkhulu phakathi izakhamuzi, kanye umonakalo kwezomnotho ezinkulukazi: empini labhujiswa cishe yonke ingqalasizinda yezimboni republic wangaphambili wase-USSR ngokulambisa ephethwe ukuvikela amandla kagesi eyingqayizivele, okuyinto okwamanje lukhipha ukuba 1/3 kwesabelomali ingqikithi Tajikistan. Ngokusho izibalo ezisemthethweni, wabulala okungenani abantu abayizinkulungwane 100, inani elifanayo - ulahlekile. Tellingly, phakathi yokugcina - okungenani u-70% isiRashiya, Ukraine, Belarusians, lawo ngaphambi kokuwa Union naye wake wahlala endaweni weRiphabhulikhi Tajikistan (1992). Impi yombango uye waqinisa kwadlanga kwabokufika.

Inkinga yababaleki

Inani eliqondile babaleki babesebenzise namanje akwaziwa. Cishe, base kakhulu abangaphezu kwesigidi futhi izikhulu uthi iziphathimandla Tajik. Phela, kuba inkinga ababaleki namanje omunye nezindaba sizwele lapho uhulumeni uzama kungagwenywa uma uxhumana nozakwethu abavela eRussia, Uzbekistan, Iran ngisho e-Afghanistan. Ezweni lethu zisikisela ukuthi izwe kwesokunxele abantu okungenani abayizigidi ezine.

Esikhathini igagasi lokuqala wagijima ososayensi, odokotela, abalobi. Ngakho, Tajikistan (iminyaka 1992-1997) ilahlekelwe amasayithi zezimboni hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi enkabeni yalo bokusungula. Kuze kube manje, Izwe libhekene i Ukushoda okukhulu kwabantu abaqeqeshelwe abaningi abanamakhono. Ikakhulukazi, ngenxa yalesi sizathu, namanje ungazange waqala ukuthuthukiswa imali amaminerali eziningi olutholakalayo ku insimu yalo.

UMongameli Rakhmonov ngo-1997 yakhipha isimemezelo phezu inhlangano yesikhwama ngamazwe "Ukubuyisana", okuyinto kwakuthiwa kusiza ababaleki ukubuyela Tajikistan. I Yombango ka 1992 kuyabiza kakhulu kuleli zwe, kodwa ngoba umehluko esidlule, akekho anaka.

esikhundleni isiphetho

Kodwa okuhle kwalokhu okunikezwayo abasebenzi ikakhulukazi ongaphakeme-ezinamakhono nezingenawo fighters wangaphambilini we amaqembu aphikisanayo. ochwepheshe Kuncono kuleli zwe ukuba ubuye ngeke, ngoba Sekuyisikhathi eside kufakwe phesheya, futhi izingane zabo awazi ulimi noma amasiko ezweni layo zangaphambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wabhubhisa cishe ngokuphelele e Tajikistan umkhakha kunomthelela isibalo esandayo ayizisebenzi. Ngaphakathi ezweni ayikho indawo ukusebenza, kodwa ngoba uye phesheya: eRussia, ngokuvumelana 2013, isebenza njalo okungenani kwesigidi Tajiks.

Futhi - kuphela kudlule ngokusemthethweni ngokusebenzisa FMS. Ngokusho idatha olungekho emthethweni, inombolo ezweni lethu bengase bazikhandlele 2-3.5 million. Ngakho impi e Tajikistan waphinda kuqinisekisa umbono wokuthi angaba nempi yombango ukwedlula - into embi engenzeka kuleli zwe. Abanaso bazuze umuntu (ngaphandle izitha zangaphandle).