Nenhlekelele Shuttle "Columbia" February 1, 2003: izimbangela, nezisebenzi

Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi travel isikhala kuhlobene nengozi okusezingeni eliphezulu ekuphileni. Plus ubufakazi okungukuthi owayenecala ngale nhlekelele Shuttle "Columbia". Kodwa, ngokungafani nezinye izinto ezifuze lezi, zalesi sibhicongo kungenxa innuendoes abaningi ikakhulukazi engaqondakali. Ake namanje sibheke le ngozi yenzeke kanjani Shuttle "Columbia".

Umlando mkhathi "Columbia"

Ngaphambi ikhanyisa indiza lokugcina mkhathi "Columbia", ake sihlole kafushane umlando wayo. Lokhu kuzokuvumela ukuba ufunde kabanzi mayelana ezicashile nhlekelele.
Mkhathi esebenza mkhathi "Columbia" wakhela njengengxenye Uhlelo NASA ngo-1975. Umsebenzi eyalwa 1979.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi "Columbia" kwaba uhlelo lokuqala mkhathi okomkhathi. Lolu hlelo kuhlinzekelwe uhambo emkhathini ukusebenzisa indlela entsha ezokuthutha - the shuttles space, ukuma okuyinto kakhulu okusikhumbuza isakhiwo izindiza. Ngokungafani mkhathi ngaphambili isizukulwane shuttles engenza eyodwa, kodwa eziningi ukuya emkhathini. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, ososayensi be-NASA ekusungulwe amadivayisi nekilasi efanayo esikhathini "Enterprise" Uhlelo yamabhanoyi ngaphakathi kwemingcele ozungeze umhlaba.

Ubizwa ngokuthi umsunguli Shuttle "Columbia 'behlonipha emkhunjini, okuyinto namanje ngasekupheleni XVIII leminyaka, wahlola ugu of British Columbia.

Qala wathatha Shuttle ngo-1981. Kwakuwusuku indiza yokuqala, okwakwenza mkhathi American zokugcina 6 iminyaka. I-NASA inombolo ikhodi ngezigaba yena sts-1 okwabelwe.

indiza ngayinye okwalandela ngaphakathi kohlelo okomkhathi inikezwa inamba elandelayo. Ukundiza lokugcina mkhathi "Columbia" ngo-2003, th 28 ilandelana, waba nenombolo ye-serial ababebalelwa NASA sts-107.

Umklamo mkhathi "Columbia"

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, mkhathi "Columbia" Nokho, njengoba yonke imikhumbi isikhala zalolu hlobo, indiza ibe fomu.

"Columbia" yayihlukile kuleyo yasekuqaleni Shuttle wenza kamuva, isisindo usinde ukuntuleka module for docking. Ngakho, idivayisi ayikwazi inamathele noma "Mir" esiteshini noma -International Space Station.

Running in the mkhathi senziwa ngumuntu okuqinile rocket booster. Ngaphandle mkhathi langempela futhi dvuhraketnogo namafutha kufakwe Umklamo volumetric kakhulu uphethiloli ithangi egcwele umoya-mpilo ketshezi ne-hydrogen. Rocket booster ngokuhlukana okwenzeka endaweni engamamitha 45 km kanye uphethiloli - endaweni engamamitha 113 km.

indiza rocket Orbital abe nobude side kunaleso 37 m, namaphiko - mayelana 24 m, mass ngaphandle Inkokhelo - amathani 68,5.

Mission sts-107

Sts-107 kwaba bomkhankaso 2003, indiza 113th of okomkhathi njengengxenye US Uhlelo isikhala kanye indiza 28 mkhathi "Columbia".

Inhloso yalesi eziyinkimbinkimbi kwaba uhambo ezihlukahlukene Earth observation microgravity ucwaningo (Isikhathi enwetshiwe ozungeza emkhathini futhi Freestar). Shuttle "Columbia" (2003) kwadingeka module ucwaningo "SPACEHAB» (SPACEHAB), okuyinto umthwalo ezengeziwe. Le module ukhonza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kwendiza emkhathini, osomkhathi ke akwazi ukufeza izifundo ezihlukahlukene.

iqembu

Manje ake sibone ukuthi yini akha sts-107 nezisebenzi. It wawunamalungu eziyisikhombisa: amadoda amahlanu kanye nabesifazane ababili. Abayisithupha zezisebenzi babe US izakhamuzi, omunye emelela Israyeli.

astronaut American Richard Umyeni Kwakungubani umkhuzi izisebenzi. On the isikhathi indiza eneminyaka engu-45 ubudala. Ukuze Umyeni kwaba indiza yesibili. uhambo lwakhe lokuqala emkhathini senzeka ngo-1999 njengengxenye sts-96 umsebenzi ku-mkhathi "Ukutholwa".

compatriot yakhe, sorokaodnoletny Uilyam Makkul, wakhonza njengephayona co-pilot. Yena uye wabhekana nesimo omude wokukhonza e-US Navy. McCool kwaba umhlanganyeli omncane engenathi eneminyaka engu-indiza.

astronaut American Devid Braun kwaba onguchwepheshe kumishini. astronaut oneminyaka engu-46 ubudala wabentwana phakathi bakubo ehilelekile indiza. David Brown sekubuyele wezokwelapha, futhi wakhonza njengombonisi udokotela. Njengoba ne-astronaut okwedlule uDavide kwaba ngendiza yokuqala emkhathini.

Amane nambili American Indian owazalelwa Kalpana Chawla kuye kwadingeka kakade emahlombe abo isipiliyoni ezindizayo emkhathini. Wahlanganyela sts-87 uhambo ngo-1997, i-Shuttle efanayo "Columbia", lapho eseneminyaka afele 2003. By endleleni, ingxenye enkulu yokuqala esikhathini esifanayo uhambo Cosmonaut Ukrainian leonid Kadeniuk. Ngakho, Chawla waba owesifazane wokuqala umsuka Indian (yize kungekona isakhamuzi India), okuyinto eye wenza indiza emkhathini. Lolu hambo sts-107 indiza unjiniyela isikhundla ayenakho.

Ukuze sorokatrehletnego American Michael Filippa Andersona kwaba neyesibili indiza emkhathini. Wathatha iqhaza bomkhankaso sts-89 ngo-1998 kwi-mkhathi "Kunesikhathi Sakho" kanye Russian Salizhan Sharipov. Anderson kwadingeka ngezinga zobunjiniyela futhi kwaba umshayeli US Air Force, njengoba ephakama elisezingeni sombutho wezempi. I sts-107 eviyweni, yena waba induna Inkokhelo, ukuthi unesibopho ucwaningo.

Lorel Klark kwaba yesibili yabesifazane ababili ababa nesandla ku sts-107 kumishini. Kwakuwusuku American Civil, eseneminyaka engu-40 ubudala. Yena wayengudokotela ngokuqeqesha kodwa wayengakaze iqhaza emkhathini ohambweni. Lolu hambo wagcwalisa nezibopho ongoti wesayensi yempilo yezilwane.

isakhamuzi Israeli Ilan uRamon ngokukhethekile abamenyiwe Uchwepheshe angaphandle NASA. On the isikhathi indiza eneminyaka engu-48 ubudala, okungukuthi, yena waba yilungu eliphakeme kakhulu iqembu. URamon kwadingeka uchwepheshe ezemfundo unjiniyela wama-electronic nekhompyutha, futhi kwaba umshayeli Israeli Air Force. Kwakuwusuku lokuqala isikhala sakhe umsebenzi, lapho wathola isikhundla Inkokhelo, okungukuthi, kanye Michael Anderson iye yaba nesandla ucwaningo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sibonga le ndiza ka Ilan uRamon kwaba astronaut lokuqala Israeli.

Iningi lamalungu nezisebenzi ezifanayo beseyizingane.

isiqalo

Sts-107 uhambo eqala emkhathini Januwari 16, 2003 kusukela Kennedy Space Center ku Cape Canaveral, etholakala isimo US Florida. Inombolo kwethulwa pad - 39-A.

Uma uthatha bakhishwe Shuttle sebesuka ucezu enamathela ukushisa-nangokuvikela. Wagwaza amathayili Ukuvikelwa ukushisa lundiza kwesokunxele igobolondo 'Colombia'. Kodwa NASA ochwepheshe baye njengenkulumo leli qiniso ingozi embi ukuthi ngandlela-thile ukushintsha uhlelo lohambo noma ukubeka ukuphila we zezisebenzi engozini. Kodwa kamuva, lesi siqephu kwabonakala omunye izinguqulo izimbangela inhlekelele.

indiza

Njengengxenye nezisebenzi indiza sisonke babhekana nazo zonke imisebenzi, kuhlanganisa ucwaningo lwesayensi ezingefani ezingaphezu kuka-80. Lolu hambo lwathatha izinsuku ezingu-15 namahora angu-22. Leli igama ejwayelekile lwemikhumbi ekilasini indiza Shuttle. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, "Columbia" wenzé 255 linemibhikisho emhlabeni Umhlaba ubude ingqikithi km abayizigidi ezingu-1,6. Le ndiza yenzeke ngezithuba Umhlaba endaweni engamamitha 307 km.

February 1, 2003, ngemva kokwenza yonke imisebenzi ngesikhathi esibekiwe, Shuttle waqala kokufika inqubo.

inhlekelele

wakwenza lokhu inhlekelele mkhathi "Columbia" kanjani?

Ngo 8 amahora angu-10, e-Eastern Time Central indiza control (DRM) ivumela ithimba Shuttle "Columbia" uqhubekele phezulu inqubo mkhathi kokwehla. Ngemva kwemizuzu engu-Five injini yethulwa esemkhathini ikhuluma uhlelo, okwakufanele kungenze enikeziwe inhlamvu. Ngemva komunye isigamu sehora "DC" ungaphakathi emkhathini woMhlaba.

Ngezinye 8:48 kwesokunxele iphiko inzwa uyaphawula normal ukwanda ukusebenza ezishisayo lezi iphelela. Kodwa idatha nganoma isiphi isizathu, awazange idluliselwe-MCC noma ukubonisa on-ebhodini ikhompyutha. Umthombo kuphela kusukela manje eyaziwa mayelana nokwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa kuyinto "ibhokisi elimnyama."

Ngezinye 8:53 yi Shuttle aqala ukuwela off bhasi. Futhi kuphela iminithi izinzwa PCOS babonisa ushintsho okungavamile nemingcele. Ngezikhathi ezithile emhlabeni "Columbia" izingqapheli itjheje ukukhanya okukhulu.

Ngezinye 8:58 emkhunjini aqathaka ezishisayo ukwahlukanisa tile. Ngezinye 8:59 uyonquma session lokugcina induna mkhathi. Ngezinye 9:00 "Columbia" esibhakabhakeni uyachitheka. Ngezinye 09:05 iphutha falling doti Shuttle umhlaba phezu insimu ka esifundazweni US of Texas.

Nalu uhlu esifushane kangaka imicimbi lapho kufinyelela umvuthwandaba ne nenhlekelele Shuttle "Columbia". Kulesi nhlekelele, noyedwa zezisebenzi babengenalo ithuba lokusinda.

ngemva kwenhlekelele,

Ngemva ukuphahlazeka, lapho Imibandela kwakunokwenzeka ukuhlola ubukhulu sigameko-February 1, 2003 at 11:00 am wonke amafulegi abangu ngihlaliswa Space Center. amahora Ngemva emibili nengxenye kwalandelwa isaziso esisemthethweni yengozi. mkhathi "Columbia" inhlekelele wakhonza njengephayona isizathu abafuna uMengameli waseMelika George W. Bush ungenisa ukuba isizwe sase 13:05 ngosuku olufanayo. Waveza amazwi enduduzo emindenini yezisulu, futhi uncome i-ubuqhawe we zezisebenzi.

Ngokushesha olwalandela ukuphahlazeka waqala ukufuna izinsalela umkhumbi. Ngokusemthethweni, abantu abangaphezu kuka-500 ezimpini kubo. Usesho kwakunzima ngenxa yezinkinga iqiniso lokuthi ingxenye Shuttle besakazeke endaweni kahle esikhulu, esehlanganise zithi Texas, Louisiana, California, Arizona kutholakale abangu mayelana 12.000 izinsalela. Ikakhulukazi, kwatholakala umshini ubuyisela black box.

Amanxiwa ezindawo emizimbeni izisebenzi atholakele.

Uphenyo izimbangela futhi kufinyelelwe iziphetho ezinembile

Ekuqaleni kubhekwe izimbangela ezimbalwa sokonakala, kodwa kungenzeka Ukuhlasela kwamaphekula ngokushesha wawususa, ngoba ngokomthetho kwaba nzima ukwenza. Nakuba ngesikhathi esisodwa ku-intanethi noma inguqulo kwakusakazwa, ukuthi ukuphahlazeka Shuttle kwenzeka ngenxa ukwethulwa igciwane computer ohlelweni Shuttle. Kodwa le nguqulo akaphinde asibalele amanzi.

Ngokuhamba uphenyo uphenyo wenqaba izinguqulo ezintathu, ngaphambili afakwe ekujuleni kwenhliziyo. On omunye wabo, wokugoqa kwakubangelwa "ukuguga" ukwakhiwa Shuttle. Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, imbangela yengozi emaweni kakhulu futhi abukhali-entry of the Shuttle. Esigabeni sesitsatfu - le nhlekelele yenzeke ngenxa kwehluleka uhlelo unyathela amabhuleki. Kodwa, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ne isikhathi ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, laba ezizathwini benqabile.

Kwakukhona izinguqulo ezimbili eziyinhloko. On omunye wabo ukuphahlazeka bube khona ngenxa yokuthatha umonakalo ezishisayo ukwahlukanisa enamathela, okuyinto eyenzeka ngaphezulu ekuqaleni mkhathi. Ngokwe termopokrytiya yesibili umonakalo kwenzeka esikhaleni ngenxa meteorite falling.

Esikhathini okukhipha sokugcina, okwakubekelwa esifundwe Agasti 2003, ukuze le ngozi yenzeke ngenxa yokwehluleka iphiko kwesokunxele Shuttle amagesi red-hot ukungena ingaphakathi layo ngenxa umonakalo ukwahlukanisa.

imiphumela

Imiphumela esemqoka ye nhlekelele ukugcizelela okukhulu kubasebenzi nokuvikeleka ikhipha NASA mkhathi kanye nabasebenza kuzo. Lokhu mqondo ibilokhu ikakhulukazi ichazwe kabanzi kule ekupheleni kuka-2008 e kwakhishwa umbiko okhethekile ukuze NASA.

Nenhlekelele Shuttle "Columbia" mkhathi inhlekelele "Challenger" ngo-1986, kanye nezinkinga eziningi phakathi indiza okwalandela ophoqelelwe NASA ngo-2011 kunciphise uhlelo okomkhathi.

inkumbulo

Nokho, inkumbulo amaqhawe zezinkanyezi, ababengamalungu eqembu le-crew of the Shuttle, uyaphila kube yilolu suku.

Omunye Swiss rock band ngo-2005 yakhipha ingoma esasizinikele kule nhlekelele. Futhi kule minyaka emibili ngaphambi ukuthi party ethandwa British band Deep Purple eqoshiwe ingoma-lokuzinikezela, enikezwa onikeziwe kushonelwa imikhaya zezinkanyezi.

Futhi yokudumisa mkhathi wawubizwa ngokuthi omunye anamandla, okuyinto esetshenziswa NASA - Columbia. Omunye iziqongo Mount Kit Carson e Colorado Columbia Point owayemuhle wayebizwa ngokuthi.

okusho nenhlekelele

Nenhlekelele Shuttle "Columbia" kwaba ngesinye isikhathi into ebalulekile emphakathini American. Walibonisa le kungathembeki we indiza Shuttle futhi lonke uhlelo, lolo ngesikhathi sokuhlwanyelwa esetshenziswa NASA.

It is lokhu inhlekelele kwaba esinye sezizathu ngenxa lapho umbuzo owabuzwa mayelana nokuvalwa Uhlelo okomkhathi.