Ikhwalithi yezimpahla nezinkonzo. Isiqinisekiso abakhiqizi. State ukulawula izinga

umthetho Russian usungula izinga isiqinisekiso ngoba wonke umkhiqizo ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo abathengi. Article 469 Code Civil icacisa izinhlobo kanye nemithetho ukuhambisana zokukhokha. Kodwa abakhiqizi ngokuvamile uzame ukwephula izidingo kwemibhalo normative, azakhele ezengeziwe isivumelwano sebhizinisi isiphetho phambi kulinganiselwa nkathi. Abazi ukuthi lesi senzo akusho negate isibopho jikelele kubo bonke.

eziyisisekelo

System ikhwalithi inquma nezinsuku saziso ukuhambisana sikhathi, lapho umenzi noma umdayisi uzathatha zonke izinyathelo ezidingekile ukuze alondoloze umkhiqizo efanele ukusebenzisa. Le nkathi ibalwa for uhlobo ngalunye umkhiqizo ngendlela yabo, Isikhathi okhethiweyo isekelwe esimisweni sokucabangela.

Article 469 Code Civil futhi 470 ukusungula ukuthi onjalo kuzokuqinisekiswa ikhwalithi. Izinhlinzeko usebenza kuyo yonke indawo impilo yezakhamuzi:

1. Izikhungo abantu, izindlu, imishini olufakiwe.
2. Ukuthengwa imikhiqizo ukusetshenziswa ingqikithi yezimpahla nezinkonzo injongo ekhethekile.

Ukuhambisana zokukhokha yezimfuneko Civil Code

Article 469 of the Civil Code kuchazwe yesiqinisekiso isikhathi isethelwe ngamunye uhlobo lomkhiqizo ngokwehlukile. imikhiqizo Inxanxathela adinga ahlukene sesevisi ngaphambi kokuqala zokukhiqiza at zigcwele. Isikhathi esiphezulu ayicacisiwe kumthethonkombiso, ngakho akanayo komkhawulo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ikhwalithi kunqunywa izingxenye ezimbili:

• nezimfuneko zomthetho;
• isivumelwano olwengeziwe.

inkontileka ongeziwe, practice ezingaphezu kuka kwesikhathi kunesiqiniseko esingokomthetho. Uma umenzi kusadingeka isikhathi esifushane kuka izimpahla langempela kanye nezinsizakalo wenqaba enkonzweni ke isivumelwano enkantolo ingavumelekile.

Okuqukethwe kwalo mthetho

ikhwalithi zokuhlola ezasungulwa Article 469. Umdayisi kufanele ukuletha izimpahla e sesimweni esifanele ukusetshenziswa. Injongo ukuthola kufanele sibe njengoba ecacisiwe encazelweni.

Uma into atholwe unezitho eziningi, ikhwalithi kanye ayatholakala kuwo. Umdayisi ubophekile silondoloze izimpahla usesimweni ezifanele ukusetshenziswa phakathi nayo yonke inkathi enqunyiwe. Nokho, izimfuneko ebekwa mthetho ziyabhekelelwa ngesikhathi sokuthenga kuphela.

Isiqinisekiso abakhiqizi sihlinzekela okuqukethwe izimpahla esimweni, okuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwayo. Kodwa kungase kube yokuguga materials kusukela isinyathelo umthengi akuphazamisi lwetidzingo 4 tindzima tekucala Article 469. Isivumelwano ezengeziwe phakathi kwezinhlangano ukusiza ukuthuthukisa ukukhanga izimpahla kumthengi.

Ngakho, isigaba 1 se-atikili ngenhla akayinekezi esibekelwe othize. Esikhathini esizayo, le nkathi usetha ubuchwepheshe izinga izimpahla. Ngokusho inkantolo fixed empeleni kuyadingeka ukuzinika isikhathi phezu ingxenye umdayisi. Ukulungisa lesi simo kusiza okusekelwe ezivumelwaneni of ubudlelwano nomthengi.

Indlela yokugada nezimfuneko ekukhiqizeni?

isilawuli State of izinga wenziwa ukuze kuvikelwe abathengi kusukela eliphansi izimpahla. On the ukukhiqizwa has lobuchwepheshe inkonzo ekhethekile kwabaqaphi. Ukwenza kwenqatshwa ngokushesha komkhiqizo hhayi wanelise izidingo ubuchwepheshe.

NeKwakha ukuthola izici kwenzeka kuzo zonke izigaba:

• Ukukhetha kanye nokulungisa izinto zokusetshenziswa;
• ukulawula nesikhathi ubuchwepheshe ukukhiqizwa;
• yesondlo ukulungisa bill phezu ehloliwe umkhiqizo wokugcina.
• isitoreji kanye yokuthengisa imikhiqizo;
• ezokuthutha kanye nokusetshenziswa.

Ukufakwa uhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi ubuchwepheshe kuthatha izinyanga eziningi noma ngisho unyaka. Ngakho-ke, sewaranti esiyakuqokwa ekupheleni imishini ukufakwa. Izinkomba ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi imikhiqizo iba umsebenzi njalo emkhakheni imikhiqizo lobuchwepheshe control. Luhilela:

• ukucinga izizathu ezaholela kumiswa umshado;
• ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokuphatha izinga nokwenza ngokuvumelana nemithetho yayo;
• ukuthuthukiswa imihlahlandlela ukubhekana izinkinga eziyimbangela, kwenaba emithonjeni ezingozi.

Indlela yokugada nezimfuneko imikhiqizo ukudla?

Uhlelo ikhwalithi ehlanganisa wonke amasevisi we nkampani. Kuze abasebenzi ukuletha ulwazi mayelana nesidingo balandele imithetho. Uhlelo lokulawula yokuphepha kokudla kudinga isimo ukuhambisana izindinganiso, ukudala izimo isitoreji imikhiqizo isiqedile.

Ukuhlolwa isimo wenziwa ngokuvumelana izinkomba ezivamile. Standardization iqhutshwa ngayinye amagatsha esisha embonini yezokudla. ukuhlolwa quantitative kusiza elichaza isimo lonke ibhizinisi.

imithetho Zona kuthiwa akagcinanga emshadweni, kodwa futhi basize ukudala izibikezelo eziya ziba zimbi isimo imishini, ukuze afeze ukulungiswa eziphuthumayo.

Isiphi isinyathelo wenziwa ngokumelene mthetho?

Ekusunguleni nemigomo ye-isiqinisekiso of ikhwalithi yamasevisi ohulumeni ukufuna ukuvimbela umshado futhi buyisa ahluleli uma ukuphulwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi abathengi nomzimba olusemthethweni omele yokuvikela. Nokho, ezimweni inkani abathintekayo ngokuvamile kufanele ukhokhele ubuchwepheshe esikhwameni salo.

Izinyathelo ekulweni imikhiqizo izinga yilezi:

1. ngokugadwa Permanent kuhambisana nemigomo ebekiwe endaweni yokuphepha umkhiqizo.
2. Lapho ukwephula Kutholwe ithunyelwa iziqondiso olusemthethweni mayelana isikhathi ekuqedeni zamehlo. izimpahla ezilimele ikhishiwe ukusuka ekukhiqizeni, uma ludingeka.
3. Ukulahlwa kwezinto eziyingozi imikhiqizo yezempilo umthengi: the esiphelelwe yisikhathi eshalofini yokuphila, izinto ezinobuthi lichaza ekwakheni amathoyizi noma ezinye izinhlobo izimpahla. Zonke izenzo ekwazisa abathengi ngezingozi.

Kungani isitifiketi kwezimpahla

Ukudayiswa komkhiqizo izinga kwenzeka kuphela ngemva kokuqinisekisa ukuhambisana izidingo zomthetho kanye izakhiwo umkhiqizo kukhiqizwa. Ukwenza kokuhlola nemikhulu nokwabela kokuhambisana ezingeni ejensi kahulumeni ngenxa Standardization, Metrology nokunikeza isitifiketi.

Ukuze uhambisane namazinga, izisebenzi ezisebenzela izinhlangano zomphakathi wanika amandla athile:

1. Ukuthatha amasampula futhi sihlaziye izinto ezisetshenziselwa imikhiqizo.
2. Linqume izidingo ukuqeda ukuphulwa, abeke izinhlawulo ukwehluleka ukuhambisana ngesikhathi esitholakalayo.
3. amathuba Block for ukugcwaliseka umshado, sime ukukhiqiza.
4. Ukuqapha ukulandelwa nezimfuneko sanitary.
5. Hlola indle-epidemiological ukudla esiphethweni.

Abahloli aphoqelelwe ukuhlinzeka ukufinyelela unimpeded ezitolo ukukhiqizwa, emafektri. Ngesicelo yabo amadokhumenti ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana omisiwe izinga izinkomba.

nezithasiselo

Njalo Umdayisi kufanele bathwale umthwalo yezimpahla engaphelele. Phezu ukuthola umshado ngumthengi, ukuhlolwa izinga kwezimpahla Kwenziwa izimali komphakeli siqu. Kodwa lo mthetho usebenza kuphela ngalesi sikhathi sewaranti esungulwe ngumthetho noma inkontileka.

Uma umenzi ayinayo sewaranti, umdayisi usetha umnqamulajuqu izinsuku ezingu-14 kusukela osukwini othenge. Umthengi unelungelo ukumangalela ngemuva kokuphela isikhathi, kodwa ngeke kubhekwe enkantolo. Examination Kwenziwa ezinsukwini ezingu-20 kusukela ngosuku kulethwa isicelo.

Isimangalo umthengi kumele ucacise ulwazi olugcwele mayelana izizathu ukuthi utshelwa ukufaka isimangalo. Examination wenziwa uma yokulahlekelwa amangalelwe izakhiwo umkhiqizo ngalesi sikhathi sewaranti, ephikisana nomkhiqizi izinga umkhiqizo. Umdayisi ubophekile ukuba afeze ucwaningo ngaphansi ukulaya uhulumeni emizimbeni zokulawula nezinkantolo.