History of the ukutholakala amadivayisi ebabaza. I kokukhulisa kudivayisi

kahle Wazi kanjani amadivayisi yokusondeza? 5 ekilasini esikoleni esiphakeme - Ngalesi sikhathi, uma siqala ukuhlangana nabo. Ngezinye izifundo izingane zifunde nemithetho eyisisekelo kudivayisi yabo futhi Abadali. Ingabe ufuna ukuze bajulise ulwazi lwabo wabo? Noma mhlawumbe ngabe ukulungiselela isifundo "Magnifiers" (Libanga 5)? Kunoma ikuphi, sinokuthile ukukutshela.

lens lasendulo

Umlando yokutholakala kokukhulisa iqala esikhathini eside esadlulako. Saze safika lens enkulu Plano-convex - omunye omdala. Ubukhulu bayo - 55 mm ubude ebalulekile - mayelana 150 mm. It senziwa rock crystal ngoba 2,5 ayizinkulungwane. BC. e. Yena wathola e 1890 lapho bemba Schliemann kaTroy. Cishe 600-400 iminyaka. BC. e. Saqala ukukhiqiza ingilazi lens. Batholwe uSarigoni (lokhu eMesophothamiya). ESweden, kabili lens ububanzi 5 cm watholakala ngo-1877, iyona ayizindunduma nhlangothi zombili. Libhekisela unyaka ka-500 BC. e. Ungaya futhi ku uhlu lens endala, okuyinto abacwaningi baye bathola. Umlando kokutholakala kokukhulisa has amaqiniso amaningi. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, mayelana nokuthi bakuphatha kanjani kwakuyizinto ezazisetshenziswa kwa lezo zinsuku, saphuma bayaqagela.

Umnikelo Roger Bacon

Izazi Modern bajwayelane incazelo olunzulu lens eyenziwe Roger Bacon, indela ye-oda Franciscan (iminyaka yokuphila -. 1214-1294 GG). Wayethweswe iziqu wase-Oxford University futhi waduma njengomuntu sazi abavelele isazi. Lens, ngokomsebenzi wakhe, wasebenzisa ukuba sandise isithombe. Ukuhumusha isiqeshana imisebenzi kusho ukuthi Bacon wakwazi kahle ukuchaza isenzo lens, eyasebenza njengodonga reverse Telephoto lens (kuba incazelo okubonakalayo eyodwa ingxenye ipayipi).

Inani uGalileo Galilei

History of the ukutholakala sokudumisa amadivayisi kakhulu ukukholelwa ngaphandle igama lomuntu. Cishe 300 iminyaka ngemva kokufa Bacon, uGalileo Galilei, isazi sesayensi esidumile wase-Italy, wadala tube efanayo. Kwakungekhona ezintathu, futhi ezimbili ingxenye. Cishe ngokuthi "bukisisa" a isibonakude kuyinto ngesibonakhulu. Kukholakala ukuthi ukweleta ukubukeka kwayo kuya eGalile. UGalileo kwaphoqa kwesibonakude lokuhlolwa futhi wabona ukuthi izinto ezincane kanje kungaba ukwanda okuhle. D. Viviani uqinisekisa ukuthi microscope yasungulwa ngo uGalileo. Viviani, ngasendleleni, wabhala umlando usosayensi wase-Italy.

Umcimbi kubalulekile indaba yezinto kokukhulisa ukutholakala waklonyeliswa e 1625. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho Faber, ilungu Roman Academy, owaqamba igama elithi "isibonakhulu" maqondana kokusungulwa eyenziwe uGalileo.

Sidale Drebel futhi Alkmar, ukuthuthukiswa Torah uHooke

Umlando kokutholakala kwe-microscope aqhubeke esebenza futhi K. Drebelya Alkmara. Lezi ososayensi Dutch baye bakha idivayisi elalakhiwe lens amabili convex. Nge lesi sithombe into, okwakubekelwa kubhekwe ngaphansi kwakhe, ke wethulwe esiphendula esibhekisa phansi. Lokhu microscope kwakwakhe, eyayintula isibili noma Plano eyepiece kanye lens we-lenticular wangakwesokunxele kubhekwa eyandulela kwakwakhe nangezibonakhulu kamuva isikhathi (omunye wabo lapha ngenzansi esitfombeni).

Torah Italian emhlabeni 1660 ekhiqizwa eyindilinga ingilazi ye eqandisiwe ingilazi amathonsi. Umlando kokutholakala kwe-microscope kakhulu ukukholelwa ngaphandle lelo gama, kusukela ngo-isikhulisi Italian khulisa izinto ezivunyelwe nengxenye eziphindwe kazinkulungwane.

Ingabe ukhuluma ngento elinye igama - Robert Guk? Lokhu usosayensi waseBrithani edlale indima enkulu ekutholakaleni amadivayisi ebabaza. Robert Guk ngcono kangangokuthi uye waba esinye sezenzakalo eziphawulekayo kunazo emlandweni yokukhanya kubo. Isikimu uHooke isibonakhulu isithombe okuboniswe ngezansi.

Ngenxa yalesi okusunguliwe, e 1665, Robert wakwazi ukubona cell yokuqala ku esigabeni se-plug. Ngakho, kutindlela letibalulekile lobuchwepheshe ukuthola isayensi ezifana biology. amadivaysi Magnifying sathuthuka Leeuwenhoek. Futhi ngako.

Leeuwenhoek namandla akhe

neqhaza elikhulu emlandweni we kokukhulisa owethulwa A. V Levenguk, a umDashi owayehlala emzini like Delft. Iminyaka yokuhamba kwakhe - 1632-1723 GG. Yena ngokuzimela yakhelwe futhi lalisetshenziswa abantu izifundo elula isibonakhulu (omunye onobuhle alamathuluzi aboniswe ngezansi) ukuthi kungenziwa lenyuke kuze kube izikhathi ezingamakhulu amathathu.

It Leeuwenhoek kwaba incazelo yokuqala eziphilayo ezincane (kuhlanganise ama-bacterium unicellular), ngokusekelwe imibono yabo. Ngo 1698, Peter mina, Russian Tsar, wavakashela wamazwe odumile. UPetru wayengagunci, ngaleso sikhathi e-Netherlands futhi babe nesithakazelo konke entsha eyaziwa. Ukuze Kunstkammer yakhe, zivula Petersburg, yathenga nangezibonakhulu eziningana eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi elula. Futhi kamuva kakhulu, emva kuvulwa Academy of Sciences, bona babekwa anawo inhlangano ngesikhathi.

Imisebenzi ososayensi isiRashiya ababevela Academy of Sciences

Isifundo "Magnifiers" kufanele futhi ufake indaba impumelelo abameleli yokukhanya wezwe lakithi. ososayensi Ukuthembisa Russian omsebenzi wakhe eholwa MV Lomonosov, zaqala ukusetshenziswa ocwaningweni begazi uthenge ngu-Peter mina microscopes. Khona-ke wathatha ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ngcono zabo.

Ukuvula kokukhulisa waqhubeka 1747. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho Euler, ilungu Academy of Sciences of Petersburg (iminyaka yokuphila -. 1707-1783 GG), ezihlongozwayo ukusetshenziswa ngesibonakhulu lens achromatic. Umsebenzi eyisisekelo yaleli usosayensi emkhakheni yokukhanya yejeyomethri - "Dioptrics". Siqukethe imiqulu emithathu, okuyinto yashicilelwa 1769-1771 GG. Microscope entsha achromatic, wadedelwa ngo-1802, ngemva msebenzi wakhe wanyatheliswa Elinusa (futhi ilungu Academy of Sciences of St Petersburg).

ngesibonakhulu okunjalo ngaleso sikhathi wayephelele ngokwezinga ukuthi izazi zesayensi azikuqondi ngisho avumele ukucabanga ukuthi zingathuthukiswa. Ukutholakala kwaleli qiniso okwasusa esinamathambo ngesikhathi. I kokukhulisa kudivayisi Elinusa kwaba kanje. Alungiselelwa abanamalensi eziyisithupha, kungenzeka ukuba ukwandisa ushintsho ibanga ngokushelela washintsha esuka into esithombeni. Kuyinto ezweni wethu wazalwa, futhi phathelana qiniso obalulekile umqondo yesayensi isibonakhulu achromatic nge kokukhulisa onhlobonhlobo. Nokho, leli cebo ngoba izenzakalo ungabanjwa. Nokho, Shintsha ukwandisa idivayisi isiqondiso emgqonyeni obuphelele, kwaba iphuzu elibalulekile ukuthi wenze umnikelo obalulekile emlandweni ukuthuthukiswa amadivayisi we-optical. Today omunye nangezibonakhulu wadala Elinusom, kuyabonakala the Polytechnic Museum e Moscow, elingelakwaJuda Institute of History, Isayensi nobuchwepheshe. Isithombe esingezansi sibonisa amadivaysi yokusondeza okuqondene ngekhulu le-18.

Ukuthuthukiswa obengeziwe nangezibonakhulu

I. G. Tideman, a udokotela wamehlo German kusukela emzini Stuttgart, ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 kwaqala ngoba ukudalwa isibonakhulu ezimbili achromatic. Dorpat University (manje isisezweni Tartu igama) wamnika imali yokwenza umsebenzi. Ngo 1808 eyakhishwa yilezi zikhali.

Ngo 1807, unyaka ngaphambi kokudalwa microscope achromatic, Van Dale udokotela wamehlo Dutch, enyathelisa incwadi yakhe. Kwakuyisikhathi incazelo womklamo microscope achromatic, adalwe kuye. mlando zaseNtshonalanga European bakholelwa ukuthi insimbi yokuqala enjalo izinga elamukelekayo sidaliwe yilo isibonakhulu nososayensi. Nokho, kuyinto ezicini zonke kunabayeni ukwakha Elinusom. By the way, nangezibonakhulu achromatic J. Fraunhofer, ekhishwe 1811, kukhona ngisho design ngaphezulu abangaphelele, uma eziqhathanisa nangezibonakhulu Elinusa.

nangezibonakhulu Russian ngekhulu le-19

Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19, amadivayisi yokusondeza kakade kukhiqizwa ezindaweni eziningi emhlabeni. ERussia, umkhiqizo wabo Nokho kwaqala ekhulwini le-18, ingasekho ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19. Kuyaziwa ukuthi emhlabeni 1820 kahle eliphezulu nangezibonakhulu kukhicite workshop for yokukhiqiza of yokukhanya okwaziwayo e-University of Kazan. Nokho, namanje akambonanga ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha we umkhakha eRussia, njengoba uhulumeni langaleso sikhathi babekholelwa ukuthi ukhetho best ukuthenga kumadivayisi yokusondeza phesheya.

Iminikelo yokukhanya namandla Giambattista Amici

Amichi Dzhambattista (iminyaka yokuphila -. 1786-1863 GG) - edumile Italian usosayensi udokotela wamehlo, sezinkanyezi futhi sezitshalo. Eminyakeni eminingi yokuphila kwakhe wayehumusha ekuthuthukiseni microscopy. Ngo 1827 Amici yena yakhelwe futhi wenza lens achromatic, eyayintula i beso of 0.60 futhi wayephazamisekile ukulungiswa ezinhle. Lokhu usosayensi esifanayo ngo-1844 baqala ukuzwa ekusebenziseni immersions aqueous namafutha. Siyabonga kubo, wethulwa lens nge beso kwamanani 1.30 futhi emanzini.

nangezibonakhulu Abbe

Amadivayisi ngamafutha ukucwiliswa nge beso of 1.50 (ezisetshenziswa kube yilolu suku) uqalwe ngomsebenzi Ernst Abbe, a yokukhanya German. Nguye owasungula izinto umthetho sine, by okwakubekelwa ikhoma iqedwe ebonwe Amasimu encane komugqa. E. Abbe baqhubeka ukuthuthukisa inkolelo-mbono ye-kokukhulisa imaging. Yena elicwengwé udaba bese ukuxazulula amandla lezi amadivaysi. Abbe wayengumholi isebenza ukwakha uchungechunge izinga okusezingeni isibonakhulu achromatic. Bafika beso kwamanani 1.50. Lezi zinsimbi ziye akhishwe yiNkampani Jena "UKarl Zeiss" (1872). Inkampani efanayo ngaphansi kobuholi E. Abbe wenza 8 apo. Futhi ngo-1888, izisebenzi zayo ziye zasungula apo, eyayintula i beso of 1.60 futhi kwadingeka ukucwiliswa monobromnaftalinovuyu.

ngempumelelo zakamuva ku yokukhanya

ososayensi Russian D. S. Rozhdestvensky futhi L. I. Mandelshtam Ernst bahlakulele theory emibhalweni yakhe. Kuvele sokunconywa ebalulekile UKhisimusi wawungasho ukuthi wethula umqondo yokukhanya kuqhathaniswa incoherent. R. Richter, "UKarl Zeiss" umsebenzi wenkampani, isungule futhi wathola igunya lokwenza a ukukhanyisa idivayisi ekhethekile esetshenziswa microscope. Nokho, kule nkinga usuku okuphuthumayo ongakhetha isilinganiso elilungile lens nezilandiso kanye ukukhanyisa izinhlelo. nangezibonakhulu Domestic namuhla kuyefana nokuthi bakhona lapha kwi design lobuchwepheshe kanye nemingcele optical zedivayisi, adalwe izinkampani adumile phesheya.

Ngakho, siye wafingqa umlando umsuka nangezibonakhulu yesimanje. Ukuthuthukisa sifundo "Magnifiers" (isigaba 5), ungasebenzisa ulwazi olunikeziwe esihlokweni.