I dialectic ka uSocrates njengoba ubuciko inkhulumomphendvulwano yokudala. izakhi ababamele. I mpendulwano of Socrates

Wonke umuntu okungenani kanye empilweni yami wezwa USocrates. Lokhu sefilosofi esingumGreki kwesokunxele nokuncane elikhanyayo emlandweni Greece hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi wonke wefilosofi. Ikakhulukazi ezithakazelisayo ekutadisheni dialectic ka USocrates njengoba ubuciko inkhulumomphendvulwano yokudala. Le ndlela kwaba yisisekelo zonke izimfundiso isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki lasendulo. Isihloko sethu Sizokwenza uSocrates izimfundiso zakhe yaba isisekelo sezinguqulo ukuqhubeka nefilosofi njengoba isayensi.

USocrates: futhi ungungqondongqondo esingenandaba

Mayelana sefilosofi elikhulu wathi eziningi zobuntu bakhe ekuthuthukiseni wefilosofi Psychology sashiwo ngaphezu kwesikhathi esisodwa. USocrates Phenomenon kubhekwe ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, futhi indaba yokuphila kwakhe usezuze imininingwane amazing. Ukuze siqonde lokho okushiwo inkulumo ethi "izingadi dialectic" futhi kungani USocrates wayecabanga ukuthi kuphela indlela ukwazi iqiniso futhi ukuza ubuhle, kumelwe wazi kancane ngokuphila wesazi sefilosofi yamaGreki asendulo.

USocrates wazalwa lesihlanu BC leminyaka emndenini umqophi kanye nombelethisi. Njengoba efeni likayise, ngomthetho, ayenakho ukuze uthole umfowabo omdala wesazi sefilosofi, kusukela zisencane Akaphindanga ukuthambekela ekuqongeleleni ezibonakalayo, futhi esebenzise yonke ngesikhathi sakhe sokuphumula self-imfundo. USocrates ine omuhle kakhulu amakhono oratorical, ukwazi ukufunda nokubhala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wafunda yobuciko futhi yaya izinkulumo zefilosofi, amaSophist, ukuthuthukisa ukubusa komuntu "Mina" kuzo zonke izimiso nemithetho.

Naphezu yokuphila ome njengeqanda ka abampofu basemadolobheni, uSocrates ashada futhi waba nezingane eziningana futhi wayaziwa njengomuntu ophansi isosha abanesibindi ababa nesandla ku Peloponnesian War. Empilweni yakhe yonke sefilosofi akuwenzanga Attica ngisho ukuthi ukuphila kwazo ngalé kwemingcele yayo.

USocrates edelelekile ingcebo futhi njalo baya bengafaké zicathulo zibe izingubo kakade kahle ukugqokwa. Akazange amane abashiye ngemuva iyiphi imisebenzi yesayensi noma imisebenzi, njengoba isazi sefilosofi wayekholelwa ukuthi ulwazi angeke afundiswe futhi atshale umuntu. Umphefumulo kuyadingeka ukuze ibenze ekufuneni iqiniso, futhi ukwenza lokhu njengendlela mpikiswano kanye inkhulumomphendvulwano eyakhayo kuyindlela engcono. USocrates ngokuvamile usolwa ngokunukubeza ukuguquguquka yezimfundiso zakhe, kodwa wayehlale ukulungele ukujoyina le ngxoxo uzwe ukubukwa abaphikisi. Okuxakayo nje-ke, ekugcineni kwahlaluka ukuthi indlela engcono lokukholisa. Cishe wonke umuntu okungenani kanye wezwa uSocrates, wambiza ohlakaniphileyo.

Ukufa wesazi sefilosofi omkhulu isimanga kakhulu ongokomfanekiso, sekuwumkhuba ukunweba engokwemvelo ekuphileni nasezimfundisweni zakhe. Ngemva ukumangalelwa ngokuthi uSocrates khohlakala nasezingqondweni zabantu abasha nge onkulunkulu bamanga omusha akuzona onkulunkulu Athens, isazi sefilosofi icala lakhe lathethwa khona. Kodwa akazange ulinde leso sinqumo futhi kwesigwebo, futhi isigwebo ehlongozwayo ngu kwemukelwa ushevu. Ukufa kulokhu, ummangalelwa wawubhekwa njengophawu ukukhululwa kuyize yasemhlabeni. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abangane bakhe ahlinzekwa yokutakula sefilosofi ejele, le ndoda yenqaba stoically afela khona emva Ukwamukelwa izingxenye ushevu. Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, endebeni kwaba ngumhlonyane.

A imivimbo embalwa Kwesimo komlando USocrates

Iqiniso lokuthi isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki khona ubuntu okungavamile, kungashiwo aluphelanga ngemva incazelo zokuphila kwakhe. Kodwa kuthintwa elichaza USocrates elikhanyayo ikakhulukazi:

• ngaso sonke isikhathi wazigcina isesimeni esihle ngokomzimba, ukwenza ezihlukahlukene izivivinyo futhi wacabanga ukuthi lena indlela engcono kakhulu empilweni kwengqondo;
• sefilosofi abanamathela zesistimu ezithile zokudla ayifakiwe ngokweqile, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ukunikeza umzimba wonke okusemqoka (mlando zikholelwa ukuthi yilokhu wamsindisa umqedazwe ngesikhathi Peloponnesian War);
• Wakhuluma kabi imithombo ebhalwe - abayikho, ngokuvumelana uSocrates, buthaka engqondweni;
• Athene Wayehlale ekulungele sezingxoxo, futhi befuna ulwazi akwazi ukuhamba amakhilomitha amaningi, ucela zo ayibonwa.

Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu le-nesishiyagalolunye, ngesikhathi ukuthuthukiswa eliphakeme of kwengqondo, abaningi baye bazama njani uSocrates imisebenzi yakhe ngokombono ubuntu predispositions. Kodwa abelaphi kungukuthi wavuma, futhi ukwehluleka kwabo bona kusolwa inani okungenani ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa mayelana "nesineke."

Njengoba esisitholile izimfundiso USocrates

Ifilosofi uSocrates - the dialectic - kwaba ngesisekelo amafilosofi amaningi nelayelo. Yena uye wakwazi laba isisekelo segama izazi zanamuhla futhi izimbongi, ngemva kokufa uSocrates, abalandeli bakhe bayaqhubeka besebenzela uthisha, ukwakha izikole ezintsha kanye nokuguqula amasu eyaziwa kakade. Ubulukhuni bezibona sokufundisa USocrates 'iyona engekho imisebenzi yakhe. Siyazi ngefilosofi yamaGreki asendulo ngokusebenzisa uPlato, u-Aristotle, futhi uXenophon. Ngamunye wabo kubhekwa ngodumo ukubhala Tindzaba eziningana phezu uSocrates izimfundiso zakhe. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ifinyelele izikhathi zethu incazelo enemininingwane, ungakhohlwa ukuthi umlobi ngamunye kuletha cazelo yokuqala isimo sakhe sengqondo futhi touch of luhlangotsi. Kulula ukubona ngokuqhathanisa imibhalo kaPlato no uXenophon. Zihluke ngokuphelele ukuchaza uSocrates yena nemisebenzi yakhe. Ngo eziningi izikhathi ukhiye abalobi ngokuyinhloko ungavumelani ukuthi iyehlisa ukuthembeka imisebenzi eziqukethwe ulwazi lwabo.

Philosophy of uSocrates: ekuqaleni

dialectic Antique ka uSocrates baba umkhuba omusha ngokuphelele futhi fresh esungulwe amasiko namafilosofi eGrisi lasendulo. Ezinye izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuvela uhlamvu ezifana USocrates kungokwemvelo futhi kulindeleke. Ngokusho imithetho ezithile zomkhathi lapho uhlamvu ngayinye ivela ngesikhathi lapho idingeka kakhulu. Phela, akukho ukunyakaza eyodwa zenkolo azizange zingabaze kuphakama aphume ndawo futhi uya ndawo. Kunjengomuntu yawela emhlabathini evundile lapho ziqhume bese ukuthela izithelo. zokuchaza okunjalo kungaba kwenziwe nge yonke impumelelo yezesayensi nasezinzuzweni ezisunguliwe, njengoba zivela ezibaluleke kakhulu ngesintu iphuzu kwezinye izimo isinyathelo esinqala sokushintsha umlando okwalandela impucuko iyonke.

I Kungashiwo okufanayo mayelana USocrates. Ekhulwini lesihlanu BC, ubuciko nesayensi lakhula ngokushesha. Ilokhu kukhona ukunyakaza entsha zefilosofi, kweso uthola abalandeli. E-Athene, kwaba zithandwa nokuqhuba imincintiswano ye ubugagu noma inkhulumomphendvulwano on isihloko esiphuthumayo of interest wonke inqubomgomo. Ngakho-ke akumangalisi ukuthi dialectic ka USocrates kwavela nenqwaba yabantu. Izazi-mlando zithi, ngokuvumelana imibhalo kaPlato, uSocrates wenza ukufundisa kwakhe njengoba udweshu phakathi ifilosofi ezidumile amaSophist, Preti ukwazi ukuqonda Athens bomdabu.

Umsuka wegama dialectic of Socrates

dialectics subjective USocrates ephambene ngokuphelele ekufundiseni amaSophist we predominance womuntu "Mina" kuwo wonke umphakathi. Lo mbono yayidumile kakhulu Attica futhi kakhulu akhiwa zefilosofi. Zazithi ubuntu awugcini yinoma yimuphi imithetho, yonke wezenzo zawo zisekelwe izifiso kanye namakhono. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ifilosofi isikhathi kwaba ebhekiwe ngokuphelele ucinge izimfihlo yonke futhi ngokuyisisekelo saphezulu. Ososayensi baye ligcwaliswe ngobugagu, ukuxoxa ekudalweni kwezwe, bamfuna ngangokunokwenzeka benamandla abantu balingane, nawonkulunkulu. AmaSophist babekholelwa ukuthi Ukungena ku izimfihlakalo ephakeme lesintu ukunikeza amandla amakhulu futhi kwenze kube yingxenye okuthile okungavamile. Ngisho esimweni sayo samanje, umuntu imahhala futhi kungenziwa asekelwe ezenzweni zayo kuphela ezidingweni zabo esicashile.

USocrates waba ngowokuqala bheka wahosha zefilosofi kumuntu. Wakwazi ukuhambisa endaweni nesithakazelo laphezulu siqu futhi elula. Ukumazi indoda iba indlela efanele ukuphumelelisa ulwazi nobuhle, okuyinto uSocrates ukubeka ezingeni elifanayo. Wayekholelwa ukuthi izimfihlo yonke kumelwe bahlale izithakazelo zaphezulu, kodwa indoda kumelwe siqale sifunde emhlabeni ngokusebenzisa yena. Futhi kwaba ukumbeka ilungu umphakathi esinomusa, ngoba ulwazi kuphela kuzosiza ukuhlukanisa okuhle nokumbi namanga iqiniso.

Yokuziphatha kanye dialectic ka USocrates kafushane mayelana main

Imibono eziyisisekelo uSocrates zazisekelwe amagugu obuntu elula. Wayenomuzwa wokuthi kwakudingeka ngobumnene bacindezela izingane zakhe ukuba zifune iqiniso. Emva kwalokhu sigaba umsebenzi oyinhloko wefilosofi. Lesi sitatimende futhi umfanekiso wanoma isayensi njengephuzu endleleni engapheli kwaba mkhuba ngokuphelele fresh phakathi zo yaseGrisi yasendulo. Isazi sefilosofi yena azi- uhlobo "Umbelethisi", okuyinto by ukuxhaphaza elula ikuvumela ukuba azalwe abe indlela entsha ngokuphelele ukucabanga nokwahlulela. USocrates akazange aphike ukuthi umuntu womuntu zinethuba lokuthuthuka, kodwa wagomela ukuthi ulwazi olwengeziwe futhi bawuqonde kangcono ngokwalo kufanele kuholele emithethweni ezithile zokuziphatha kanye nohlaka kuphenduke iqoqo kwemazinga ekutiphatsa.

Lokho ifilosofi USocrates ihola endleleni ucwaningo, lapho kutholakala into entsha ngalinye kanye nolwazi oludingekayo waphinda kuholele imibuzo. Kodwa kuphela kungalendlela unikeze kokuthola izimfanelo obonakaliswe ulwazi. Isazi sefilosofi wathi yini ukuthi ukwazi umonakalo ezinhle, abantu ngeke benze okubi. Ngakho ukuzibeka esimweni Uhlaka, ozokusiza ukuba khona emphakathini, bamlethela inzuzo. izimiso zokuhle bangamathe nolimi kusuka self, zingabantu, ngokuvumelana nezimfundiso uSocrates, landela nomunye.

Kodwa ulwazi lweqiniso futhi ukuzalwa kwaso kuphela Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba ukucabangela enezici tesifundvo. I mpendulwano ka uSocrates ngesihloko lesitsite iyithuluzi ukuthola iqiniso, ngoba kuphela ingxabano, lapho abaphikisi ngamunye uveza umbono waKhe, singakwazi ukubona kuzalwa ulwazi. Dialectics kudinga ingxoxo ukuze ziqiniseke iqiniso eliphelele, yonke imibono evezwayo uthola counterargument, futhi ngakho-ke uyaqhubeka ukufeza ultimate umgomo - ukuthola ulwazi.

Izimiso dialectics

izakhi ababamele dialectic USocrates ulula. Wasebenzisa kukho konke ukuphila kwabo, futhi ngabo wayisola iqiniso abafundi bakhe nabalandeli. Abakwazi kanje:

1. "Yazi uzithanda wena '

Lokhu ibinzana kwaba yisisekelo ifilosofi USocrates. Wayekholelwa ukuthi kwakudingekile ukuba siqale-ke zonke survey, ngoba ulwazi oluthuthukayo lomhlaba itholakala kuphela kuNkulunkulu, kodwa indoda umiselwa nesimo esihlukile - kumelwe zifune ukwazi bona namakhono abo. Isazi sefilosofi babekholelwa ukuthi ezingeni self-ulwazi lomphakathi ngamunye kuncike isiko nasezimisweni zokuziphatha sonke isizwe.

2. "Ngiyazi ukuthi mina angazi lutho"

Lomgomo ngokuyisisekelo wakhetha USocrates phakathi kwezinye izazi zefilosofi nalabo zo. Ngamunye wabo othi umzimba eliphakeme lolwazi futhi ngaleso sizathu angaphendula bazibiza ohlakaniphile. USocrates ubethungatha ngendlela akukwazi ukuqedelwa priori. Imingcele ukwazi lomuntu zingasuswa ngaphandle infinity, ngakho nokuqondisisa entsha ulwazi iba nje isinyathelo endleleni eya imibuzo emisha nokuseshwa.

Ngokumangalisayo, ngisho nasegumbini Delphic wacabanga uSocrates ukuhlakanipha. Kukhona nganekwane othi osezwile ngalokho, isazi sefilosofi wamangala kakhulu futhi wanquma ukuthola isizathu a izici ezithophayo ezinjalo. Ngenxa yalokho, ekhulume eziningi Attica waqaphela njengoba abantu uhlakaniphe ngempela, futhi yafika esiphethweni esivumelana owamangaza abantu: wabonwa njengoba ohlakaniphile, ngoba ayifuni ukuziqhayisa kolwazi lwabo. "Ngiyazi ukuthi mina angazi lutho" - lokhu ukuhlakanipha eliphakeme, njengoba ulwazi ngokuphelele itholakala kuphela kuNkulunkulu futhi ayikwazi ezanikezwa umuntu.

3. "Ubuhle - ukuthi ulwazi"

Lo mbono nzima kakhulu ukufunda emibuthanweni yomphakathi, kodwa USocrates angakwazi phikisana izimiso zabo zefilosofi. Wagomela ukuthi wonke umuntu ulwela ukwenza kuphela lokho inhliziyo ufuna ke. Futhi kuphela ufuna enhle futhi emangalisayo, ngakho ukuqonda ubuhle, okuyinto enhle kakhulu, kuholela ukuqaphela njalo lo mbono.

Singasho ukuthi ngamunye izitatimende ezingenhla of uSocrates zingancishiswa imikhomo ezintathu:

• ukuzazi;
• isizotha zefilosofi;
• ngokunqoba ulwazi nobuhle.

I dialectic ka uSocrates lalimelele ukuhamba ukwazi ukuqonda futhi sifinyelele lo mqondo. Ezimweni eziningi, umgomo oyinhloko uhlala kuyivelakancane, futhi umbuzo - umbuzo evulekile.

Indlela yokucabanga

Dialectics, adalwe isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki, kuhlanganisa indlela ukuthatha indlela ukuzazi futhi athole iqiniso. It has a amathuluzi ezimbalwa eziyisisekelo, okuyinto kuze kube yilolu suku ziye zasetshenziswa ngempumelelo by zefilosofi imisinga ezahlukene:

1. indida

Ngaphandle ikhono ukuzihleka akunakwenzeka ukuza kuvisisa umqondo. Phela, ngokuvumelana uSocrates, sagomela ukuzethemba ngokunemba kuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa yokucabanga futhi eshiya kungabi nakungabaza. Ngokusekelwe indlela uSocrates, uPlato wagomela ukuthi lokhu ifilosofi kuvela ukumangala. It uyakwazi ukwenza kokungabaza umuntu, futhi intuthuko ngaleyo ndlela eningi endleleni yokuzibona ukutholakala. I dialectic ka uSocrates isicelo izingxoxo abavamile ne izakhamuzi zase-Athene, kwakuvame yokuthi ngisho unethemba kakhulu nolwazi lwabo lwezinkanyezi ababezinikele amaGreki baqala ukuzwa ukuphoxwa yena efanayo. Kungashiwo ukuthi lesi sici indlela USocrates nsé Isimiso sesibili we dialectic.

2. maieutics

Maieutics ingashiwo isinyathelo yokugcina Okuxakayo ukuthi lapho ngamunye yakha iqiniso futhi lisondela kuya iqondakale. Ngo umkhuba kubukeka kanje:

• abantu balahle khukhumala zabo;
• bamangala futhi kusidumaze ukungazi yakhe nobuwula;
• eza ukuqonda isidingo sokufuna iqiniso;
• It unqamula impendulo indlela eya imibuzo ebuzwe ukuncishiswa;
• Impendulo ngasinye esisha kuphakamisa umbuzo olandelayo;
• emva uchungechunge lwemibuzo (futhi abaningi babo ingachazwa inkhulumomphendvulwano kanye nokuzinakekela thina uqobo) nomazisi iqiniso yabo izalwe.

USocrates wagomela ukuthi ifilosofi - ke kuyinto eqhubekayo ezingeke nje ujike ngenani static. Kulokhu kungenzeka ukubikezela "ukufa" wesazi sefilosofi, okufanelekile nakulokho uqhosha.

Maieutics kuyinto nolimi kusukela inkhulumomphendvulwano. Bakghona eze ulwazi, futhi USocrates ozakwethu bakhe nabalandeli ukufuna iqiniso ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ukuze wenze lokhu, imibuzo ngokulinganayo nezibalulekile futhi kwabanye, futhi yena. Kwezinye izimo, kuba umbuzo okufanele uzibuze wona uwukuthi abe ezibucayi futhi kuholela ulwazi.

3. Induction

Isici esiphawulekayo mpendulwano yokucabanga ukuthi iqiniso ongenakuwufinyelela. Kuyinto inhloso, kodwa ifilosofi ngokwawo afihlekile ukunyakaza maqondana lo mgomo. Isifiso ukuthola futhi kukhona dialectic e ukubonakaliswa ngqo okuningi ngayo. Ukuqonda, ngokuvumelana USocrates - lokhu akulona nokwenziwa iqiniso, like ukudla, kodwa kuphela kwencazelo izinto ezidingekayo futhi indlela eya kuso. Esikhathini esizayo, umuntu ilindele kuphela phambili, okuyinto akufanele kumisiwe.

Dialectics: izigaba yentuthuko

I dialectic ka uSocrates waba ngowokuqala futhi, omunye angase athi, isinyathelo yemvelo ekuthuthukeni kwezimakethe ifilosofi entsha. Kuvele ngekhulu lesihlanu BC futhi kamuva baqhubeka ukuthuthukisa ngentshiseko. izigaba zomlando we dialectic ka USocrates ezinye izazi zefilosofi kukhawulwe mlando ezinkulu ezintathu, kodwa empeleni emelelwa uhlu more xaka:

• nefilosofi lasendulo;
• nefilosofi medieval;
• nefilosofi Renaissance;
• nefilosofi Modern;
• nefilosofi German classical;
• nefilosofi kaMarx;
• nefilosofi Russian;
• nefilosofi Western yesimanje.

Lolu hlu ubufakazi obucacile ukuthi kule ndawo lakhiwa kulo lonke izigaba zomlando okuyinto abantu lidlulile. Yiqiniso, akuzona zonke enye yazo dialectic ka USocrates wathola umfutho omkhulu ukuthuthukiswa, kodwa ifilosofi yesimanje exhumanisa nalo eziningi magama kanye namatemu eziye zavela ukufa okuningi kamuva wesazi sefilosofi yamaGreki asendulo.

isiphetho

USocrates umnikelo ukuthuthukiswa wefilosofi yesimanje nesayensi ibalulekile. He qamba indlela entsha yesayensi ukufunisisa iqiniso futhi amandla womuntu yaphenduka yena, samenza waba nethuba ukufunda zonke izici zakhe "Mina" futhi ukuqinisekisa ukwethembeka ethi: ". Ngiyazi ukuthi mina angazi lutho"