Analogue penicillin. Imithi elwa namagciwane penicillin akuzange kusize iqembu: izinkomba, yokusetshenziswa

Penicillin analogue Uvule amathuba amasha odokotela ekwelapheni izifo ezithathelwanayo. Ziyakwazi ukumelana kuya enzyme amagciwane athile kanye endaweni enobudlova isisu, kufanele ayinayo imiphumela eminingi engemihle.

mayelana penicillin

Penicillins - kuba le antibiotic esidala kunazo zonke ezaziwayo. akhawunti Bona ezilwaneni eziningi, kodwa ezinye zazo elahlekile ukuqondana abo ngenxa ukumelana. I-bacterium ayakwazi ukujwayela babe buthuntu lapho isenzo le mithi. Lokhu kwenza ososayensi ukudala izinhlobo ezintsha isikhunta, penicillin akuzange kusize analogue banezimfanelo izakhiwo ezintsha.

Penicillins ube ubuthi ongaphakeme emzimbeni, ngempela kabanzi futhi kuyinto inkomba ezinhle umphumela amagciwane, kodwa komzimba kubo zivamile okuningi kuka odokotela ungathanda. Lokhu kungenxa uhlobo organic kwama-antibiotic. Enye izimfanelo ezimbi Lingase lihlanganise nobunzima hlanganisa them nezinye izidakamizwa, ikakhulukazi nge class efanayo.

indaba

Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala encwadini nge-penicillin akuzange zenzeka ngo-1963, encwadini mayelana Native American imithi indoda. Babesebenzisa nenye isikhunta e ukwenza umuthi. Ngokokuqala ngqá emhlabeni ukukhanyiselwa yakwazi ukuthola Aleksandru Flemingu, kodwa lena kwakungeyona ngenhloso, kodwa ngengozi, njengazo zonke okutholakele okukhulu.

Ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe II le microbiologists British abasebenza endabeni yokwelashwa ezimbonini eziningi kudingeka. Inkinga efanayo ixazululwe ngokulinganisa kanye e-United States. Kusukela leli phuzu-penicillin akuzange kwaba izidakamizwa ezivamile. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, sezihlonziwe futhi kuhlelwe umqondo omunye iqembu kwamaphilisi, iziphi kancane kancane balikhipha bafaka yesikhulumi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, angenziwa uqale ukuvela amelana izidakamizwa, okuyinto nzima ekwelapheni yizifo eziyingozi.

Umgomo we isinyathelo elwa namagciwane

I webhaktheriya cell udonga Ukwakheka kuhlanganisa into okuthiwa peptidoglycan. Penicillin iqembu kwamaphilisi kuthinte zamagama amaprotheni, ezivimbela ukwakheka enzyme kunesidingo. Lesi silwanyana sifa ngenxa ukungakwazi ubuyekeze odongeni cell.

Nokho, ezinye amagciwane bafunda ukumelana le ayehlasela ngesihluku. Bakha beta-lactamase, okuyinto ibulala uketshezi ezithinta peptidoglycan. Ukuze sibhekane nale isithiyo, ososayensi kwadingeka ukudala i-penicillin analogue ukuthi zingaphazamisa i-beta-lactamase, futhi.

Ubungozi ukuze abantu

Ekuqaleni le inkathi yemithi elwa namagciwane, ososayensi bacabanga ziba kanjani enobuthi emzimbeni womuntu, ngoba cishe zonke metry eziphilayo siqukethe amaprotheni. Kodwa ngemva kokuchitha inani elanele ucwaningo luye lwathola ukuthi peptidoglycan emizimbeni yethu kuncane, futhi ngenxa yalokho, zibangele noma iyiphi umonakalo omkhulu izidakamizwa bengayi.

Nomkhakha we isinyathelo

Cishe zonke izinhlobo penicillins isinyathelo amagciwane igramu-HIV uhlobo lwe Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium idiphtheria kanye lwegciwane isifo. Futhi, spectrum wabo womsebenzi kuhlanganisa wonke amagciwane igramu-negative, gonococci futhi meningococci, anaerobic izinduku ngisho isikhunta ezithile (isib Actinomyces).

Ososayensi usungula izinhlobo ezintsha nge-penicillin akuzange, ukuzama ukuvimbela amagciwane ukujwayelana izakhiwo zabo amagciwane, kodwa for ekwelapheni izifo nosocomial , leli qembu izidakamizwa ayisekho efanelekayo. Omunye izici ezingezinhle yalolu hlobo kwamaphilisi - bacterium overgrowth, njengoba emathunjini womuntu is ababengaphansi kwemibuso yakwamanye amazwe ama-bacterium ahlukanisa ebucayi ne-penicillin. Lena Kuhle ukukhumbula nini ukuthatha imithi.

Izinhlobo ezinkulu (ngezigaba)

ososayensi Modern ukunikela penicillins yesimanje division zibe izigaba ezine:

1. Yemvelo, okuyinto kuhlelwe umqondo ngu isikhunta. Lezi zihlanganisa benzilpenitsilliny futhi odokotela bamazinyo. Le mithi kufanele spectrum emincane umsebenzi, ikakhulukazi ngokumelene amagciwane Gram-HIV.
2. amalungiselelo Semisynthetic kokuba ukumelana penicillinases. Zisetshenziswa ukwelapha spectrum ebanzi Amagciwane. Abamele methicillin, oxacillin, nafcillin.
3. Karboksipenitsilliny (karbpenitsillin).
4. izidakamizwa iqembu ezining yezenzo:
   - ureidopenitsilliny;
   - amidopenitsilliny.

ifomu biosynthetic

Ngokwesibonelo akuholele ezinye ethandwa kakhulu okwamanje kwemithi ehambelana iqembu. Iningi cishe kusukela pennitsilinov ezidumile kungenziwa kubhekwe "Bitsillin-3" futhi "5-Bitsillin". Baye bathola iqoqo kwamaphilisi zemvelo futhi bebelokhu umholi esigabeni sayo, ongakabi uvele amafomu neliphelele kunalelo izidakamizwa elwa namagciwane.

1. "Ekstentsillin". Iziyalezo yokusetshenziswa uthi kuba-antibiotic beta-lactam isenzo enwetshiwe. Izinkomba ukusetshenziswa kwabo kukhona acute izifo rheumatism futhi izifo ezibangwa treponema (ugcunsula, yaws futhi pint). Itholakala powder. "Ekstentsillin" imfundo manual alikukhuthazi inhlanganisela ne-non-steroidal izidakamizwa eqeda ukuvuvukala (ama-NSAID), njengoba kungenzeka nokuxhumana ukuncintisana. Lokhu kungase zibulale kusebenta ukwelashwa.
2. "Penicillin-Fau" libhekisela eqenjini i-penicillin. Isetshenziselwa ukwelapha izifo ezithathelwanayo of eliphezulu ipheshana zokuphefumula, isikhumba kanye nolwelwesi lwamafinyila, isipatsholo, ugcunsula, ngqi. Isetshenziselwa njengoba isilinganiso izifo ngemva kokuhlinzwa, ukuze silondoloze rheumatism ukuthethelelwa, chorea ezincane, endocarditis virus.
3. Ama-antibiotic "ingxibongo" kuyinto analog we Ukulungiselela esandulele. It iza ngesimo amaphilisi noma granules. Hhayi watusa kuhlanganiswe ama-NSAID kanye nezindlela zokuvimbela ukukhulelwa ngomlomo. Ngokuvamile asetshenziswa ukwelapha izifo zezingane.

ifomu semisynthetic

Leli qembu izidakamizwa uhlanganisa amakhemikhali Ushintshe imithi elwa namagciwane ethathwe isikhunta.

1. Zezitsha kuqala ohlwini "Amoxicillin". Imiyalelo ukusetshenziswa (intengo - ruble yikhulu) ibonisa ukuthi izidakamizwa has a spectrum ezibanzi umsebenzi futhi isetshenziswa izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane cishe kunoma iyiphi indawo. Inzuzo yayo wukuthi kuba esitebeleni imvelo azibukhali esiswini, futhi ngemva ukumuncwa e emakamu igazi kunakunoma zabanye amalungu aleli qembu. Kodwa musa idealize le "Amoxicillin". Yokusetshenziswa (intengo ezindaweni ezahlukene ingahluka) uxwayisa ngokuthi izidakamizwa akufanele ebekiwe iziguli mononucleosis, komzimba kanye nabesifazane abakhulelwe. ukusetshenziswa isikhathi eside esizayo kungenye engenakwenzeka ngenxa imali enkulu ohlangothini ukusabela.
2. Oxacillin sodium usawoti inikezwa lapho amabhaktheriya ukukhiqiza penicillinase. Umuthi acid, lingase lithathwe ngomlomo, it is kahle ugxile emathunjini. Ubizwa ngokushesha excreted ngu izinso, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuba njalo ukugcina emakamu oyifunayo egazini. Okuwukuphela contraindication - ukusabela nomzimba. It ikhiqizwa ngesimo amaphilisi noma izitsha eziyisikhombisa njengoba liquid umjovo.
3. Ummeleli wokugcina penicillins semisynthetic - kuyinto ampicillin trihydrate. Yokusetshenziswa (amaphilisi) lubonisa ukuthi unesikhathi spectrum ebanzi isinyathelo, ezithinta kokubili igremu-negative futhi igremu-HIV amagciwane. Ingabe ibekezelelwe kahle iziguli, kodwa ngokuqaphela kufanele sinikezwe labo abayobe zithatha anticoagulants (isib, abantu abanale nkinga yokungadli kahle kohlelo zenhliziyo), njengoba izidakamizwa potentiates wesenzo.

kuphela

Penicillins zidayiswa Pharmacy njengendlela powder for umjovo. Ngakho-ke, kwezokuphatha emthanjeni noma esicutshini, kumele ziyoncibilika uketshezi. Endaweni yasekhaya lingasetshenziswa amanzi distilled ngoba umjovo, isotonic isixazululo sodium chloride noma amaphesenti amabili-novocaine. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi uketshezi kumele zingabi nomusa kakhulu.

Izimpawu, contraindications futhi side effects

I izinkomba ukuze bayothola ukwelashwa ngemithi elwa namagciwane kukhona izifo: lobar nenyumoniya lobular, empyema, sepsis futhi septicemia, endocarditis webhaktheriya, meningitis, osteomyelitis. Ngo isenzo ukuwa namathansela webhaktheriya, idiphtheria, scarlet fever, i-anthrax, isipatsholo, ugcunsula, izifo ubovu isikhumba.

Izimo ekwelapheni iqembu penicillin akuzange kusize kancane. Okokuqala, khona hypersensitivity emuthini nemikhiqizo yalo. Okwesibili, ukuze uqiniswe sitholakele isifo sokuwa, okuyinto eyenza kungenzeki ukuziyisa ukwethula izidakamizwa ku ikholomu umgogodla. Kepha nokukhulelwa kanye lactation, kulesi simo inzuzo elindelekile kufanele kakhulu idlule izingozi ezingase zibe khona, ngoba isithiyo esinomhlapho kuyinto permeable ukuba penicillins. Ngesikhathi yokwamukela, umuthi ingane okwesikhashana komunye indlela yokudla, kusukela izidakamizwa engena ubisi.

Imiphumela engemihle kungenzeka emazingeni eziningana.

CNS side effects kungaba isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, ukucasuka, meningismus, Ukudlikizela ngisho equlekile. komzimba ziyabonakala njengoba Izilonda, imfiva, ubuhlungu bamalunga nokuvuvukala. Kube khona izindaba ukushaqeka anaphylactic nokufa. Ngenxa kungenzeka isinyathelo amagciwane candidiasis lwesitho sangasese sowesifazane kanye temlomo na dysbacteriosis.

izici ukusetshenziswa

Okumele kuqashelwe kumele inikezwe iziguli hepatic kahle futhi umsebenzi kwezinso lapho efakwe yokumelwa yinhliziyo. Akubalulekile ukuncoma ukusetshenziswa abantu abanemizimba komzimba, kanye labo babe ukuzwela kuqiniswa ukuze cephalosporins.

Uma izinsuku ezinhlanu ngemuva kokuqala ukwelashwa akukho ushintsho isimo lesiguli ongafikanga, analogue ke penicillin okufanele isetshenziswe noma esikhundleni imithi elwa namagciwane iqembu. Kanyekanye aphoyintimenti, isibonelo, izidakamizwa "Bitsillin-3", udinga ukuba banakekele nokuvinjelwa superinfection fungal. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ukubhala antifungals.

Udinga incazelo ukuchazela isiguli ukuthi ukuthatha imithi ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka imbangela ngenxa ayinika ukumelana nezilwanyana ezincane. Futhi ukuyinqoba kudingeka izidakamizwa ezinamandla kakhudlwana ezibangela ezinzima engemihle.

Penicillin analogue babé esisemqoka imithi yesimanje. Nakuba kuba iqembu bokuqala evulekile kwamaphilisi, namanje uhlala efanele ukwelapha meningitis, isipatsholo nogcunsula, has a spectrum ngokwanele ezibanzi yesenzo nobumnene side effects, ngakho-ke ingasetshenziswa izingane. Yiqiniso, njengoba nanoma imithi, e penicillins babe contraindications emibi, kodwa kulinganiswe namathuba okuba akusebenzise.