Gerald Ford: izinqubomgomo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle (kafushane), biography, izithombe

Ukutadisha umlando USA, yimuphi umfundi unake uzophawula ukuthi okungenani ucwaningo likaMengameli we Gerald Ford. Kodwa ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, kulokhu emphilweni amandla anamandla bekulokhu mhlawumbe ebanga usizi kunazo zonke.

Izimpawu isikhawu ngaphansi kukaMengameli Forde

Empeleni, ukwanda kobugebengu kanye bomnotho anda kwaphinde kwaba nokungezwani kwezigodi emphakathini. Ukwandiswa isibalo sabantu sokulahlekelwa ithemba e neziphathimandla futhi yadumaza emphakathini American. I Vietnam War futhi waphela, elidumile uhulumeni wase-US, eshubisa isimo.

Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, uMongameli Ford wakwazi, sibonga umlingisi ezolile futhi olinganiselayo, ukubuyisela ukuthembela kwabantu kule iHhovisi likaMengameli kanye nokuqinisa ithemba lekusasa elingcono. Phakathi likaMengameli yakhe, ngo-1975, waba indiza ngokuhlanganyela Soviet-American zohlelo "Soyuz-Apollo" nge docking mkhathi. Ukulungiselela lomcimbi waqala ngaphansi Nixon. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo e-United States agubha iminyaka engu-200th we Declaration American of Independence.

Noma kunjalo, kwaba akwanele ukukhulisa isithunzi Republican Party, kubukela i-Watergate, okuyinto kuvinjelwe Gerald Ford ukuthi abe ngumengameli ukuba athathe ihlandla lesibili.

Gerald Ford: A Biography kwenkathi esakhula

Gerald Rudolph Ford, uMongameli wamashumi amathathu nesishiyagalombili ka-United States, owakhonza kusuka 1973 kuya ku-1976, wazalelwa Julayi 14, 1913. Lokhu senzakalo senzeka Omaha, Nebraska. Umfana okuthiwa Leslie Lynch King. Ngemva kwesikhashana umndeni behlukana. Umama ikhanda ikusasa Office Okusaqanda, uDorothy King washada okwesibili. Manje kwase kuyindodana okhethiweyo abadayisi Gerald Rudolph Ford, odabuka wakubo Grand Springs. Ngakho, Leslie Lynch King, kanye waphenduka, sibonga ongamzali, e Gerald Rudolph Ford.

Ngiseyingane, uGerald esincane sasikanye isithunywa, e sabaphathi kwenhlangano, wafika phezulu futhi uthole isikhundla eliphakeme, Eagle Scout. Lesi sikole lebhola ingane bese insizwa kwaba noma esilingana nesakhe. Ukudlala ibhola, akazange adikile esikhathini yokutadisha e-University of Michigan.

Ngemva kokuthola iziqu ngo the Mater alma ngo-1935, le nsizwa baqhubeka imfundo yakhe baseYale University School of Law. iziqu - 1941.

Biography Gerald Ford ngaphambi kokufika inqubomgomo enkulu

Ngemva entry US ku neMpi Yezwe II, uGerald Ford wafika izifundo ezikhethekile, lapho njengothisha ofundisa lempi ukulungiselela amasosha.

Ngo-1943, Ford uMfundisi umsebenzi usuphelile, futhi isesikhathini 1946 inkonzo baqhubeka umkhumbi othwala izindiza "Monterey." Lokhu umkhumbi, kuyilapho elwandle eliKhulu iPacific, uye wahlanganyela eziningana imisebenzi yalwa amaJapane Imperial Navy.

Coming in isitokwe, uGerald Ford esebuyela emzini wakubo ka-Palm Srings, lapho ngaqala ukusebenza njengodokotela wezifo zomthetho. Khona-ke wanquma ukuthi ngeke zenziwe ezombusazwe.

Ukubamba iqhaza ekuphileni zezombusazwe yezwe esikhathini ngaphambi kokufika e-Office Okusaqanda

Ngifike 1948. candidacy Ford sika eliphakanyiswe Republican Party e-House of Abamele US Congress. Nge-ke ukunqoba kulolukhetho futhi waqala umsebenzi wakhe kwezombangazwe. Ford yayisiboshwe kaningi akhethwe kuleyo ndawo iminyaka eminingi, kuze 1973.

Wayehlezi House of Abamele, isazi sezombusazwe ehilelekile uphenyo kokubulawa kwemilingo uMongameli Kennedy ngo-1963. Warren Commission behileleke nakwezamabhizinisi, futhi Ford kwaba ilungu layo asebenzayo. Nokho, azithele ngabandayo ekhethekile, lo msebenzi akuzange, ngoba imiphumela yophenyo, imiphumela kubika emagunyeni yiKhomishana US yomphakathi, kuze kube manje ngaphansi ukugxeka.

Ukuze ukuphelela, izici Ford-sezombusazwe uthe yena wazi ngokwazi babemelene kwengxabano YaseVietnam yi-United States, kwaba umsekeli nomngani kaMengameli Nixon.

Ukufinyelela isiqongo amandla

Ngo-1973, ngenxa kungamanyala intela, waphoqwa ukuthi ashiye isikhundla sakhe uSpiro Agnew, ngaleso sikhathi owayese iphini likamengameli. Ukusebenzisa isichibiyelo ngokomthethosisekelo efanele, uMongameli Nixon esimisiwe owalandela Gerald Ford sika Agnew.

Ngemva konyaka waphula elidumile scandal Watergate, Nixon ezisengozini kuthathelwe izinyathelo. Lokhu kwaholela ekubeni umhlalaphansi singakashayi isikhathi yokuzithandela White House. Ngakho, ngaphandle kokhetho kanye congresses, umsekeli kaMongameli walelibandla Gerald Ford, ngokuvumelana nomthetho-sisekelo, waba umengameli US ngokusemthethweni ngokuthatha okuthunyelwe ngo-1974, 9 Agasti. Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka indaba yethu kungafaneleka ukuba sikufanekise. Ngakho, jwayelana: Gerald Ford (ngezansi).

inqubomgomo angaphandle

Ngokuphathelene nale ndawo yomsebenzi, kungashiwo wagomela ukuthi uMongameli Gerald Ford zashiya izibazi emlandweni wamazwe omhlaba. Ukuqhubeka inqubomgomo détente kuqalile nguMengameli wangembili Nixon, Ford evakashele lapha eSoviet Union, waqhubeka eqalwe ku-1971 kulesetayelekile elala eChina yobuKhomanisi, kuqede YaseVietnam.

Nokho, kwakukhona zikhathi ezimbi. Ngakho, ngokudlula Congress, nanjengoba kuqondiswe ilowo uMongameli Ford olwenziwa operation ekhethekile Cambodia. Ababoshwe by yempi Cambodian emkhunjini ukuhweba nezisebenzi zawo-39 amatilosi wabuyela ekhaya alimale, kodwa wabulala Asemanzini (abantu 41), iqhunyiswe kusukela emoyeni edolobheni Cambodian ka Sihanoukville. Ngo-1975, futhi ekusithekeni Congress, Ford ogunyaziwe ukusiza amabutho emelene nohulumeni ngesikhathi civil Impi yase-Angola. Kwangaphandle Inqubomgomo Gerald Ford, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kwadingeka izindawo ezimbili ezibalulekile ezidinga ukunakekelwa okukhethekile. It - détente ne-Vietnam. Ngokulandelayo, ake sixoxe ngokuningiliziwe ngalokhu.

Ukubohlisa kwaphinde kwaba nokungezwani kwezigodi

Ngo-1975, uMongameli Ford wavakashela e-USSR, lapho Vladivostok wahlangana uNobhala Jikelele we-CPSU Central Committee Brezhnevym L. I. zidingidwa kulesi umhlangano futhi isimo ubudlelwane phakathi USSR - United States, kanye nezindaba zamazwe ngamazwe, futhi izindlela zokunciphisa usongo jikelele impi yenuzi. Ngaphakathi inkinga lokugcina ixazululwe imibuzo ka umkhawukho wesikhathi izingalo okuhlaselayo zamasu.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo Ford wasayina Helsinki Evumelana on Security Nokubambisana.

Nokho, naphezu kwalo mkhakha-Democrats congressmen yokulwisana imizamo kamongameli. Sashaya i-Jackson-Vanik ukuchitshiyelwa isivumelwano ku ukuhweba phakathi eU.SSR ne-United States of 1972, abopha ukugcwaliseka kwalesi inkontileka ukuba isimo nge amalungelo ezakhamuzi eSoviet Union.

Vietnam

Ikhasi ekhethekile emlandweni American US iqhaza YaseVietnam, noma, njengoba lalibizwa kanjalo osopolitiki okuqhubekayo kanye nezintatheli, US Vietnam adventure. Ngaphandle sokugxila zonke izici futhi izimo zalokhu buhlungu US umphakathi umkhankaso, nje ukusho ukuthi iminyaka wokubusa Ford sika kwakuvele kwaziwa ukuthi isizathu ekuqaleni nokubhonywa neNyakatho yeVietnam, nokunye. N. Tonkin sigameko manga elenziwa US bezobunhloli. Cishe emhlabeni wonke ngokokuziphatha noma ngokwezimali asekelwe emzabalazweni emzabalazweni Vietnamese zabantu kutimela kanye kokuhlanganiswa yezwe. Ngo-1975, amabutho we DRV sathathwa ezikhukhula Saigon - inhloko-dolobha weRiphabhulikhi yaseNingizimu Vietnam, kwi isigodlo sikamongameli nawo banner wokunqoba.

BaseMelika bashiye lenxusa yayo kanye Vietnamese, ababengeke bakwazi ukuhlala ezweni abakhululiwe.

Nokho, kokuzibandakanya amabutho US empini imisebenzi iphelile ngaphambili, ngo-1973, lapho kusayinwa umthetho-dweba thula vumelwane Paris.

Umthelela impi emphakathini American sasinamandla kangangokuthi US uyekwa izinsizwa wayesekhothama ungenwa ibutho. It waqala lokhu kabusha namanje ngaphansi kukaMengameli Nixon. I inductee zokugcina umhlalaphansi US Army ngo-1974.

Ngokuvamile, njengoba umphakathi, namandla ngenxa yale mpi thina bamangala t. N. Vietnam syndrome. Okungukuthi, umphakathi kanye nesimo izizathu ngokucophelela akugwema kudonswa empini efanayo. Imiphumela yalokhu isikhathi eside bathonya inqubomgomo angaphandle kwe-US President and Congress.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo waba US bentando izenzo eyaziwa ezinkathini ngaphambi ukudukisa umphakathi obabheka ngayo, kokubili enkundleni ngamazwe kanye Melika.

inqubomgomo yasekhaya

Kule ndawo, inombolo yezenzo kamengameli okubangelwa ukukhula wokunganeliseki izakhamuzi '. Ngakho, ngo-1974, 8 Septhemba, Ford washaya umthetho kuxolelwe eyandulela wakhe kubo bonke, kokubili babé owaziwa, futhi okusele ababanjwa, amacala ngokumelene lizwe, uzibophezele Richard Nixon njengoba umengameli US.

Ngenxa yalokho kashwele, nakuba liyalingana kwezinkambiso ngokomthethosisekelo, umongameli Gerald Ford ungazange athuthukile ubudlelwano Congress. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaba khona iningi ngenxa Democrats.

Ngakho, Congress wenqaba usike imali inhlalakahle. Ford yena phakathi neminyaka yakhe yokubusa, wanithwesa ilungelo likasihlalo lokunqabela izikweleti ezahlukene kuka-50. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, iCongress akazange avumelane umongameli uphakamise futhi. Ford wahlulwa kanye nendaba bazowenza intela. Eqinisweni umengameli wayo kwaba ngoludala, kuyilapho Congress - isikhathi esiningi - the Liberals. Futhi, kuphambene isikhundla White House, izaphulelo unikelwa abahlomulayo ephansi. Ngakho, izinqubomgomo yasekhaya Gerald Ford akakwazanga ukuphumelela kuyimpi engapheli ne Congress.

umnotho

Ngesikhathi ukubusa Gerald Ford ehhovisi kamongameli phakathi nokubusa kwakhe e-United States ungaphakathi komnotho ezijulile: wenzuzo abangasebenzi nelabamemezeli lakhula kancane kancane, ukukhiqiza ziyawohloka. Iziphathimandla baphoqeleka ukuba kakhulu uHulumeni anciphise ukusetshenziswa kwemali. Ngezimali kwemisebenzi yiluphi uhlelo, njengoba ungahlobene nalo muntu e ngandlela-thile izidingo nePentagon, eqinisweni kumisiwe.

Ukuphela umsebenzi zezombusazwe kanye nokunakekela impilo

Naphezu eziningana impumelelo lemizamo yonke imizamo ukuthi bafakela Gerald Ford, inqubomgomo ezifuywayo angaphandle, kafushane ezichazwe kulesi sihloko, Angizange ngiyijabulele udumo ububanzi emphakathini American. Izinyathelo zokunciphisa izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali Kwakuseshwa erhabekileko, kodwa kubangelwa ukunyuka kwezinga abangasebenzi ku-12%, waqala ukwehla enkulu emnothweni US kusukela Yokuwohloka Okukhulu 1929-1933. Ngo-1974, nezitha unomphela Republican - Democrats - iwine ukhetho midterm kuzo zombili izindlu zakwa-Congress. Ukulandela kwavela ithuba ukunqoba kwawo emncintiswaneni kusho iHhovisi likaMengameli. Enye - wamashumi amathathu nesishiyagalolunye - umongameli US ikhandidethi Democratic Party.

Gerald Ford walahlekelwa ngokhetho le wabaholi beqembu imbangi, Dzhimmi Karteru, washiya Office Okusaqanda, futhi isikhathi eside wayesebenza esikhumulweni American Enterprise Institute.

Phakathi nokuhlala kwakhe khona ngaleso okuthunyelwe bephezulu lesakhiwo amandla United States Ford Useke wadlula imizamo amabili ehluleka ukuphila kwakhe. Ukuba sobeshade umongameli, empeleni washiya ezombusazwe.

Ngo-2006, ngo-December 26, uMengameli wase-US Gerald Ford, izinqubomgomo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle okuyinto sebeqalile kakade ukuba kukhohlakale, wafa, eshiya izingane ezine. Futhi-ke, kuyinto trace ngempela appreciable emlandweni.