Genocide - Iyini? Meaning of igama elithi "kohlanga." Lokhu kuqothulwa kohlanga lezizwe emlandweni

Kwesinye isikhathi lokhu eside, okuyinto lonke nomhlaba ophucukile ngokucijile negative, kudidaniswe ezifanayo uhlamvu Ukuvutha yobudlova ebantwini. Kulesi sihloko sizohlola ukuthi kusho eqinisweni, uzinikele ukubonakaliswa zayo ezicacile kakhulu ubukhulu bayo.

definition

Ngakho, ukuqothulwa kohlanga - ubugebengu izimisele ngenhloso ukubhubhisa, ukudelela iqembu ngokugcwele oluthile lwabantu ngesisekelo:

• inkolelo enamandla ukuthi abanye izinhlanga womuntu abuse phezu kwabanye. Imizamo yokuqeda labo ungathandi izici begazi.
• Ukwenqabela inombolo bezizwe, ukuqashelwa kwabo 'eliphansi' futhi "bengafaneleki". Nalapha kuyinto oyingozi, kusekelwe enkolelweni yokuthi "ekilasini lesibili" akufanele kube.
• Ukwenqatshwa ukukhetha inkolo.

Genocide - into ukuthi, ngaphezu ukubhujiswa ngokomzimba oqondile, umkhuba ukudala izimo okungabekezeleleki lapho ukuqhubeka "isitha" akunakwenzeka. Ngokwesibonelo, uma kuziwa enkolweni, umkhuba ukususwa ngenkani kwebantfwana labavela emindenini yabo. Futhi wayekwenza zokuvimbela okwandile akhulelwe nokubeletha kwezinye izimo.

Umlando ukuvela kwegama elithi

Ukuqala ezisemthethweni ukuqashelwa kohlanga sabekwa ekupheleni kwempi yezwe yesibili. Wethula ummeli wakhe Raphael Lemkin, isakhamuzi basePoland ayengumJuda ngokuzalwa. Amalungu nomkhaya wakhe bangoFakazi izisulu Kwesizwe, nokuthi igama elithi "kohlanga" UProfesa Lemkin wafuna ukuchaza ngokugcwele ezinkulukazi zonya inqubomgomo amaNazi abulala abantu abaningi hhayi kuphela esikhathini kusuka 1939 kuya ku-1945, kodwa izenzakalo ezenzeka phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amabili ngaphambi ukuze. Kuyinto mayelana nendlela ngomoya ophansi futhi ngenjongo 1915 wahlatshwa Armenia ezingenakubalwa ngesibusiso yoMbuso WaseTurkey.

Ngu ngokwayo, igama elithi "kohlanga" kusekelwe igama lesiGreki elithi "genos", okusho ukuthi "uhlanga" kanye Latin "tsido", okusho ukuthi "ukubulala".

ukuqashelwa

Ngo asemthethweni izwi uqala ukuvela phakathi eNuremberg Izilingo - kohlanga abantu kufakwe umusho ukuze uchaze ngokugcwele zonke ezinyantisayo amaNazi uzibophezele phakathi nempi. Nokho, lokhu kwakunganele, ukuthi igama elithi sasizwakala.

Ekupheleni kuka-1948, i-UN yokutholwa EMhlanganweni anikezelwe ubugebengu kohlanga. Ngo yakhe ngokugcwele kakhulu ebekwe wonke amalungiselelo amazwe ukuthi sebemukele Convention, kufanele banamathela. Genocide, kungakhathaliseki buyisiphi futhi ukubonakaliswa, kumele uvikelwe futhi bajeziswe kanzima. Okuwukuphela phakathi kwamaqembu abantu engase acindezelwe, yayingekho indawo kulabo bahlanganiswe ukubukwa ezivamile zezombusazwe. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, aluthola kohlanga "omncane" - politicide.

kohlanga-Armenian

Ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli unyaka ngamunye, emhlabeni uyakhumbula abameleli abaningi abantu Armenia ukuthi abaningi baye banqotshwa umbuso yoMbuso WaseTurkey. Genocide Armenia - ubugebengu ezishaqisayo obenziwa esintwini. Kusukela ngo-Ephreli 24 kuya ekupheleni kuka-June ensimini yoMbuso WaseTurkey ukuthi ezibaziweyo okungenani abayizigidi ezingu-1.5 nongqondongqondo base-Armenia. Ngenxa yalokho, akuyena umuntu yomdabu olulodwa asihlali entshonalanga Armenia.

Kuze kokugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, Armenia emhlabeni wonke baye okungenani izigidi ezingu-4 ngokuvumelana izibalo ezisemthethweni kuhlezi kakhulu endaweni yoMbuso wase-Ottoman Empire ngeshwa. Imibono isimo, manje esibizwa Turkey Njengesizwe sasingeke sikubekezelele ngabameli kwabantu abangewona Turkic.

I-Armenian kohlanga - isenzo sokuqala evulekile sonya ukuthi evula umnyango kwabanye kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Waphuma e 2 izigaba:

• Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, kwanqunywa ukuba abhubhise umphakathi kanye bomndeni wabantwana Armenia, kodwa ke ukuhlasela lomphangi babe wendawo. Noma kunjalo, ekupheleni 1896 ngenxa ezathathwa yoMbuso WaseTurkey ezingaphezu kuka-300 eziyinkulungwane Armenia balahlekelwa ukuphila kwabo. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, abaningi kubo ukuba bashiye imizi yabo, bazi ukuthi lokhu kumane nje kuyisiqalo loko.
• Isigaba sesibili saqala ukusebenza kuthi ngokushesha lapho ngifika ngo-1915. Uhulumeni unqume ukuthi kubalulekile ukuba ngithathe izinyathelo ezinqala ukuze kuqedwe abantu base-Armenia. Ngosuku lokuqala "operation zishanela", ngo-April 24, wabulawa Armenia bekumakhulu 8. Esikhathini kusuka May kuya ku-June e yoMbuso WaseTurkey kuqhame ekuhlatshweni engalawuliwe. Imiphumela imi kanje: Kushone 1.5 million abantu, cishe abaningi badingiselwa.

Lokhu kuqothulwa kohlanga-Armenian - lena isizathu esiyinhloko ukuthi namuhla isizwe bahlakazeka emhlabeni wonke, njengoba abantu, lapho ukuphila kwabo kusengozini, wathola ikhaya elisha kude ekhaya - ngubani lapho.

Lokhu kuqothulwa kohlanga yamaJuda. ukuQothulwa Kwesizwe

I ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XIX "athula khona i-" imibono German esekelwe antisemitism ngokobuhlanga okuyinto amaJuda ayakha isebangeni njengoba abathwali izimpawu esingasebenziseki, okuyinto nomthelela ongemuhle lonke lwesintu lulonke. Lokho kwamaJuda ngezizathu zobuhlanga lagxila labo imicabango esasibizwa-Adolf Hitler izilaleli ezinokwazisa futhi ikukhonzile. Ngokushesha nje lapho liqala ukubusa, ngokushesha yaqala ukugcwalisa izithembiso zakhe. Kusukela ngo-1933 abantu bamaJuda beshushiswa, abacindezelekile futhi wabhidliza besahlulelo amaNazi.

Ekupheleni kuka-July 1941 Goering liqinisekisiwe futhi usayine oda ekhethekile, okuyinto yayihloselwe ekugcineni ukuxazulula Umbuzo wamaJuda.

Isinyathelo sokuqala kwakuwukunqoba ekudalweni kwendoda nowesifazane ghetto yamaJuda, lapho baqala ukuthutha, wayencisha impahla kanye namakhaya.

Parallel kule, waqala ukwakhiwa okwandile amakamu okufa, okuyinto design yabo awazange eyenzelwe yokuhlala ngesikhathi esisodwa inani elikhulu kubantu lapho. Empeleni, kwaba elihambayo ethusayo sokufa, lapho benza kabuyelanga.

Ngo-December 1941, ekamu wokuqala waqala imisebenzi yayo - ke waya izitimela engapheli salabo ababephila esikhathini ghetto and futhi wazama ukuba nethemba okungcono.

Phakathi nengxenye yokuqala yeminyaka yawo-1942 ke abulala okungenani 300,000 amaJuda ngaphambili owayengenalusizo abahlala Warsaw. Ezinkulukazi ukubulala umshini kuphela kuragela, futhi ekupheleni Okwesibili kweMpi Yezwe amaJuda ukulahlekelwa zaba abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-6 phakathi lezakhamuzi, kodwa lokhu okucishe - amaNazi zishe wonke umzana, akukho lwazi, akukho bufakazi, ayikho indlela ukuhlonza izisulu.

kohlanga Kurds

kohlanga Kurdish - kuba isenzo sonya phezu ingxenye bakahulumeni wase-Iraq kanye isibusiso umholi walo Saddam Hussein maqondana Kurdish abantu zamaKhosi. Wawuthatha ngezigaba eziningana:

• Isigaba sokuqala waqalwa ngo maphakathi no-1983, lapho wonke amadoda nabafana engaphezu kwengu-15 ubudala zabulawa. Badingiselwa zonke Kurds okwakungokwenkosi besizwe Barzan, lakhishwa endaweni ekamu ukuze singazi ukuthi ziyaphi, akekho ibuyise.
• Isinyathelo kohlelo yesibili kwakunguDodayi ofuze owokuqala kodwa linomkhawulo enkulu lesion. Yileso "Operation Anfal" (Trophy), kwenziwe yibutho Iraq iminyaka engu-2, kusukela 1987. Ayebulewe noma bamisa esele ngale 2 amakhulu ezinkulungwane izizwe wemathando.

Ngokwezinga eligcwele yezinto ezinyantisayo kucaca ngemva kokugumbuqelwa Saddam - futhi wathola amathuna mass nasemakamu okuhlushwa, lapho abantu okungenani 700.000 setiphetsiwe, ukuthi balahlekelwa inkululeko yabo, kodwa wakwazi ukusinda kohlanga Kurds. Wabanikeza Hussein? Umuzwa omnipotence futhi ndaba zalutho, mhlawumbe, kodwa ngemva kokuwa kwalo inqatshelwe ngokushesha. Noma kunjalo, abantu abangaba yisigidi baba ababaleki, zibancishe yokukhosela, ngaphandle efile.

Genocide - kuyinto usongo ngaphandle hhayi kuphela

Izinhlekelele zenzeka phakathi isizwe esisodwa. Hhayi sekudlule le ndebe, neRussia. abaholi Ukulwela negate ukuchuma kulaks waphenduka inhlekelele yesintu.

Eminyakeni engu-30 ngekhulu leminyaka lamashumi amabili, abaphucwa, ngaphandle ihaba, kwaba yefomu njengoba abantu bephanga izinto evulekile nokuhlukumeza. Zonke izingxenye yathuthumela labantu - akekho othisha noma abalimi noma abapristi abakwazanga ukubaleka umunwe ukujezisa kokulingana jikelele. Yini kulokhu kusho kohlanga abantu ayo? Lokhu wayencisha lonke ngokusebenzisa ubunikazi, isixhumanisi, nokuswela nokufa ngaphambi kwesikhathi.