Evolution - ngumkhuba? kwemvelo izici. Ukuvela indoda kanye nomphakathi

Manje, njengoba kule ndawo futhi ebhalwe endaweni engafanele, ukukhuluma ngemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kodwa lokhu - igama elithi yesayensi, futhi ulisebenzise kahle. inkolelo ethandwa kakhulu ngokuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo - kuba intuthuko. Okungukuthi, yilo mkhuba ukuqonda intuthuko enenqubekela phambili lutho ukusuka kokulula kuya kokulukhuni, kusukela okubi kakhulu ukuba okungcono. Ngokuphambene, kukhona ukuvela umqondo wegama elithi "nokucekelwa", okuyinto kwaba nokushiywa kusilayidi lasekuqaleni. Ekuqaleni, leli gama lase lisetshenziselwa maqondana nentuthuko kwezinhlobo. Nokho, manje, nobukhulu bayo ukunwetshwa. Ungakwazi ukuxoxa kwemvelo emphakathini, amalungelo wobuntu kanye neminye imibandela, ebhekisela kancane kancane, kancane yabo kanye ngcono. Kuzoba okungalungile ukuphetha ngokuthi elithi waqamba Charlz Darvin. Eqinisweni, encwadini yakhe ethi "On the Origin of Species," nje izikhathi ezimbalwa wasebenzisa igama elithi "ukuziphendukela kwemvelo", okuyinto wayevamise embryologists. Yini ngempela ukuthini igama elithi "ukuziphendukela kwemvelo"? Asivume.

Umsuka wenkulumo ethi

Empeleni, igama elithi igama lesiLatini elisho "evolutio" lihumusha ngokuthi "ukuthunyelwa." Kungashiwo yini ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo - movement of udaba eziphilayo futhi amandla ngesikhathi. Iqiniso lokuthi yonke yokuphila buyashintsha, ukuqagela ngisho endulo, ama-philosophers laseMilethu School. Ngokwesibonelo, Anaximander babekholelwa kufanele ukuthi izilwane kwakufanele Waterfowl kuqala bese kuphela wenza ichweba. Empedocles futhi ngaphandle isizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi ukusinda nemvelo, kuphela izona ezingcono kakhulu izimo zemvelo yomuntu. Izinkolo ezinkulu zomhlaba ngoba emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka sebeyekile yini ithuba lokuphinde ngisho ngingiza ukuthi izilwane nezitshalo kungaba ziphenduke. Babekholelwa futhi bamtshela nokuthi uNkulunkulu akaboni okudalwe konke ebonakalayo indlela manje. Njengoba uMdali Universe uphelele, akazange abe ukudala izinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane abadinga ukuthuthukiswa. Futhi indoda, u-Adamu, wadala kakade at the stage of homo Sapiens. Eyokuqala izwi nesizotha ukuthi zinhlobo kungaba ziphenduke futhi ukukhiqiza abanye, yezwakala kuphela ekupheleni kwekhulu XVI. Ngo-1751 semvelo French Maupertuis wabhala ukuthi izinto eziphilayo zingaguqulwa ngenxa anqwabelene phezu izizukulwane eziningi ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo. Futhi Erazm Darvin (Umkhulu kaCharles) ukubeka phambili inkolelo yokuthi izilwane ezinegazi elifudumele bavela silwanyana olulodwa.

Ukuvela futhi Embryology

Okokuqala waqala ukukhuluma ngalokhu odokotela mkhuba abatadisha ukuthuthukiswa kokubeletha umbungu. Kwavela ukuthi umbungu inqubo yokukhula kanye ukubunjwa egcina izigaba eziningana. Kusukela iqanda elula elivundisiwe iba ngomumo-to-self-ukuphila umzimba. Futhi kule ukuthuthukiswa umbungu sidlula esigabeni wempilo nge zokuphefumula. Ngokokuqala ngqá walesi term okuchazwe futhi ungachazwa 1762 by S. Bonnet. Lapho isetshenziswa-embryo yoke, kwemvelo - kuyinto eyenzeka kancane kancane, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, inguquko yemvelo komunye isigaba yentuthuko kwenye.

umnikelo kaDarwin

Usosayensi omkhulu waseBrithani kanye semvelo uchazwe kabusha ngaphambili wasebenzisa igama elithi futhi silisebenzise zonke izinto eziphilayo eMhlabeni. Ngempela, uma umbungu ingane esikhathini esithile ukuthuthukiswa has gills ke kungani thina ungacabangi ukuthi idlule phezu nezinyanga zokuqala eziyisishiyagalolunye indlela aya sonke isintu izigidi zeminyaka? Encwadini yakhe ethi "The Origin of Species," Darwin waveza ukuthi izindlela ukuvela izici ezintsha, kanye izakhiwo zenani elikhulu eziyifa kanye kwemigomo umzimba kungaziwa ukuthi kanjani. Usosayensi wazama ukuchaza nabo "Isikhathi pangenesis theory." izimo zemvelo ukudala inkambu ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo. Survive kuphela labo bantu ababephikisa bakwazile avumelane nendawo ezikuyo. Futhi adlulisele ehlukile (entsha) izici zabo wabazukulu, kuyilapho abantu ngeshwa ziyophela. It kuvela ukuthi kwemvelo - kuyinqubo engokwemvelo umkhakha lapho izinto eziphilayo ngokusebenzisa kwemvelo futhi lithathelwe nezifiso ekushintsheni liguquke. Ngakho, usosayensi wahola abantu abasemkhakheni wezesayensi esiphethweni mayelana umsuka indoda kusukela ezilwaneni. Kufanele ukuthi lokhu kuye kwabangela impikiswano eshubile, okuyinto akuzange kuwumise ngisho kwamanje.

Umnikelo Hugo uDe Vries

Lokhu sezitshalo Dutch owayehlala ekuqa- XIX futhi XX eminyaka, yethulwa kuleli inguquko yesayensi, igama elithi "kuguquka." Yena uchazwe kabusha imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kaDarwin kulekelelwa isikhathi yokusebenza yayo zofuzo. umbono wakhe waba isibonelo primrose zasendle Lamarck. Ukube ukuziphendukela kwemvelo bekuyiqiniso kaDarwin - kancane, lesichubekako, ukuqongelela kusuka kwesinye isizukulwane idluliselwe kwesinye ukuthuthukiswa ke Hugo uDe Vries izinguquko zenzeka ngokuphazima kweso, ngenxa ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo "inenzuzo." Lezi kugucuka ukunikeza umfutho ukuze ekwakhekeni kwezinhlobo ezintsha (echaza ukuhlukahluka nemvelo), noma ushintsho kwezinhlobo. Imvelo mbuso ka lezi zinguquko kule eziphilayo sabantu kuye kwavula kuya saltationism theory (kusukela lesiLatin elithi Salto - gxuma). Eminyakeni 20-30 kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, ososayensi baye banqoba igebe phakathi imfundiso kaDarwin yokuziphendukela intuthuko phambili kuvele kushintshe Vries kanye nokuchibiyela abazifezile iziphetho ezisekelwe ufuzo Mendel wadala imfundiso entsha. It lingachazwa ngokuthi synthesis yesimanje kwemvelo.

Ingqikithi nomqondo

Ngakho, singasho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi kwemvelo - ukuthuthukiswa. Kungani siba Igama lesiLatini alisetshenziswa, kumele ukhombe lapho ongathuthukisa khona, ngcono, intuthuko. Le nhlangano yenkolo yokulwela emuva eyinkimbinkimbi kuya elula, "ukusonga" e-Public Relations libizwa nokucekelwa, ukwehla. Ngokuphathelene zilwane, ekuhlehleni enjalo obulalayo ngaye. It kuholela yokuqothulwa yayo. Paleontology uyazi izinkulungwane izibonelo "ukuphela efile" ukuvela emhlabeni. Futhi ngokuphathelene imiphakathi womuntu? Kuyaziwa ukuthi eyaziwa ngaphambili endaweni Yakutia yesimanje kwakukhona empucukweni ephambili Deering Yuryakh. Labo izibonelo ekuhlehleni kungabonakala nasemkhakheni maqondana nomthetho noma ubudlelwane kwezomnotho emphakathini inikezwe. Okuvumelekile inkululeko yokukhuluma noma edelela Imininingwane kwamalungelo wobuntu State okhuluma yokuqothulwa yakhe esicashile.

Yini edingekayo ukuze imiphakathi begazi savela

Nokho, lokho yisandla kwenza eziphilayo liguquke bese udala uhlobo olusha obelungekho? Siyazi zohlobo, isibonelo, ezinye zezinhlanzi eziye ayizange ithuthuke izigidi zeminyaka. Ukuze ngcono wamavukelambuso kwezinhlobo iphutha, kubalulekile ukwethula zezici yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Lena ngokuyinhloko mncintiswano intraspecific, okuholela kwemvelo, futhi drift zofuzo. Uma labantu endaweni evumayo, abantu abaningi bezalwa, kungaba bangaki ukuziphilela esikebheni base, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo behlukene nezinye izilwane ngezinhlobo zazo siqu, genotype babe ucishe okufanayo. Kulesi hlobo asikho isidingo ukuzivumelanisa, liguquke kanye nokuguquguquka. Kodwa uma izimo zemvelo ukushintsha, noma kukhona unentshiseko ukungabi nenzalo, kunesinye umncintiswano phakathi kwabantu - esinye sezizathu izinguquko ukubukeka. Enamandla kakhulu futhi bazivumelanisa kuthathwe ukudla kubafowabo buthaka, futhi sinombono ukubhujiswa kwabo, shiya genotype yabo nenzalo. Umlando womkhaya wokusebenzisa - kungenye kwemvelo isici - usungula ushintsho "okuhle", ukuguquka, njengoba imfanelo zilwane.

Abantu - phezulu ukuthuthukiswa?

kwemvelo, noma ukuvela indoda - kuyinqubo eside futhi engaqondakali ngawo kwakukhona Homo sapiens. Wema phakathi ezinye hominids abangaba yizigidi ezimbili edlule. Kwenzekani uma sifika leso sikhathi e-Afrika, ukuthi abe uhlobo lwenkawu olungavamile bexoshwa ehlathini futhi bathuthele Savannah, ukuze balukhulume ehamba phezu imilenze indluzelekazi, ukwenza amathuluzi, ukuze nginqobe emlilweni? kwemvelo wathatha indlela ehlukile kakhulu ukwedlula ezilwaneni. Uma izinguquko zesimanje ukuzivumelanisa imvelo, abantu baye basungula izindlela ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zezwe ukuze uvumelane nezidingo zabo. On indlela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo wayeyindoda enengqondo futhi "ekupheleni efile" yakhe yentuthuko. Ngokwesibonelo, homo erectus ekugcineni noma Neanderthal.

Ingabe kukhona kwemvelo emphakathini?

Lo mqondo futhi ukhathazekile izingqondo ososayensi. Ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa bathuthuke kanye sesimanje. Kungashiwo yini ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo - kuyinqubo nomphakathi? Ngokuphathelene intuthuko kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe, singasho kugcwale umlomo ukuthi kukhona omunye. Abantu ufunde mayelana nemithetho yaleli zwe. Basuke bangana ubuchwepheshe obusha futhi ukuzisebenzisa ukudala ngezikhali ezingcono. Kodwa isibonelo impucuko akuyona bushelelezi ngakho. Phela, umphakathi - uhlobo vumelekile umzimba. Ingase futhi ishintshe, ziphenduke. Uma livulekele "Implosion entsha zofuzo" - ke uyokwakha. Uma ekhetha indlela self-ehlala kude, sibheke nokucekelwa. kwemvelo Social kusobala hhayi kuphela kwabantu nokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe, kodwa futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwezikhungo umthetho.

Revolution Evolution

Lobu buhlobo uyephuza, enenqubekela phambili futhi spasmodic, okushintshako emphakathini ube zezenhlalo eside nesithakazelo nososayensi zezombusazwe. Ekhuluma kwemvelo emphakathini, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi izinguquko ezinkulu kunazo zenzeka ngenxa ushintsho olukhulu. Ngezinye izikhathi lezi linemibhikisho kukhona kwegazi. Ngenxa yalesi ukuthuthukiswa uhulumeni kumele kube isifiso ukuya kabusha. Uma lesigaba esibusayo omane nje efuna ukuhlekisa baqhoqhobale ngu abacindezela ephikisayo, ukuqhuma social is ngenakugwemeka.