I kuyizinhlayiyana elincane kagesi kokungathathi hlangothi chemical ingxenye: Ukwakheka, isakhiwo, izakhiwo

Kuwo wonke umhlaba, usikhuphule ezinzulwini zomhlaba futhi isikhala yangaphandle, it siqukethe i isibalo esingapheliyo izinto, ngamunye okuyinto impahla. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi lolu daba akumele acekelwe phansi noma adale, kuba okungenamingcele okuphakade. Ukunyakaza ingenye izimfanelo ndaba abazalwa ezihlobene. Lokhu akukhona nje ukuhamba kwezendawo emizimbeni ngokwabo, kodwa futhi ukushintsha uthi abo, izakhiwo, kanye nokunye.

Matter nesimiso salo

Isikhala nesikhathi abhekwa ifomu wokuba kangako. Enye yezinto ezisemqoka lwezici zalo yikhono ziboniswe izingqondo zabantu.

Ngo isayensi namuhla amazinga ndaba nesimiso salo ezilandelayo:

• izinhlayiya aphansi;
• Ama-athomu omoya;
• i-molecule;
• ensimini;
• umzimba macroscopic;
• izinhlelo Geological;
• iplanethi;
• izinkanyezi;
• umthala;
• uhlelo zemithala;
• universes;
• universes ngaphakathi ohlelweni.

Zonke izinhlelo impahla sakhiwa daba ophilayo, okungukuthi eziphilayo ezahlukene okuyinto, ngokungafani abanye, siyakwazi nokuzala. A uhlobo ekwakheni block ngoba le ndaba izinhlansana aphansi. Lokhu kungase kube kuyizinhlayiyana elincane kagesi kokungathathi hlangothi chemical isici ukuthi unesikhathi icala elithile.

izinhlayiya aphansi

Zonke izinhlayiya aphansi, okuyinto evulekile okwamanje, kukhona kunamasonto angaba amakhulu amathathu. Uma kuyizinhlayiyana has icala, lapho kufanele khona i antiparticle. Okungabalulwa le kuyizinhlayiyana elincane kagesi kokungathathi hlangothi chemical isici.

Bonke zihlukaniswe zibe:

• hadrons, kuhileleke nezinye izinkinga okuyinto zonke ekuxhumaneni, bahlukene zibe baryons (nucleons futhi hyperons) kanye mesons;
• leptons ezihilelekile konke ukuhlanganyela ngaphandle eqinile (phakathi lapho kukhona ama-electron, neutrinos futhi muons).

izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya kuphela ezakho iyiphi kula maqembu.

Lesi sigaba senziwa esekelwe nokusebenzisana ayisisekelo, okuyinto banamandla noma babuthakathaka, kagesi kanye adonsela phansi. ukuxhumana Namandla kuyinto kagesi (izikhathi eziyikhulu) nokunye okuningi. Kuthinta ku amafushane kakhulu - 10ˉ¹⁵ amamitha. Yiqiniso, ababuthaka kagesi ingasaphathwa, kodwa sibe sikhulu kunesihlalo okudonsa izikhathi eziningi.

Ukwakheka nokuzinza izakhiwo

Sula imigqa esinomthwalo kuyizinhlayiyana elincane kagesi kokungathathi hlangothi chemical isici nezinye izinhlayiya aphansi, akukho. Ngokwesibonelo, kuyaziwa ukuthi banayo isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ehlanganisa quark okuthiwa.

Uma sicabangela izakhiwo isikhathi, izinhlayiya abonise sabo noma ingazinzi. Phakathi kwabokuqala ukuma izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya, muon futhi electron neutrinos, ama-proton ne-electron futhi antiparticles yabo. Okunye izinhlayiya aphansi kungaba ubole phakathi 10³ ngoba neutrons okuyizinto isimo khulula, ukuze 10ˉ²²-10ˉ²⁴ kulabo yizinhlayiyana okuthiwa ama resonances.

Electron, ama-proton kanye neutrons

izinhlayiya Elementary, okuyizinto ingxenye eziphathekako, ngokuthi ama-electron, ama-proton kanye neutrons.

Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka abe necala esitebeleni engemihle futhi mass 9 * 10ˉ³¹ amakhilogramu. Ziyakwazi leptons, njengoba ezihilelekile konke kodwa ekuxhumaneni eqinile. Proton futhi babe izakhiwo esethembisayo, kodwa mass yabo mkhulu kunezinhliziyo e ku 1836. It baryon kusuka nucleus ye-IKhompyuthaYami ukukhanya we athomu ye-hydrogen. Neutrons njengoba leli gama lisikisela - kuyinto izinhlayiya hlangothi mass ngenhla proton. Iphinde baryons. Ziyakwazi engazinzile futhi ube Ukuphila kweminyaka amaminithi angu-nesithupha. Proton kanye neutrons yakha nuclei zama-athomu.

Ukwakheka athomu

I kuyizinhlayiyana elincane kagesi kokungathathi hlangothi chemical isici ibizwa ngokuthi i-athomu. Ngo isikhungo salo nengaphakathi, okuyinto cishe lonke mass. I-nucleus is kahle icala njengoba has in ngezithako zawo kuphela proton kanye neutrons. Isibalo proton kungenziwa kunqunywa inani element kanye Periodic Table: Inombolo yabo kufana nenombolo ye-serial.

Ukuhambisa ama-electron ezungeza i-nucleus, inani okuyinto kuyafana ukuthi we-proton. Emincane kakhulu kuyizinhlayiyana kagesi kokungathathi hlangothi uyakwazi ngokunikela electron noma, Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukunamathisela kubo. Kuye lokhu athomu Uthola kwenkokhiso noma eyeqile. izakhiwo Chemical ziboniswa kuye isibalo electron okuyinto zingahlelwa kusukela core at amabanga ehlukene bese ukuhambisa omise ezahlukene, ne ngesivinini ezahlukene, amandla.

Wokuhlelwa kwendikimba kokungathathi hlangothi kuyizinhlayiyana aphansi azikwazi imidwebo wazwakalisa. Physicists namuhla ukucabanga athomu njengoba i-nucleus ezisindayo electron ezungeza ifu okuqinile. Kuyinto engenakwenzeka ukunquma indawo electron, njengoba akukho imishini ezifanele, kodwa futhi ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi abonise kokubili izakhiwo wave.

Ngenxa quantum Mechanics, kwakutholakala ukuthi engathathi hlangothi izinhlayiya ngamunye kagesi aphansi lingafika amaqembu amaningana electron okuyinto ukudala igobolondo electronic eyindilinga, inombolo enkulu okuyinto eziyisikhombisa.

Ukuvula ezingeni ngokujulile, electron Likhipha ikhasi lesikhwama sasekhaya - i-albhamu yezithombe. electron ngamunye, phakathi kwezinye izinto, iyakunqanda kuma-axis awo. Impahla liye labizwa ngokuthi "spin." Kukholakala ukuthi lokhu isilinganiso kuyinto njalo, angeke nganoma iyiphi indlela ushintsho.

iqoqo ama-athomu

Kanjani kagesi kuyizinhlayiyana kokungathathi hlangothi sifundwa ngosizo bohlu. I-athomu likhipha noma zimuncwe ukukhanya imigqa. Lokhu kungenzeka ngoba amandla esithatha amagugu leyehlukene elihambisana uthi atomic izinguquko quantum ukuhwebelana.

A sebuningini zama-athomu kokuba okukodwa ekubeni isici zamakhemikhali. Namuhla-ke eyaziwayo 107, futhi 19 ekuqaleni etholwe ngemishini, bese kuphela ukuvula ngokwemvelo.

Cores kokuba isisindo esindayo, kukhona engazinzile, ngakho americium elandelayo izakhi zamakhemikhali etholwe kuphela ukusabela zenuzi.

Lapho omunye kuyizinhlayiyana kuyinto kagesi kokungathathi hlangothi chemical isici exhunywe kwi nezinye (kuma-athomu e ngesikhathi esifanayo kungaba Inani kuze kube anamabini amawaka), akha i-molecule okuyinto luncane kuyizinhlayiyana unesimo zonke yawo yamakhemikhali izakhiwo. Kodwa lokho isihloko ngoba esinye isihloko.