Izinto Pure: izibonelo. Ukulungiselela izidakamizwa okumsulwa

Manje ukuphila kwethu konke is ngokoqobo eyakhelwe umsebenzi kwamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene. Thina umoya equkethe sebuningini amagesi ezahlukene. Okuphuma kuyinto carbon dioxide, okuyinto ke kusetshenzwe izitshalo. Thina baphuze amanzi noma ubisi, okuyinto inhlanganisela amanzi nezinye izingxenye (amafutha, amaminerali, amaprotheni, njll).

Banal apula - iqoqo amakhemikhali eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuthi nihlanganyele kanye umzimba. Njengoba nje into ingena esiswini yethu, izinto eziqukethwe umkhiqizo, siye amuncwa umzimba, uqale uxhumane juice esiswini. Njalo into eyodwa: indoda, libe zemifino, isilwane - iqoqo izinhlayiya kanye izinto. Lesi sakamuva zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene: izinto okumsulwa kanye Izingxube. Kulesi sihloko siyowuqonda yini izinto zihlanzekile futhi okuyinto ihlukaniswa njengoba Izingxube. Cabangela izindlela ekwehlukaniseni Izingxube. Futhi sibheke izibonelo zalokho okwenzekayo izinto okumsulwa.

izinto ezihlanzekile

Ngakho, kwamakhemikhali izinto ezihlanzekile - labo izinto njalo aqukethe kuphela uhlobo eyodwa nezinhlayiya. Futhi lokhu impahla lokuqala ezibalulekile. izidakamizwa Pure amanzi, isib, esakhiwa kuphela lamanzi molecule (ngamanye amazwi, izinhloso zayo). Njengoba kungezona lezo okumsulwa njalo has a Ukwakheka njalo. Ngakho, i-molecule yamanzi ngasinye siqukethe ama-athomu amabili e-hydrogen kanye eyodwa yomoya-mpilo-athomu.

I izakhiwo izinto okumsulwa, ngokungafani Izingxube uhlamvu unomphela futhi ukubukeka ushintsho lapho amanyela. amanzi distilled kuphela has a abilayo futhi Guinea amathumba ezingeni lokushisa eliphakeme. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi iyiphi into emsulwa akuyona ngokuphelele esicacile, ngoba ngisho aluminium okumsulwa ine lengcolile nobe ukwakheka, nakuba has a share of 0,001%. I umbuzo ophakamayo, indlela ukuthola mass lomcebo okumsulwa? Ifomula ekubaleni simi ngale ndlela: - m (mass) efana okumsulwa = W (okuhlushwa) acwebileyo izidakamizwa ingxube * / 100%.

Kukhona uhlobo izinto okumsulwa izinto ezifana nahlanza kakhulu (ultra-okumsulwa, ephezulu ubumsulwa). izinto ezinjalo ezisetshenziswa emsebenzini wokukhiqiza Semiconductors ezihlukahlukene sokulinganisa kanye ne-computing amadivayisi, amandla enuzi kanye nezinye izindima abaningi abangochwepheshe.

Izibonelo izinto okumsulwa

Siye sathola ukuthi into emsulwa ukuthi iqukethe izinto elilodwa zilwane. Isibonelo esihle into emsulwa singasebenza njengesisekelo esiqinile sokufinyelela iqhwa. Eqinisweni amanzi afanayo, kodwa ngokungafani kuya ukuthi yamanzi sihlangana nsuku zonke, amanzi ihlanzeke kakhulu futhi akusho aqukethe ukungcola. Diamond futhi into emsulwa ngoba iqukethe kuphela carbon ngaphandle amanyela. Kuyasebenza nasezingxoxweni rock crystal. Nsukuzonke sibhekene angesinye isibonelo impahla okumsulwa - elicwengisiswe ushukela, equkethe sucrose eyodwa kuphela.

Izingxube

Sesikubonile kakade izibonelo izinto okumsulwa kanye izinto okumsulwa, manje udlulela kwesinye isigaba izinto - Izingxube. Ingxube - ephuma lapho kuhlanganiswa izinto eziningana axutshwa nomunye. Sibhekene nezinga le amamiksi njalo, ngisho nasekhaya. Kungokufanayo itiye noma insipho isixazululo inhlanganisela ukuthi sisebenzisa nsuku zonke. Izingxube kungadalwa ngumuntu, futhi kungase kube zemvelo. Ziyakwazi okuqinile, uketshezi kanye nesimo gaseous. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, itiye efanayo inhlanganisela amanzi, ushukela kanye itiye. Lesi isibonelo ingxube adalwe indoda. Ubisi inhlanganisela yemvelo, njengoba kubonakala, ngaphandle kokuqondiswa umuntu e inqubo yentuthuko kanye iqukethe izingxenye eziningi ezahlukene.

A ingxube indoda-cishe njalo eside nokuyingozi zemvelo bedle ukushisa baqala iba yingxenye yomhlabathi ku izinhlayiya ngabanye (ubisi, isibonelo, iyakunqanda omuncu ezinsukwini ezimbalwa). Izingxube nazo ihlukaniswe heterogeneous futhi eyohlobo. Izingxube heterogeneous kukhona heterogeneous, futhi izingxenye zazo ebonakalayo ngokubona okubonakala ngeso lenyama kanye ngesibonakhulu. Izingxube ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi ukumiswa, okuyizinto ithuba ehlukaniswa ukumiswa (ketshezi okuqinile kanye ketshezi isimo uketshezi) kanye emulsion (kuhlanganiswa izinto ezimbili esimweni liquid). Ingxube eyohlobo eyohlobo, futhi izingxenye zazo ngabanye ayikwazi kubhekwe. Basuke okubhekiselwa kuzo nangokuthi izixazululo (izinto kungaba gaseous, liquid noma isimo okuqinile).

Izici Izingxube futhi izinto okumsulwa

Ukuze kube lula, inokwaziswa in ifomu tabular.

Izindlela ukuthola izinto okumsulwa

Emvelweni, kukhona izinto eziningi ngesimo Izingxube. Zisetshenziswa kwemithi ukukhiqizwa yezimboni.

Ukuze izinto okumsulwa izindlela ezehlukene ngokuhlukana. Ingxube heterogeneous lihlukaniswe by sokuxazulula futhi filtration. Izingxube homogeneous ezihlukaniswe ukuhwamuka kanye ziphuzo zazihluzwa. Cabanga indlela ngayinye ngokwehlukana.

sokuxazulula

Le ndlela isetshenziswa ekwehlukaniseni ukumiswa, ezifana ingxube emfuleni isihlabathi ngamanzi. Isimiso esikhulu lapho kusekelwe inqubo sedimentation, umehluko e nokuminyanisa zezinto uhlukaniswe. Ngokwesibonelo, unesimo namanzi kanzima. Ngimaphi ngoyisiwula kusinda kunakho ngamanzi acwebileyo? Lokhu isihlabathi, isibonelo, okuyinto esenziwa isisindo salo uzoqala ezizika phansi. Ngokufanayo ahlukene emulsions ezahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, amanzi kungenziwa uhlukane uwoyela zemifino noma uwoyela. Lezi izinto enqubeni ngokwahlukana akha ifilimu encane amanzi phezu. Ngaphansi kwezimo zelabhorathri, inqubo efanayo Kwenziwa usebenzisa uphondo separatory. Le ndlela Izingxube uhlukanisa usebenza emvelweni (ngaphandle ukubandakanyeka womuntu). Ngokwesibonelo, sebethule umule futhi abheme zibonisane ukhilimu ubisi.

zokuhlunga

Le ndlela kufanelekile ukuthola izinto okumsulwa kusukela Izingxube heterogeneous, isibonelo Izingxube amanzi ngosawoti ezivamile. Ngakho indlela gqwa imisebenzi e ihlukane ingxube izinhlayiya? Iphuzu eliyinhloko ukuthi izinto kukhona amazinga ehlukene solubility kanye nosayizi nezinhlayiya.

Lemifanekiso yakhelwe kangangokuba lungakwazi idlule kuphela izinhlayiya efanayo noma solubility of usayizi ofanayo ukuthi kungenziwa kweqiwe. izinhlayiya lungafanelekile Okukhulu nezinye lwadlulela ngokusebenzisa lemifanekiso zizohlungwa. Indima lemifanekiso ungadlala hhayi kuphela kumadivayisi ezikhethekile kanye nezixazululo ngaphakathi laboratory, kodwa futhi zonke izinto ajwayelekile, ezifana uvolo, amalahle, ubumba calcined, ingilazi sicindezelwe nezinye izinto ukungena nakwamanye amazwe. Okuhlungayo kuyakhiwa ngalo empilweni yangempela kuvamile kakhulu kunalokho ongase ukucabange.

Ngokwalesi simiso usebenzela sonke ajwayelekile cleaner wezindlu, ohlukanisa izinhlayiya enkulu uthuli ngobuqili udonsa encane, angakwazi ukuqeda indlela. Uma ugula, bese ubeka ngebhandeshi gauze, okungase ukuhlunga amagciwane. Abasebenzi kabani umsebenzi lihlotshaniswa ukusabalala amagesi ayingozi nothuli, ukugqoka respirators ukuze bazivikele ubuthi.

Umthelela kukazibuthe namanzi

Ngale ndlela kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa nensimbi exutshwe powder nesibabule. Lomgomo kusekelwe imithelela uzibuthe phezu yensimbi. Iron izinhlayiya bakhangwa uzibuthe, kuyilapho nesibabule izohlala endaweni. Indlela efanayo ingasetshenziswa ukuhlukanisa nezinye izingxenye zensimbi isisindo ingqikithi izinto ezahlukene.

Uma powder isibabule ixubene yensimbi powder, uthele amanzi, nonwettable sulphur izinhlayiya ziyabuya kwamanzi, kuyilapho yensimbi esinda ngokushesha abalale phansi.

Ukuhwamuka futhi crystallization

Le ndlela isebenza nenye eyohlobo, ezifana oncibilikile emanzini. Isebenza ku izinqubo zemvelo nemibandela laboratory. Ngokwesibonelo, amanzi ezithile echibini ukuthi ayahwamuka ngaphansi Ukushisa, kanye likasawoti lihlala endaweni yayo. Ngokombono zamakhemikhali, le nqubo kusekelwe yokuthi umehluko phakathi izinto ezimbili abilayo kubavikela shabalala kanyekanye. amanzi Zigcwele iphenduke umusi, kanye usawoti esisele bazosala esimweni saso esivamile.

Uma into okumele kukhishwe (ushukela, isibonelo) is gu nge Ukushisa, amanzi hhayi ayahwamuka ngokuphelele. Ingxube okokuqala evuthayo bese ingxube wafakwa Ushintshe bagcizelele ushukela izinhlayiya sahlala phansi. Ngezinye izikhathi kunzima kakhulu - ukwehlukana izinto nge okusezingeni eliphezulu ukuvala abacaphuni. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwehlukana amanzi kusukela usawoti. Kulokhu, indaba vaporized iqoqwe, epholile futhi uphenduke. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi ukwehlukana Izingxube homogeneous by ziphuzo zazihluzwa (noma ziphuzo zazihluzwa). Kukhona amacebo ekhethekile distilled amanzi. Imithombo enjalo yamanzi (distilled) is kabanzi kwemithi noma emotweni Ukupholisa izinhlelo. Yiqiniso, okufanayo indlela abantu distilled utshwala.

chromatography

Indlela yokugcina sehlukane - chromatography. Kusekelwe yokuthi ezinye izinto bamunca nezinye izithako izinto. Isebenza ngendlela elandelayo. Uma uthatha ephepheni noma indwangu, lapho into okulotshwe likayinki cwilisa ingxenye yamanzi, uzophawula okulandelayo: Amanzi uzoqala iphepha umswakama noma izindwangu, bakhuphuke, kodwa colorant kuyoba kancane ngemuva. Ukusebenzisa ithekhniki le-MS umbala usosayensi olungahlukanisa chlorophyll (le into enika izitshalo umbala oluhlaza) kusuka izingxenye oluhlaza zalesi sihlahla.