Emerson Ralf Waldo: Biography, lokusungula

New England umshumayeli, imbongi, uthisha, omunye wabalobi edume kunazo nezazi zefilosofi kwekhulu le-19 - uRalph Waldo Emerson. Wethula lenqwaba abafundi nefilosofi entsha nejabulisayo, ngokuphelele turning izahlulelo zabo umkhuba.

Ekudaleni abalandeli futhi abanamakhono abalobi, ukupha kubo sicabangisise, eyakheke ifilosofi Transcendentalism - Konke okungenhla Engenza oyedwa - URalph Emerson.

biography

umbhali Wazalelwa e-United States emkhayeni omkhulu. 'Phakathi kwabantwana bakwa 8 ozalwa Ralph Emerson 4. Ubaba wayengumSiriya wesonto e-Boston. Thina Ngakhetha lo msebenzi amadoda amaningi ohlangothini kababa. Ngakho-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi imisebenzi esizayo futhi uthando izincwadi, wadla ifa kuyise, wabuye waba nesithakazelo self-ukuthuthukiswa kanye yokufunda ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Lapho ngineminyaka engu-engu-14, uRalph owaba umfundi e-Harvard College. Futhi 18 iziqu futhi waqala nini ukufundisa esikoleni for girls, yasungulwa by wakhe nomyeni wakhe.

Ngo 1826, Emerson waba ngumfundisi, kodwa kumelwe ukuba wadumala ngesikhathi esifushane ehhovisi. A inhlamvu kungaba okwamanje lapho umkakhe u-Ellen Tucker ngo-1831 uyothwala sofuba. Lo mcimbi futhi kwaholela Emerson ukulahla isikhundla umpristi, yena waba lusizi, futhi ukholo lwakhe, okuyinto akaboni ngaphambi ekugcineni Porush, wabona ifilosofi yakhe kukho konke okwenzekayo.

Ukuhamba

Kusukela 1833 waqala ukwenza ukuphila abajikelezayo emazweni kanye amazwekazi, futhi unikeza izinkulumo, futhi 1850 waba eyaziwa emhlabeni, ilawula ukuvakashela France, Canada, England, California. Elapho, watholana nge izibalo eziningi ezivelele, ezifana Tomas Karleyl, uSamuweli Taylor Coleridge futhi Uilyam Vordsvort.

Njengoba uRalph enquma axazulule e Concord (Massachusetts) ngo-1834, futhi ngonyaka owalandela washada okwesibili Lidii Dzhekson. Kamuva, e-'40s, wamupha izingane ezine: abafana ababili namantombazane amabili. Ngemva konyaka, Emerson Ralf Khishiwe okokuqala encwadini, "Imvelo", lapho Waveza ifilosofi Transcendentalism, waba umsunguli we umqondo wokuthobela omunye umuntu wabo ezweni. Le ncwadi ishicilelwe hlobo amakhophi nje anamakhulu mahlanu, kodwa kwathengiswa isihlale iminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu. Nakuba lo msebenzi wokuqala, mhlawumbe, kungenziwa kubhekwe njengento enhle kakhulu. Umbhali utshela ngezinto eziningi kangako umuntu akusho ukuqaphela bethi ngisho amaconsi amazolo Uyi microcosm wendawo yonke. Kufanele zethembe ulalele emhlabeni kwangaphakathi. umeluleki wakhe e ifilosofi Transcendentalism baba Tomas Karleyl. Futhi ukubhala incwadi ephefumulelwe nefilosofi Eastern nesiJalimane.

E Concord, ehlangana eziningi abalobi abasekela imibono yakhe, ezifana Margaret Fuller, Genri Devid Toro, futhi u-Amose Bronson Alcott.

transcendentalism American

ezinkulumo zakhe ukuthi Emerson Ralf baholelwe 30s, wanyathelisa efomini wokubonakalayo. Kuzo zonke lezi imidwebo kuyoba obala, ifilosofi yakhe, okuhlangenwe nakho ukuthi wathatha izintambo futhi yazenza, futhi konke yayiyingxenye lonke ifilosofi eningi imibono. Futhi kamuva izinkulumo ukuthi lalifuna abalobi ukuthola unendlela yakhe futhi balingise ubani, futhi amakhosi ethile angaphandle.

Isazi sefilosofi owawubaluleke kunayo yonke, unendima eyinhloko wayesesikebheni umsuka American Transcendentalism, uRalph Emerson wafundisa ukuthi yinye kufanele simethembe ngokwabo kanye nemvelo kuphela. Kodwa uNkulunkulu nemvelo kumele sithathwe ugqozi. Emibhalweni yakhe ke wathi uNkulunkulu - akusiyo into kude futhi engaziwa, futhi waba khona sonke. Ungaqonda uNkulunkulu ngokubheka e umphefumulo wakho uzizwa uxhumano nemvelo. ifilosofi yakhe ngesikhathi waphikisa zonke ukuhlakanipha okungokwesiko.

ekudalweni

Ngokuyinhloko Emerson Ralf echazwe ezincwadini ukulingana komphakathi ke ukuthi ngaphambi kokuba uNkulunkulu bonke abantu bayalingana, wonke umuntu angakwazi futhi kufanele ngcono, kufanele kube abasondelana nasebunyeni ngabanye nemvelo, indoda kumelwe ihlanzwe kusukela izithakazelo ongaphakeme-ukuqamba amanga nokukhohlisa silwele ukwenza okusemandleni.

Ngenkathi jikelele bacabanga ukuthi kancane nakancane, kuhle, umlobi kukhulunywa ngalo ukuphila ngokuvumelana ngokwakho kanye nemvelo. Intuition - indlela kuphela ukuze siqonde uqobo. Uqinisile amangalelwe Ralph Emerson.

Izincwadi naye lalihlala ukushicilela. Omunye wabo - "Tindzaba" (1844). Noma enjalo yimpumelelo amaqoqo, Published in the 50s: "Abamele abantu" (1850), "Izici isiNgisi ukuphila" (1856). "Philosophy Nezokuziphatha" (1860) - iqoqo ehlanganisa izingxenye ezimbili.

Tinkondlo izingcaphuno

Esikhathini kusuka 1846 kuya 1867 ekhiqizwa izinhlelo eziningana amavesi izinkondlo. Inkondlo "Brahma", "Izinsuku", "isiphepho esikhulu seqhwa" futhi "Konkordsky liculo" waba osheshayo zakudala American izincwadi. Ezinkondlweni zakhe, umlobi yayithinta izindikimba ajwayelekile kanye nemifanekiso, kodwa abaningi bakholelwa amavesi Ralph Emerson ngokungafanele nokhahlo futhi iluhlaza.

"Uma umuntu ngifuna ubuhle, hhayi ngenxa yokufunwa ukholo lwakhe nothando, kodwa ngentando, kuba okonakele njengoba umuntu."

Umbhali uthi Ralph Emerson. Izilinganiso ukuthi ukuza kumfundi wanamuhla, namanje ezithakazelisayo futhi ezifanele. Kuzo, uthinta ngezihloko amaningi athakazelisayo sefilosofi, kunzima overestimate umnikelo wakhe.

Kamuva komsebenzi nokuphila

Ezinkondlweni zakhe kamuva, Emerson uyekile kube categorical ngakho. Ngo-60 waqala ukuba banake izinkinga emphakathini, isibonelo, wakhuthaza ukuqedwa kobugqila United States , futhi namanje baqhubeka ukuhamba ezweni lonke ukuze anikeze izinkulumo. Ngivotele u-Abraham Lincoln, kodwa lutho injabulo emva izenzo zakhe, ngoba kakhulu aphuze ukugcwaliseka kwezithembiso kanye nokuqeda ubugqila.

Esikhathini '70 impilo yakhe iye yawohloka, kodwa naphezu kwalokhu Waqhubeka ukubhala amaphepha, ekuzameni ukushintsha izwe. Lapho enikeza izinkulumo akazange abe amabutho ngokwanele.

URalph Waldo Emerson washona ngo-April 27, 1887 futhi kwaba sekupheleni kokuphila wahlala ethembekile imibono yakhe nemibono. Imisebenzi yakhe abe nesisindo okuphawulekayo isisekelo izincwadi American, inkolo nefilosofi kwekhulu le-19.

abalandeli

imibono yakhe yaba nethonya elikhulu umsebenzi izibalo eziningi etemibhalo. Ikakhulukazi, protégé yakhe Genri Devida Thoreau, kanye besikhathi sakhe, Walt Whitman.

pragmatism zefilosofi close kakhulu imibono yakhe, futhi abaningi esekelwe emibonweni efanayo. Futhi abalobi ezifana Emily Dickinson, Robinson Frost, babephefumulelwe imisebenzi sefilosofi, okuyinto ngokusobala kakhulu umthelela udumo ngomsebenzi wabo.

Wayefanele a lot of abalandeli eYurophu, ikakhulukazi e-Germany. Notorious Friedrich Nietzsche laphefumulelwa imibono yakhe, ukuthi emva sobala emsebenzini wakhe. Kodwa eFrance ke impumelelo efanayo ayikwazanga uwine, kodwa siyazi ukuthi abanye ubuntu ezibalulekile emlandweni isithakazelo emsebenzini wakhe futhi umsebenzi.

Enguqulweni Russian yomsebenzi wakhe phandle phambi inguquko, futhi saba eziningi aficionados. Ikakhulukazi, ithonya lawo usukela emisebenzini Lva Tolstogo.

Nakuba kwakunabamemezeli abangu kokubili abasekeli kanye nalabo ikhefu negative Izibuyekezo - labo bantu njengoba Edgar Allan Poe futhi Nathaniel Gorton. Kodwa kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi yokugcina ukuthi imibono yakhe engamukeleki ka Emerson, kodwa uzwelana naye njengomuntu.