Izincwadi Antique. Umlando yentuthuko. Abameleli beNdikimba inkathi endala

Igama elithi "Kuye kwanyatheliswa izincwadi sidilizwa" yethulwa yi abaphika Yenguquko, okwakubizwa ngokuthi i njengoba izincwadi lasendulo IGrisi NeRoma. Igama elithi wagcinelwa kula mazwe, futhi usuphenduke into efanayo ezikhathini zasendulo classical - ezweni ezathonya ukwakheka isiko European.

Periodization kwezincwadi endala

Umlando izincwadi zasendulo ngokuyinhloko esekelwe isiko yaseGrisi yasendulo. Kule ndaba, kukhona ezintathu nezikhathi sokuthuthuka.

1. Isikhathi sokuqala sibizwa ngokuthi pre-classical noma zakudala. Kuye kwanyatheliswa izincwadi ethulwa ngomlomo Folk ubuciko, okuyinto wayevela ngenxa inkolo ezingamaqaba. Kuhlanganisa amaculo, iziphonso, izindaba mayelana onkulunkulu, uyakhalaza, izaga kanye nezinye izinhlobo eziningi ethulwa temdzabu. Uhlaka isikhathi isikhathi sokuqala akunakwenzeka ukukhomba. izinhlobo Oral savela phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, kodwa ngokuqondene nesikhathi okucatshangelwa ukuthi iqedwa - lesithathu lokuqala yeminyaka mina.

2. Antique izincwadi isikhathi sesibili ithatha VII - IV e. BC. e. Ubizwa ngokuthi i-classic, njengoba ihambelana nesikhathi kumiswa e Greece yefomu classical lobugqila. Ngalesi sikhathi, kuye kwaba imisebenzi eminingi lyrical futhi amaqhawe, kanye temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba, lapho inkululeko nentuthuko okomnikelo omkhulu wenza izimbongi, zefilosofi futhi izazi-mlando. Endaweni ehlukile, kufanele kuphawulwe BC V leminyaka. e., okuthiwa igolide. Indawo ephakathi izincwadi kwalesi sikhathi wathatha ethiyetha.

3. Okwesithathu, inkathi yamaGreki emlandweni izincwadi zasendulo elihlobene ne ukuthuthukiswa lobugqila. Njengoba sekunama-ifomu samasosha monarchical yenhlangano kwamandla kuyinto kwamangqamuzana abukhali yokuphila komuntu, okuyinto ngokuyisisekelo ukuhluka inkimbinkimbi kwesikhathi classical.

Lesi sikhathi ngokuvamile aphathwe njengomuntu inkathi izincwadi nokucekelwa. Kuyo ukuhlukanisa ekuseni futhi isigaba sekwedlule kobuHellenism abathiya inkathi kusukela BC III ekhulwini. e. ukuze V leminyaka BC. e. Phakathi nale nkathi, okokuqala yazibiza a izincwadi Roman Antique.

izinganekwane lasendulo

Ngesisekelo izinganekwane lasendulo ngiwaqambe mayelana onkulunkulu lasendulo, onkulunkulu Olympian namaqhawe.

Izinganekwane mayelana onkulunkulu lasendulo babengene kwamaGreki namaRoma ngesikhathi lapho umphakathi kwaba matriarchal. Lab 'onkulunkulu nabizelwa chthonic, noma oyisilima.

Lapho kuqala onkulunkulu ngebulili waqala ukubheka okuningi okufana abantu. Ngalesi sikhathi, kukhona isithombe kaZeyusi noma uJupiter - the Unkulunkulu ophakeme, owayehlala endaweni INtaba i-Olympus. Kuyinto kungakho igama layo liyi wonkulunkulu-Olympic. Esikhathini buka amaGreki, lezi zidalwa babe yokwehlayo eqinile okuyinto uzakulungisisa oda efanayo okukhona emphakathini.

Amaqhawe izinganekwane asendulo ayengabantu abantu engavamile, eyabonakala ngenxa ukuxhumana phakathi abafayo nalabo yonkulunkulu Olympian. Ngokwesibonelo, omunye edume kakhulu yile okuthiwa Hercules - indodana kaZeyusi Alcmene evamile. AmaGreki ayekholelwa ukuthi ngamunye izinhlamvu unenjongo ekhethekile: ukuhlanza Umhlaba kusukela izilo, okuyinto emenza Gaia.

Epos

Ukuqamba yasendulo izincwadi Epos uhlobo emelelwa amagama ezifana uHomer Virgil.

Homer - imbongi ziyaphawuleka, obhekwa nombhali lokusinda endala izinkondlo oludumile - "The Iliad" futhi "Odyssey." I imithombo ukudalwa misebenzi babé izinganekwane, Folk songs nama-legends. izinkondlo Homer sika yeqhawe zalotshwa hexameters.

Virgil - imbongi engumRoma, umbhali wencwadi edume inkondlo amaqhawe "Aeneid." Kuyo umbhali lidumisa umsuka edume wabantu baseRoma.

I isosha esihlatshelelwayo futhi idrama

Omunye abameleli edume kunazo uhlobo lyric kungenziwa ngokuthi i poetess Sappho. Wayevame bendabuko temdzabu Motifs, kodwa wabondla izithombe ngokucace nemizwelo enamandla. Kabanzi poetess aziwayo wathola phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe. Umsebenzi wakhe kuhlanganisa izincwadi ayisishiyagalolunye zezinkondlo, kodwa zisekhona izinkondlo amabili namashumi kuphela amavesi lyrical.

ukusebenza yaseshashalazini yayiyindlela omunye ukuzijabulisa ethandwa kakhulu yeGrisi yasendulo. izincwadi Antique we Yokuchuma lomkhuba amelwe izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: indaba ephela ngobuhlungu comedy.

Eqinisweni, le nhlekelele lasendulo wayeyisibonelo opera. Umsunguli wawo kubhekwa wemidlalo yamaGreki asendulo Aeschylus. Uye ebhaliwe kudlala engaphezu kuka-90, kodwa wasinda, izinsuku zethu, eziyisikhombisa kuphela. Omunye kwezinsizi edume kunazo Aeschylus is "Prometheus Bound", ogama sithombe namanje yasetshenziswa abalobi nabahlaziyi.

comedy Antique waba focus zezombusazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, omunye abameleli lolu hlobo - Aristophanes - e amahlaya akhe "Umhlaba" futhi "Lysistrata" lilahla impi phakathi Greece futhi Sparta. Comedy "Riders" agxeke ukushiyeka intando yeningi eyayivamile Athens.

Umsuka uhlobo temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba

Uhlu izincwadi zasendulo e temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba uhlobo umelwe, ngaphezu kwakho konke, mpendulwano kaPlato. Okuqukethwe le misebenzi uvezwa ngokusebenzisa ukucabanga futhi impikiswano phakathi interlocutors ezimbili, abanale ukuthola iqiniso. The hero main tinkhulumiswano kaPlato kwaba uthisha wakhe USocrates. Le ndlela ulwazi ngokuthi "inkhulumomphendvulwano yokucabanga".

30 uPlato mpendulwano ezaziwayo. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke kulo bayizinkulungwane inganekwane Atlantis, "Idili," "Phaedo", "Phaedrus."