Chemical futhi izakhiwo ngokomzimba of wokulinganisa

Mel kuyinto inzika emhlophe. Kuyinto zingaxazululeki emanzini livela organic. Kusukela sihloko esikufundayo, lapho isetshenziswa wokulinganisa, ubunjalo bomzimba namakhemikhali zalolu hlobo.

kumiswa

iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-90 edlule enyakatho yeYurophu, esifundeni engezansi kolwandle olukhulu daka zanqwabelana. ezingabonakali ngeso lenyama (foraminifers) eziphilayo doti olwandle. izinhlayiya yabo ihlanganisa calcium wasimama amanzi. Cretaceous iqembu stratigraphic besigaba European of the gama elifanayo wabonakala ngesikhathi. Kusukela kwakheka White Cliffs e Kent nemithambeka ngakolunye uhlangothi Strait of Dover. Kuyinto lezi zinsalela futhi baba ngesisekelo wokulinganisa. Nokho, mhlawumbe liqukethe okwakheke rock esihle ulwelwe compounds. Ngakho, abacwaningi baphetha ngokuthi ukubukeka wokulinganisa - inani izitshalo.

Isakhiwo idwala

Izinsalela shellfish buthelela inhlabathi yaphenduka wokulinganisa. Idwala iqukethe:

1. Mayelana 10% doti lwamathambo. Phakathi kwabo hhayi kuphela elula, kodwa futhi izilwane ezinamangqamuzana amaningi.
2. Mayelana 10% foraminifer.
3. Kuya ku 40% imvuthuluka ulwelwe zokwakheka calcareous
4. Kufika ku-50% we esihle crystalline calcite. Ubukhulu bayo lincane kangangokuthi eziphilayo ukufaka izakhi-accessory akha cishe akunakwenzeka.
5. Kufika 3% amaminerali zingaxazululeki. Ngokuyinhloko tiniketwe silicates. namaminerali zingaxazululeki - uhlobo imfucuza Geological (izingxenyana amatshe ezahlukene futhi isihlabathi), okuyinto ezisohlwini inhlabathi Cretaceous imisinga nemimoya.

Amagobolondo ka mollusk concretions namanye amaminerali, coelenterates amathambo atholakala zohlobo awavamile.

Incazelo Izakhiwo of wokulinganisa - amandla

Ucwaningo impahla owenziwa ososayensi abaningi. Phakathi imisebenzi be-Geotechnical kwembulwe ukuthi kunzima poluskalnyh zohlobo. namandla akhe buvezwa nomswakama. Amandla eqine emoyeni-omile kokucindezelwa kuhluka 1000 kuya 45000 kN / m ^2. I wemfihlo nokunwebeka idwala ezomile - ayizinkulungwane 3 MPA (ngoba isimo okuxekethile) izinkulungwane 10 MPA (i aminyene) ... Ubukhulu bale yangaphakathi ngomshikisho engela - 24-30 degrees, lapho bamba ufinyelela kokucindezelwa umnyuziki 700-800 kN / m ^2.

umswakama

Ngaphansi kwethonya Izakhiwo yamanzi wokulinganisa kugucula. Ikakhulukazi, amandla ayo incipha. Izinguquko zenzeka kakade 12% umswakama. Ngezinye 25-35% ezikhathini 2-3 anda amandla compressive. Ngesikhathi esifanayo babe abonise nezinye izakhiwo ngokomzimba of wokulinganisa. Rock iba plastic. Lokhu kubonakaliswa kuyoboniswa nguMbusi inkimbinkimbi kakhulu inqubo yokucwenga ejenti. Ngalesi wokulinganisa iqala ukuba unamathele amalungu umshini (ku nebhakede Excavator, ibhande Element, umzimba imoto). Ngokuvamile, izakhiwo ngokomzimba of wokulinganisa (amandla kanye ductility) ayikuvumeli ukwenziwa kusukela emazingeni aphansi, nakuba lapha kubhekwa izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu.

frost ukumelana

Ngemva okokuqandisa-incibilikiswa wokulinganisa disintegrates ku izinhlayiya Usayizi 1-2 mm. Kwezinye izimo, kuyazuzisa idwala izakhiwo. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho lisetshenziswa njengedivaysi ameliorant inhlabathi lapho deoxidation akudingekile ukuba ugaye impahla ukuze 0.25 mm. Umhlabathi zingenza idwala ochotshoziwe afika ku-10 mm. Nqabela-ncibilika nge kokulima izingcezu lakwa wabhubhisa ngokwabo. Ngakho, umphumela neutralization inakekelwa isikhathi eside.

izakhiwo Chalk: i-chemistry

Breed mhlawumbe kufaka okungezona carbonate ingxenye carbonate. Okokuqala zingaxazululeki acid acetic futhi hydrochloric. I samanje uncarbonate ingxenye metal oxides, Silica isihlabathi, Marl, ubumba kanye nokunye. Ezinye zazo yilezi zingaxazululeki lezi acid. Ngo 98-99% wengxenye carbonate-calcium carbonate. izinhlayiya Crystalline ka magnesia calcite, dolomite futhi siderite kwakhiwa magnesium carbonates okuyinto afakiwe imali encane wokulinganisa. Ukwakheka nezakhiwo rocks ukukhonza njengephayona sokunquma ngezigaba.

Ukuthola eliphezulu ezifakwa

Ekuqaleni kukholakala ukuthi izakhiwo mechanical futhi amakhemikhali we wokulinganisa efanayo wonke emkhakheni. Nokho, umkhuba, a yokusebenza esifundeni eside, ikakhulukazi emva ushintsho enhla amabhizinisi esezansi ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo engcono, ikhomba umehluko kulezi zici. Ngakho-ke, kweminye imikhakha Kwenziwa Geological namabalazwe zobuchwepheshe. Abacwaningi batadisha izakhiwo amakhemikhali kashoki izici zayo mechanical ezigabeni ezahlukene idiphozi, ukhombise izindawo izinga cluster zohlobo.

ukuthuthukiswa commercial

ezifakwa elikhulu wokulinganisa ekhona Sifundazwe futhi Voronezh izifunda. izinga Ngaphansi elikhona Znamenskaia, Zaslonovskoy, Valuiskaya nezinye imali. Lezi zikhala kutholwa amazinga ephansi yezintaba Caco ₃ (hhayi ngaphezulu kuka-87%). Ngaphezu kwalokho, idwala iqukethe ukungcola ahlukahlukene. Ngakho-ke, kula masimu akukwazi ngaphandle kokucetshiswa ngokujulile ukuthola imikhiqizo izinga. Izakhiwo wokulinganisa phezu ezifakwa ezinjalo avumele ukusetshenziswa kwayo womshini lime, kanye emisebenzini sokufunwa umhlaba nhlabathi deoxidation. Voronezh ezifakwa okukhulunywe Turonian yobudala Coniacian. Ludala wokulinganisa eliphezulu. Izakhiwo nokusebenzisa idwala ikhiqizwa lezi amasimu lafundvwako isikhathi eside. Umkhiqizo likhishiwe ku Voronezh obl., Has a okusezingeni eliphezulu Caco ₃ okuqukethwe (ukuze 98,5%). Lapho inani ukungcola okungezona carbonate kungaphansi kwama-2%. Nokho, Production insimu, izinkinga Izakhiwo of wokulinganisa. Ikakhulukazi, okusezingeni eliphezulu amanzi ukugcwaliswa yayo. Amaphesenti umswakama edwaleni - mayelana 32%.

ezifakwa ethembisa

Phakathi amasimu ezinkulu uzinake Rossosh, Krupnennikovskoe, Buturlino futhi Kopanischenskoe. Chalk zokugcina stratum 16,5-85 m. Overburden nje kwenhlabathi engaphezulu. Uhlonze lwalo ka mayelana 1.8-2 m. I mpo umucu wokulinganisa ungqimba sehlukaniswe amaphakethe amabili. Ezansi kukhona kuze kube 98% i-calcium carbonate, elingenhla Kuthi ezincane - ukuze 96-97,5%.

Ngo Buturlino ensimini wathola eyohlobo kakhulu ezimhlophe wokulinganisa turunskogo uqimba. Ungqimba ukushuba -. 19,5-41 m ukujiya overburden ifinyelela 9.5 m It kuboniswa zokwakheka MARGELOV, inhlabathi, ubumba, isihlabathi futhi sandstone .. Ingxenye calcium ne-magnesium carbonates ifinyelela 99,3%. Kulokhu, izingxenye ze-non-carbonate zikhona izinto eziningi elincane.

Sinesithakazelo esikhulu kule mboni futhi bamele Stoilenskoye Lebedinskoye ensimini. Kulezi zindawo, abantu ishoki limbiwa njengoba overburden bayiswa zokulahla. Okuhambisanayo ukukhiqizwa yonyaka amathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-15. Inqubo eziyisihlanu kuzo asetshenziswa imikhakha yezomnotho. Ngo wokulinganisa ethile kuziwa Stary ifektri womshini usimende kanye namanye amabhizinisi amancane. Umqulu enkulu impahla misela ulahleke zokulahla.

Mel, ngubani imali nsimbi ezindaweni Silica futhi okuqukethwe carbonate Ukuwa ku esigabeni of high. Ingasetshenziselwa ingeyezentengiso ngaphandle eneka nokunonophala ezijulile. Kufanele ukuthi ekuklanyweni izimayini nokucubungula amabhizinisi onguchwepheshe nsimbi, kudingekile ukunikeza imigqa zobuchwepheshe ezidlulisela wokulinganisa ekhishwe noma isikhala isitoreji zayo ngazinye.

Ukukhiqizwa futhi ukusetshenziswa

izakhiwo ewusizo wokulinganisa zaziwa isikhathi eside. Ekuqaleni, idwala elisetshenziswa ukwakhiwa. Lime ekhiqizwa yilo. Chalk powder wakhonza njengoba isisekelo putty, putty, upende nokunye. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 emkhakheni "White Intaba" laqala ukuhlela izimboni zangasese. Ngo kushaft amaziko ikhiqizwa yinhlama lime futhi idwala powder. Ngo-1935 wabonakala Shebekinsky isitshalo wahlanganyela ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo ngenhloso ezimbonini. izakhiwo ewusizo wokulinganisa abangu yafuna e kagesi, upende, polymer, iraba kanye nezinye izimboni.

Kanye ukwanda nezidingo zokukhiqiza abangu kwenza kwaba nesidingo esikhulu izinga layo. Owawukhona ngo-1990, ibhizinisi alidalule umkhakha ne izinto zokusetshenziswa kunesidingo. Esikhathini Sifundazwe esifundeni yaqala ukubonakala amabhizinisi angasese. Inani elikhulu kwakubangelwa imiqulu emikhulu idwala imali kanye inkimbinkimbi okusobala ukucutshungulwa ubuchwepheshe. Nokho, izindlela bakudala zokukhiqiza kanye okuthunyelwe ukucubungula elisetshenziswa amabhizinisi angasese, ayikwazanga ukunikeza lemali edingekayo imikhiqizo ephezulu. Ngakho, eziningi zalezi izitshalo avalwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo amabhizinisi ezinkulu bafeza sesimanje futhi kulungiswe imishini yayo. Ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo izinga inikezwe iminyaka 90 Sifundazwe, Petropavlovsk, Shebekinskaya izitshalo.

Ukukhiqizwa eliphezulu brand

Izimfuneko ukhiye ukwenziwa wokulinganisa, ngaphezu inani carbonates zihlanganisa coarseness - fineness. Lubonakaliswa okuseleyo ku ngesihlungo osayizi abathile noma njengendlela amaphesenti predetermined ubukhulu kuyizinhlayiyana (isib 90% ubukhulu kuyizinhlayiyana of 2 md).

Ukuvela imigqa emisha production womshini opende, iraba, resin kanye neminye imikhiqizo, okuyiwona njengoba impahla eluhlaza esetshenziswa wokulinganisa, sokucasuka ukungalingani omkhulu okhona phakathi ukusetshenziswa yayo kanye ukukhiqizwa. Lokhu ukuvela ngokucacile kakhulu embonini ephepheni. Enterprises embonini nezimfuneko ezithile ukuze wokulinganisa powder, esiye sathatha indawo kaolin ekukhiqizeni.

Inkinga yekhwalithi brand igxile zokuwuhluza ku Sifundazwe esifundeni. Ngaphandle Shebekinsky ibhizinisi, okuthela wokulinganisa ehlukanisiwe, izitshalo ezintsha zadalwa. Ngakho, ngo-1995 ngesikhathi Lebedinsky GOK uvele processing plant - JSC "Ruslime". Yakhiwa yi-Spanish iphrojekthi "Reverte" inkampani nge umthamo elilinganisiwe 120 thous. Amathani / ngonyaka. Lesi sitshalo ukhiqiza amagama emikhiqizo ehlukahlukene edayiswa 10 of wokulinganisa. Ngu izinga yabo abekho neze kunabayeni angaphandle analogue futhi uhambisane namazinga amazwe omhlaba. Inkampani ifakwe imishini yesimanje kunazo kwezobuchwepheshe, ukusebenza kwi imizila ngomshini futhi okuzenzakalelayo.

Ngokusho inkampani iphrojekthi "Mabetex" ku Stoilensky isitshalo Yakhiwa namandla umcako imikhiqizo high amathani ayinkulungwane 300. Ngesikhathi esifanayo inkampani uhlela ukuhlinzeka ukwanda okwalandela ngokwesikhundla.

ukuzalela Raspuskaemost

Omunye nenqubo ebalulekile ukuhlaziya izakhiwo ngokomzimba ngamatshe ensimini entsha noma ndawo kwakuhilela emgqeni zobuchwepheshe ukucutshungulwa ekhona, kuyinto ukuziphatha wokulinganisa ngesikhathi ukugaywa. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ngesikhathi izingqimba ezahlukene imali yezinto ezibonakalayo. sinezici ezahlukene lokukhanda. Yesilinganiso ukuhlonza mehluko akunakwenzeka ezimweni eziningi. Ukunqunywa ukuziphatha wokulinganisa e inqubo ezomile ukugaya inqubo yenziwa ngokubeka inkomba raspuskaemosti ke endaweni zinomswakama at ithonya lokukhanda. Lokhu kwenziwa kusetshenziswa imishini ekhethekile.

sodium Bicarbonate

izinto ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi limestone noma wokulinganisa asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza yayo. izakhiwo awusizo umzimba, emimoya sodium hydrogen carbonate, aziwa eziningi. Ngokuvamile isisetshenziswa izifo izinsini nomphimbo, isilungulela, ukuze Ziyancibilika le phlegm ukukhwehlela. Ngo umkhakha, izakhiwo ngokomzimba of soda futhi wokulinganisa athandwa kakhulu. Zombili lezi zinto ezisetshenziswa ekwakheni, umhlobiso, yokukhiqiza izinto, upende kanye neminye imikhiqizo. Ngokuphathelene ukukhiqizwa ayi-calcium carbonate, ukusetshenziswa wokulinganisa eyodwa kuphela kubhekwa uneconomical. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, lokhu zilwane kakhulu ukuncela kahle umswakama, kanjalo nokushintsha izici zayo lokukhanda. Lokhu, Uphatha kabi inkambo inqubo.

Ngingaba nayo Caco _3?

Engingakusho nje kunenkolelo eyandile yokuthi odokotela batusa ukusetshenziswa wokulinganisa Medical. I izakhiwo le nto okukholakala ukuthi anomthelela umthamo wemvula-calcium ukuntula. ke Okokuqala kumelwe kuthiwe odokotela oyingqayizivele uzwakalise kulesi senzakalo. Ngokuvamile ochwepheshe ekwelapheni iziguli uthanda ukukudla kancane wokulinganisa (ukudla). Ngilusizo izakhiwo indaba, Nokho, kuyangabazeka kakhulu. Xhumanisa yokudla yayo bungabangela ukuntula calcium. Nokho, qaphela ukuthi izimfanelo ketshezi angaphansi izinguquko eziphawulekayo lapho singena esiswini. Kudlulwa izinqubo eziningana namachibi, leyo ndawo ilahlekelwa yokuqala yalo hlangothi futhi siguqulelwa reagent. Ngu isinyathelo bayo ufana ketshezi lime slaked. Ngenxa yalokho, esiswini kuqala ukuyithonya wokulinganisa oxidized. ayelapha ngesikhathi esifanayo akusho ukuzibonakalisa. Cha, kwenzeka okuphambene. Kubalulekile nokukhumbula futhi ukuthi lokuhlushwa calcium impahla kuphezulu kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho ukusetshenziswa okweqile wokulinganisa kungabangela calcification semithambo. Ngakho-ke, odokotela batusa ukulishintsha calcium gluconate noma izidakamizwa ezifanayo. Njengoba ukuthola lahlani isilungulela ke, ngokuvumelana abantu abaningi abaye bazama ukukulungisa ngoshoki, kungasizi kule.

Industrial nokusetshenziswa yasekhaya

Mel ukhonza njengelungu ingxenye kudingekile ephepheni, okuyinto zokunyathelisa. ukuhlakazwa okuphezulu nge-calcium carbonate ngefomu particulate kuthinta optical nowokunyathelisa izici, porosity, olubushelelezi imikhiqizo. Ngenxa yokuba khona wokulinganisa incipha izihloko athile. Breed isando in a kabanzi ngomcako izindonga, curbs, ukuvikelwa izihlahla. Chalk isetshenziswa ukuhlanzwa beetroot juice, nakho obusetshenziswa embonini umdlalo. Ngenxa yalezi zinjongo, njengoba umthetho, okuthiwa ukugqashuka zohlobo efanelekayo. Okunjalo wokulinganisa ukulungele amakhemikhali-calcium namaminerali. Bekanye namanye amatshe carbonate into esetshenziselwa ukupheka ingilazi njengenye yezingxenye ingxube. Ngenxa wokulinganisa kwandisa ukuzinza ezishisayo komkhiqizo, amandla ayo mechanical nokuzinza lapho zihlatshwa weathering namakhemikhali. Kabanzi asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni kukamanyolo zohlobo. Futhi, wokulinganisa sengezwe kokudla kwezilwane ukuze izilwane zasemapulazini.

iraba umkhakha mechanical

Mel ungaphakathi nendawo ephambili phakathi wonke fillers obusetshenziswa embonini. Lokhu kungenxa ngokuyinhloko yokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwalesi impahla eluhlaza umnotho ezisizayo. Mel has a izindleko elincane. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukwethulwa kube imikhiqizo iraba ayiyona ingozi. Isizathu sesibili ukuthandwa impahla eluhlaza embonini ukhuluma abheke ukuthi kungenzeka zobuchwepheshe. Mel lula kakhulu inqubo imikhiqizo lobuchwepheshe kuyo izihlahla zenjoloba. Ikakhulu, yanda ngenxa iqine, ebusweni kuba imikhiqizo bushelelezi. Kabanzi ukukhiqizwa idwala iraba sithambile futhi ukungena nakwamanye amazwe, imikhiqizo plastic, lesikhumba nokunye.