Bolshezemelskaya Tundra: izici zemvelo

Bolshezemelskaya emathafeni lisabalele (1.5 th. ^Km2) indawo esenkabeni phakathi Polar Ural kanye nemifula Pechora futhi Usoy eduze kolwandle uBarents. Land kungokwalabo Nenets Autonomous avtonomnyy kanye Komi Republic. Kuyinto onokhahlo osebeni lolwandle abandayo, Iqhwa nezimila kwaphela nezilwane, eyasungulwa ngesikhathi engu ice, lapho izinguzunga zeqhwa safinyelela imingcele nedlelo eningizimu yeRussia yesimanje. Kancane kancane, isimo sezulu saba zasehlobo, kanti izindawo lapho yeqhwa ezahlala isikhathi eside, wawusanamathele iminonjana khona kwakhe.

Isihloko ekutshela ngalokho Bolshezemelskaya Tundra. izici zemvelo kanye izici kwezomnotho yentuthuko endaweni uzobe wachaza ngokuningiliziwe kuwo.

izici impumuzo

Indawo inamagquma isakhiwo ethafeni, obude kakhulu kuyinto 100-150 m, ngezinye izikhathi ifinyelela 250 m ngesimo emikhulu moraine. Zimelela umzimba Geological kwakhiwa ezifakwa glacial. Sakhiwo sangekhatsi - heterogeneous kakhulu impahla detrital. Kuhlanganisa kokubili amabhlogo omkhulu zamatshe kuze kube ngamamitha ambalwa, nobumba, kwakheka ngenxa ukugaya doti lapho yeqhwa ezihambayo. Kancane kancane encibilika phezu kobuso bezwe washiya okuqukethwe kwabo. moraine Inamandla emikhulu kwakhiwa ngokuyinhloko lapho ukujiya ice kuyinto esiphezulu, noma emaphethelweni Uqweqwe. Bolshezemelskaya Tundra sawela kwamagquma amabili - kungcono Umhlaba bulala yokhalo Chernysheva. Eyesibili welulela cishe 300 km kuze kube Polar Urals. ukuphakama kwalo - ukuba 205 m, ubuso has a eliphakeme-i-like isakhiwo, ukwakheka - limestone kanye sandstone. Izimila, engxenyeni eseningizimu yaleli acebile - kuyinto lezihlahla nesihlahla sonwele ehlathini.

Iqhwa

Bolshezemelskaya emathafeni - ngokuyinhloko Iqhwa (Iqhwa), esibonakala ukungabi incibilikiswa nezikhathi. Eqinisweni, le ngxenye uqweqwe ebusweni, okuyinto isikhathi eside (kusuka ambalwa ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka ngaphambi kokuba) has lokushisa 0 ° C, itafula amanzi ice ethulwa. ngezinye izikhathi ukujula wayo ifinyelela abafika kwabangu-1000 m. Yiqiniso, lokhu kubonakala kahle ubunjalo nenhlabathi esifundeni. Kuzo ngaphansi kwezimo frost isikhathi eside noma unomphela sihamba sebuningini izinqubo ezithile. Ngaphezu kobuso ungqimba eqandisiwe zinganqwabelana humus ungqimba, futhi ngaphansi isenzo lokushisa ongaphakeme ageleza cryogenic zesakhiwo nenhlabathi.

I nenhlabathi of esifundeni

Incazelo Bolshezemelskaya emathafeni ngesiNgisi nge Ukucaciswa enemininingwane ukuhlangabezana inethiwekhi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Nokho, kukhona okuningi ulwazi mayelana izifunda obufanayo eyiqhwa elisenyakatho ye-Alaska, e-Antarctica, yaseCanada, eYurophu ngisho Asia. Ngokuvamile, ejwayelekile kakhulu endaweni enjalo noma akusenjalo nenhlabathi gley nge umbala ejwayelekile oluhlaza-grey noma ibuthuntu. Kungatholakala ethafeni Peat bog izinhlobo zenhlabathi, Peat embhedeni kodwa abangelutho - 10-15 cm Ukuthola kabanzi senani akunakwenzeka ngenxa esifushane futhi abandayo izimo ehlobo lapho izimila ayiyinhle kakhulu .. Akwaziwa Malozemelskaya, Bolshezemelskaya Tundra. Nokho, ukudida kulezi zifunda ezimbili kanti akunjalo. Esimweni sokuqala sisebenzelana nge flora ocebile ezilwaneni nasezimileni. Insimu eyayihlala abantu bomdabu enyakatho, no isiRashiya, futhi kuyinto ekahle yokuphila.

Isimo sezulu

Isimo sezulu ngenxa Territory we emathafeni egxeka kakhulu. Winter ihlala izinyanga ezingaphezu kweziyisithupha, nge kulondolozwe iqhwa kusukela Okthoba kuya ku-June. I eside zasebusika kudlule ngaphandle ilanga, isithwathwa kungenzeka ngisho ehlobo. Isilinganiso Julayi lokushisa +8 ... + 12 ° C. Ilokhu imimoya enamandla nishaye kusukela e-Arctic, iqhwa kushaywa off esuka emathafeni emathafeni futhi obumba emigodini ejulile. kwezulu Lonyaka kugcinwa ngezithuba 250 mm kuya ku-450 mm kanye enyakatho kuya eningizimu.

Nokho, entwasahlobo, njengoba umhlaba wonke, Bolshezemelskaya Tundra evuka siguqulelwa ubuhle bayo enyakatho. Ezindleleni futhi nemithambeka we Udambisa iqhwa. Isici esiyinhloko evumela siqhubeke siphila ezimweni ezinjalo - zilula. I eside ngosuku polar, lapho ilanga liyashona amasonto aqhelile, ikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa izimila eziyindlala.

Flora

Insimu iwela zone emathafeni, subzone moss-izihlahlana emathafeni futhi ngokwengxenye - ihlathi nezimfunda. Lesi sakamuva kwenzeka babeyivakashela ngankathi ezindaweni eningizimu, floodplains, okuyinto ukungena zilwane fir nabancane enezicabha.

Zonke izitshalo emathafeni zinezikhathi uhlelo kabi athuthukile impande, elithengiswa angajulile ebusweni ungqimba. Lokhu kuchazwe eyiqhwa. Umswakama kwanela, kodwa ukuze uthole izitshalo zakhe bengayi nangenxa yamakhaza. Ezinhlotsheni ezingu-isihlahla ezivamile birch yemifino futhi willow. Kodwa kwawo amancane ukuze izitshalo ngezinye izikhathi ingabonakali otshanini.

Izitshalo eziqhakazayo Bolshezemelskaya emathafeni esikhathini entwasahlobo - ube ngumbukwane ubuhle amazing. Okubonakala endaweni ezingaphili uguqulwa futhi ugcwale ezinemibala egqamile, okuyizinto nomona ezifudumele. izitshalo Lonyaka awunaso isikhathi isizini ukwakha imbewu, ngakho izitshalo umelwe Ezikhula iminyaka eminingi: .. Ingabe umama-futhi-nosingamama, gentian, cyanosis, ukotini utshani, imbulunga imbali, Buttercup, eritrichium, Castile eVorkuta, njll eminye enyakatho, izitshalo ezimfushane - iyaqala ulele umbuso, okuyinto emathafeni ase-, kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-100 zezinhlanzi.

nezilwane

Nezilwane Bolshezemelskaya emathafeni futhi ephansi. Ubudlelwano usukela okufanayo: sezulu esibandayo kukhawulela izimila, ngenxa yalokho, base ukudla. indawo yinkosi Real kungenziwa ngokuthi ama-reindeer. Lena esincelisayo esikhulu nezinselo ezivulekile, esigqoke nto inazo zonke izici ezidingekayo ukuze baphile impilo ezingosomathuba eNyakatho Ekude yeCanada. labantu wemvelo eduze izungezwe nezinkomo ezifuywayo. Reindeer ubulokhu ihlala ngoba abantu bomdabu umsizi esisemqoka njalo.

Zaziziningi izilwane ivezwa ngokuyinhloko nezimpisi namabhere (brown nomhlophe), Wolverine, trot, Izimpungushe izimpungushe Arctic. Baningi impela zalezi zindawo onogwaja futhi lemmings. Emathafeni ase-izinyoni cishe ebusika, kodwa entwasahlobo kuziwa empilweni kanye ukufika izinyoni. Lokhu gull, goose, Turuhana, snipe, sandpiper, ama-loon, kuhlanganise nezinhlobo ezingaphezu ezingavamile wokuvikela, - ahlanzekile agcwele izinhlanzi namahansi, nengqungqulu, diver obomvu iphimbo, crane, peregrine uheshe, nabanye.

Omunye izinsongo esikhulu ukuze semvelo - umzabalazo uwoyela Bolshezemelskaya emathafeni, ephelezelwa ukubhujiswa izindawo zemvelo, izinguquko sendawo.

Tundra abantu

Uma uthi nhlá kungase kubonakale sengathi ukuphila emathafeni ase ngoba Bolshezemelskaya umuntu akunakwenzeka. Nokho, kwakukhona lapho indawo khona. Ukuthuthukiswa kwendawo owaqala ekhulwini lamashumi amabili, ekuqaleni lapho ibalazwe kulezi zindawo ngokuvamile kakhulu dazzled namabala amhlophe. Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo nemizana emithathu: Khorey ngozima, Karatayka, Haruta. Population nemizana mancane, kodwa kwandisa kakhulu nge obhekwe isizini ngokuzingela nokudoba ehlobo. Ezokuthutha athuthukile. Ukuze uthole baye ezindaweni ezingasemifuleni kungenzeka kuphela ngendiza enophephela emhlane, ugandaganda imigwaqo ukuxhuma nabo iziteshi imishini.

amaminerali

Ukutholakala uwoyela negesi Amasimu - yithuba ethembisa ukuthuthukisa esifundeni Bolshezemelskaya nezimfunda. Ngokusho idatha yamuva, ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi zigcine we Timan-Pechora uwoyela negesi sifundazwe bagxila kule ndawo. Nansi ingxenye umcengezi amalahle. Lokubaluleke kakhulu kukhona usosayensi ucwaningo A. Chernova, ngawo onqenqemeni has amathemba ukuthuthukiswa futhi esikhathini esizayo.

Naphezu kobukhulu izindawo Bolshezemelskaya Tundra - isimo semvelo ethambile, ngakho ukuba bahlasele umhlaba wakhe eliyingqayizivele futhi emangalisayo kufanele kube ngokucophelela, ecabanga ngokusebenzisa konke okwenzayo nemiphumela yaso.