Association of amabhizinisi. Izinhlangano nezinyunyana. Nazi izinhlobo inhlanganisela yebhizinisi

Ibhizinisi inhlanganisela, ibhekwa intelligence eziningi zanamuhla - kuba umkhuba global. Kukholakala ukuthi emashumini eminyaka ezayo, izinkampani kakhulu emhlabeni (okuyinto isiyonke uyonika mayelana 70-75% womkhiqizo okhandwe yiNingizimu iplanethi) lugxila ngaphakathi ambalwa nje Holdings YeSizwe. ibhizinisi Russian lo mkhuba, ngokuvumelana osomnotho, nayo abathintekayo.

Kukhona izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko okuyothi inhlanganisela ibhizinisi kungenzeka. Esikhathini sokuqala sikwazi ukukhuluma izinguquko yenkampani ilungelo elingokomthetho zenzeka ngenxa sihlangane noma zigqila. Ukulawula esigxotsheni, noma linqoba bahlanganyela share capital kuleli cala adluliselwe komunye iqembu labantu kwenye, ungase futhi ushintshe igama brand (futhi ngezinye izikhathi igatsha) lapho ngokuqinile usebenza. Okuvame kakhulu izinhlobo namuhla izinhlangano wamabhizinisi kulesi sigaba - ukukhathazeka futhi Holdings. Phakathi amadala, kodwa kwadingeka lukhulu womlando Russia - trust, nombimbi futhi emtsetfweni.

Esinye isimiso esikwazi ukuthi iyazifanela welithi "ibhizinisi inhlanganisela" yena, ongakaphathelani ushintsho isimo labo elisemthethweni. Luhilela sokuhlanganiswa uhlobo associative - ukwabelana abanikazi noma abaphathi isimo (in the case of izinkampani zikahulumeni) nakho, isixazululo ahlangene izinkinga esiphuthumayo sokuthuthukisa amathemba ezintsha ngokuhlanganisa ulwazi nezisetshenziswa. Izinhlobo ezinkulu izinhlangano wamabhizinisi yalolu hlobo namuhla - kungcono izinhlangano kanye nezinyunyana.

Ngaphambi kokuba sihlole izici ngamunye izinkampani ukuhlanganisa izindlela wafunda izici, khomba zibheke langempela mkhuba centripetal embuzweni.

Kungani sihlanganise ibhizinisi?

Phakathi zezomnotho Kunenkolelo ukuthi ngandlela-thile amabhizinisi amancane ukwandisa khona emakethe yayo. Ngesinye isikhathi esededelwe, inkampani ufinyelela kulelo lentuthuko, lapho umsebenzi owawuqhubeka wanda lebhizinisi noma mhlawumbe nje ngenxa ukumuncwa namanye amabhizinisi (ngokuvamile izimbangi), noma ngokuhlanganisa nabo ngandlela-thile. Yiqiniso, kungenzeka futhi kungenzeka ukhetho abazokwazi yena, ibhizinisi uqobo.

Ngokwesilinganiso, inkampani ziqasha eminyakeni engaba ngu-3-5 ngaphambi kukhona umbuzo mayelana nezinqubo yabangane. Isidingo ukuhlanganisa kungenzeka futhi ngenxa yezimo emakethe. Njengomthetho, esimweni esinjalo ejwayelekile esingashintshi kuze kufinyelelwe esikhathini esibucayi (kokubili imvelo kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe).

izinzuzo inhlangano

Ibhizinisi inhlanganisela - inqubo okuyinto ezimweni eziningi kuyazuzisa ngamunye abahilelekile kulo. Izinzuzo esemqoka ibhizinisi ukuhlanganisa kungenzeka kanje.

Okokuqala, inkampani, ndawonye, njengoba umthetho, akha uhlobo yolwazi umphakathi: amakhasimende, abahlinzeki kanye nabalingani. It is cishe njalo ukwandisa imali ngayinye izinkampani ezakha inhlangano.

Okwesibili, izinkampani ngokuvamile fixed ukonga izindleko ezindaweni eziningi - isibonelo, ubudlelwane kanye abahlinzeki efanayo. Kaningi kuyenzeka ukuthi inkampani etholwe anawo amaqembu amasha amakontraga, ithola ukuthi izimpahla noma amasevisi enikeziwe yibo esingaphansi ezitholakala abalingani odlule. Futhi ngokuvamile kunciphisa nezindleko ezihambisana ukuma sha, ukukhangisa.

Okwesithathu, yabelana Imininingwane yenkampani hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ukuphatha nezimali. Lokhu kuvumela, ngokukhethekile, ancike ukubandakanywa izisebenzi bafaneleka kangcono. Footage - ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphumeleleni kwebhizinisi. Ngokufanayo, amathuba zezimali - imishini kangcono. Lokhu kubalulekile ikakhulukazi uma kukhona inyunyana izitshalo zezimboni - zabo eziyinhloko inzuzo yokuncintisana itholakala ubuchwepheshe elisetshenziswa ukukhululwa kwemikhiqizo.

Safunda mayelana nokuthi kungani amabhizinisi kudingeka ukuhlanganisa. Manje ake sihlole ngokuningiliziwe ngendlela inhlanganisela ibhizinisi, esiye ngokuthi ezivamile eRussia.

ukukhathazeka

Asiqale nezinkathazo. Lolu hlobo lwebhizinisi ukuhlanganisa lisikisela ukuzimela kahle esikhulu iqhaza. Ngokuvamile ukusabela kukhawulwe exchange of izinkampani zobuchwepheshe (patent, amalayisense), kwezinye izimo, lwahlangana amalungiselelo we zezimali nokuphathwa.

Ukukhathazeka kungaba inhlanganisela ibhizinisi njengoba umkhakha owodwa, kanye nokuhlanganiswa ngaphakathi ezinkampanini ezisebenza izingxenye ngempela nezingahlobene. Kodwa njengoba umthetho, amalungu aso sonke ngandlela-thile ezihlobene. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo kohlaka izinkampani iqembu zingahlanganiswa a ukukhiqizwa chain eyodwa - abanikezeli izinto zokusetshenziswa, ukucutshungulwa izitshalo zakhe namafektri esikhiqiza umkhiqizo wokugcina.

Ngokuvamile, izinkampani ukuthi yakha iqembu (izibonelo ibhizinisi Russian ngokuyinhloko waqinisekisa) ukuhlala ngokusemthethweni ezimele. Ukulawula esigxotsheni ngamunye, noma linqoba share enhloko-dolobha ogunyaziwe akuyona ngokuvamile basonta isakhiwo umzali. Futhi lena main umehluko ukukhathazeka kusuka Holdings (izici zabo sizobheka kamuva). Nokho, njengoba sishilo ngenhla, ukuphathwa kwemali zezimali, kanye izinqumo amasu endaweni ukuphathwa zisetshenziswa ezingeni sobunye ubuholi abaphezulu. Kulesi sici, ukuzimela zomthetho izinkampani, njengoba ochwepheshe abaningi abakukholelwayo, awukwazi ukudlala indima ebalulekile mayelana nokuthuthuka amafemu njengoba ehlukene yebhizinisi amayunithi.

Izinhlangano bohlanga esifanayo, kungase kufakwe lezi zinhlobo inhlanganisela ibhizinisi njengoba izinhlangano noma izinyunyana. Lokhu akuthinti isimo kanye nokubusa zomthetho izindlela zabo. Kodwa abanalo ilungelo ukuba yingxenye nezinye izinto ezisikhathazayo. Kungenjalo kungaba nokwehluka nge isakhiwo yecebo elihlanganisiwe eziza kuqala ibhizinisi.

Ukukhathazeka eRussia

kanjani Russia usebenza kulokuhlangana lokunjalo njengeqembu? Izibonelo amabhizinisi, nokuhlanganisa ngaphakathi leli fomu, yebo, kwenzeke eRussia obuningi kakhulu.

Kukhona, ngokukhethekile, wemboni wezinkampane zomphakathi. Ukuze labo ochwepheshe cabangela omunye yezinkampani ezinkulu futhi kunazo owaziwa Russian emhlabeni - "Gazprom". Kaningi kuyenzeka ukuthi iqembu - i association of bezinhlangano eziphethwe uhulumeni we umkhakha ukuzivikela.

Igama elithi "iqembu" eRussia futhi emhlabeni

Umbuzo ukuthi inani elifanayo, igama elithi "iqembu" ezweni lethu kanye nasemazweni aphesheya. Konke kuncike esimweni esithile. Cabangela lezi zibonelo ezimbalwa. Ikakhulu, i-ukukhathazeka eRussia ngokuthi izinkampani ezifana Volkswagen, Siemens, Allianz. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ezweni lendabuko - Germany - lezi zinhlangano zibizwa ngendlela efanayo, Konzern. Uma, esikhundleni salokho, sikhuluma izinkampani ezifana General Motors kanye Boeing, uma kubhaliswa US, e-Russia, nazo kubhekwe ukuba ukukhathazeka. Kodwa e-United States - akukho. Kukhona bebizwa "inkampani yomphakathi".

Kwezinye izimo, izinkampani ngobukhulu US eRussia phakathi kwabezindaba Russian noma izincwadi ezikhethekile ubheke corporations kuphela ukuze sigweme edukisayo. Iqiniso lokuthi abaningi izinkampani zaseMelika, isibonelo kulokhu, lowo mdondoshiya yezimoto Chrysler - into ngaphezu "iphrofayela" (ngesiNgisi - Limited Ugibe Corporation). isakhamuzi Russian babengakholwa ukuthi "inkampani" uyakwazi sikhule obungaka: ukuqonda kwethu inkampani isilinganiso kakhulu. Kulula ukuqaphela ukuthi ibhizinisi ezifana - ukukhathazeka.

ubambe

Njengoba sishilo ngenhla, ezivame kakhulu kuleli fomu Russian inhlanganisela ibhizinisi ethulwa njengoba ebambe izinkampani. Lolu hlobo lwebhizinisi ukuhlanganisa, ngokusho kongoti, kuyinto ekhathazwa izinto ezikhathaza kakhulu (Eqinisweni, abanye zezomnotho kanye neminye imibandela bachazwa). Yiziphi izici esasenza Holdings? Futhi, yena, e ezivamile phakathi kwabo kanye ukukhathazeka?

Isici esibaluleke kakhulu holidnga - ukuthi inhlangano izinhlangano kanye namabhizinisi ku isimo esiqinile: emakamu in the ifa isakhiwo umzali esigxotsheni elilawulayo kuzo zonke izinkampani. Ngenkathi ukukhathazeka kuvunyelwe (nakuba akuhlali) ukuthi isabelo eyinhloko yebhizinisi okungeyakho abasunguli lenkampani noma abanikazi bamasheya third-party.

Ukuze izimfanelo kakhulu (target sokudalwa, uhlobo ukuphathwa, nokunye. D.) Ukunamathela ngokuvamile kakhulu efana ukukhathazeka. Zingase izinhlangano emagatsheni eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ukuba nokuhlanganisa nohlaka amabhizinisi ngokuya inhlangano uchungechunge production. Vele njengoba kwaba njalo endabeni ka-corporations, amabhizinisi of inkampani ephethe, njengoba umthetho, abe, kukhona umsebenzi ngokomthetho ezizimele ngokuvamile ezimele kwezomnotho.

Kodwa ukhiye izinqumo zokuphatha ukuthatha zonke ikhanda sakhiwo lesifanako. abaluthole ewumgogodla zimi kanje.

Okokuqala, it is asathuthuka izisekelo nekutfutfuka kwelizinga lekucabanga yonke inhlangano. Ukucabangela isu ukuheha nokusatshalaliswa izimali kanye nezinzuzo. Ukuphathwa kwezimali, ngokusho kongoti eziningi - ingxenye eyinhloko ikhanda umsebenzi isakhiwo eliyifa. Izimali kungenzeka basakaza kuhlanganise ngokusebenzisa ukubolekisa yangaphakathi.

Okwesibili, inhloko isakhiwo eliyifa, njengoba umthetho, obangela izinqumo zokuphatha ezisemqoka ezingeni lokuphatha inkampani, amalungu Association.

Okwesithathu, inhlangano umzali Umele izindaba zonke podochetnyh wakhe amafemu isikhala imikhakha futhi kwamanye amazwe.

Ngo Holdings eziningi, by the way, kukhona imigoqo ubunikazi ukwabelana isakhiwo umzali izinkampani-abahlanganyeli inhlangano (kanye abaphathi abanikazi ukwabelana).

Manje ake sixoxe amafomu zomlando of association izinhlangano ukuthi inendima emnothweni Tsarist Russia ne-Soviet Union.

nombimbi

Ngaphansi Cartel waqonda isakhiwo, bathuthela umkhakha amabhizinisi olulodwa. Inhloso lezo zinhlobo inhlangano - Umsebenzi ngokuhlanganyela isici ukumaketha (okungenani - izinqubo zokukhiqiza). Njengengxenye izinkampani Cartel, njengoba umthetho, kwakuba lula ukuthengisa izimpahla ekhiqizwa ngezithukuthuku izivumelwano ku amanani, quota, isetshenziswa ngesikhathi esifanayo ne namanye amabhizinisi isiteshi sokusabalalisa. Izinkampani Cartel zigcinwe ukuzibusa ngokugcwele kwezomthetho nakwezomnotho.

imikhonyovu

Uma imisebenzi izinkampani waqinisa ngaphakathi Cartel, njengoba ebhekiwe ezifana phezu iziteshi zokusabalalisa (njengoba kuqhathaniswa ukukhiqizwa ingxenye), osomabhizinisi kungenzeka uyavumelana ekusungulweni kwe-syndicate - zonke isakhiwo ibhizinisi okufanayo, obhekene ukuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo at iyunifomu amanani kanye neziteshi.

Lokho umsebenzi amafemu ngabanye ukuze kukhawulwe ukukhiqizwa. Ukwenza ukudayiswa, njengoba umthetho, kuphela wadala sigejana kubo. Kwezinye izimo, isakhiwo yokuthengisa ayidalwanga eceleni, futhi kwasungulwa ngesisekelo nomnotho omunye izinkampani angawelinye inhlangano.

trust

Uma nombimbi futhi emtsetfweni ngokuvamile yakhelwe nokwandisa ukudayiswa iziteshi izimpahla, trust - ukuhlanganisa imizamo efana nje ingxenye ukukhiqizwa (kodwa ezimweni eziningi futhi kuhlanganiswe yokuthengisa izigaba). Izinhlangano yalolu hlobo kwakhiwa amabhizinisi awalondoloziwe, njengoba kuqhathaniswa nombimbi futhi emtsetfweni, ukuzimela kwezomthetho nakwezomnotho. Wadala bathambekele ukwethemba ikhanda isakhiwo (cishe njengasezinsukwini eliyifa). Kodwa kwakukhona izibonelo lapho inkampani yasayina isivumelwano ku sihlangane futhi zigqila. Ngokuvamile trusts kwakusho nokuhlanganisa zonke izinqubo ukukhiqizwa ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo esinobunye izinkampani, kanye nemithombo abahlobene nabo. Ngokuvamile amalungu yale miphakathi zaba amabhizinisi ezimbonini ezahlukene. Kuzo, njengoba nje kwenzeka e ukukhathazeka, zikleliswe uchungechunge yokukhiqiza okuxoxwe ngawo ngenhla. Njengoba umthetho, trust senzeka Institute kobunikazi ngokuhlanganyela ku nezisetshenziswa zinengxenye ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla (kanye umkhiqizo osuphelile).

Nombimbi futhi emtsetfweni ngesikhathi esifanayo babe nobuntu ngaphezulu izikhathi Imperial Russia (lapho yangasese ibhizinisi isikhungo khona ngaphandle kwemingcele abalulekile). Owesibili kwaba okuningi. Nombimbi babe Kuyavunywa ngempela ezingavamile. Ngo-USSR (kuze kube ngomzuzu lapho ubudlelwane bezentengiselwano bakhona babenqatshelwe) wajabulela okukhulu udumo trust.

Izinhlangano nezinyunyana

Njengoba sesifunde amafomu lamanje sokuhlanganiswa izinkampani kohlaka sihlangane futhi zigqila, sicabangela uhlobo kuhlanganiswe ibhizinisi yesibili - izinhlangano kanye nezinyunyana. Vele uqaphele ukuthi le migomo emibili, njengoba umthetho, kungathiwa. Vele "inhlangano" - kusho "inyunyana", "inyunyana", kuphela imikhuba angaphandle. Amabhizinisi ngokwabo ukuthola indlela bazibiza njengengxenye isakhiwo ahlanganisiwe.

Izinhlangano nezinyunyana - union izinhlangano (lesiyenta sisodvwa nobe embikwebantfu) hhayi ukuhlanganisa imithombo yezimali nokuphatha, ukuvikela izithakazelo kanye nokudidiyela mutual ezindaweni ezahlukene umsebenzi. Cishe njalo kuba isakhiwo engenzi-nzuzo-hlobo. Okusho ukuthi, uma sikhuluma ngesimo esingokomthetho - okungukuthi, njengoba umthetho, NGOs. Amankampani okuqondene inhlangano noma inyunyana, ukugcina ukuzimela kwezomthetho nakwezomnotho ngokuphelele.

Ubukhulu nezinhlangano ezifana zingase zishintshe kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Association of restaurateurs kanye hostelerov. Ngesikhathi ezwa eziningi ukuzihlanganisokhu - ". The Union of nezimboni kanye Osomabhizinisi" Kukhona izakhiwo ngamazwe nezombusazwe (ngomgomo wokuzakhela kubo - yekusungulwa kwebudlelwane ibhizinisi). Phakathi kwalabo - Customs Union.