I-Echinoderms: incazelo, amagama, isithombe

Echinoderms - izilwane ziyingqayizivele. Awukwazi ukuqhathaniswa nesakhiwo nezinye izinhlobo. Ukubukeka kwalezi zilwane kufana nembali, inkanyezi, ikhukhamba, ibhola, njll.

Umlando wokufunda

Ngisho namaGreki asendulo awanika igama elithi "echinoderms". Abamele lezi zinhlobo sekuyisikhathi eside benesithakazelo kumuntu. Umlando wokutadisha kwabo uxhumekile, ikakhulukazi, ngamagama kaPliny no-Aristotle; Futhi ngekhulu le-18 leminyaka yekhulu le-19 bafundela ososayensi abaningi abadumile (Lamarck, Linnaeus, Klein, Cuvier). Noma kunjalo, izazi zezinkanyezi eziningi ngaleso sikhathi zazihlanganisa nazo nge-coelenterates, noma ngezibungu. II Mechnikov, ososayensi waseRussia, wathola ukuthi ahlobene nomzimba. UMechnikov wabonisa ukuthi lezi zilwane zihlobene eduze nabameleli bezingqinamba.

Izinhlobonhlobo ze-echinoderms

Esikhathini sethu, kuye kwasungulwa ukuthi i-echinoderms yizilwane ezivela eqenjini lama-invertebrates ahlelwe kakhulu kunazo zonke - ezinganeni ezingezansi ezingezansi. Babonakala eplanethi yethu ngaphezu kweminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-520 edlule. Izindawo zokuhlala ze-echinoderms zitholakala ezindaweni ezisekuqaleni kweCambrian. Lolu hlobo lubandakanya izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-5 000.

I-Echinoderms yizilwane zasolwandle, ezansi, eziningi zazo eziphilayo eziphilayo. Okungajwayelekile kakhulu kulabo abathintekayo phansi ngezitshalo ezikhethekile. Izitho zezinto eziningi eziphilayo zikhona emi-ray engu-5, kodwa inombolo yazo kwezinye izilwane zihlukile. Kuyaziwa ukuthi okhokho be-echinoderms babenokulinganisa okuphakathi kwamanye amazwe, okukhona izimpungushe ezingenazintambo eziphilayo.

Isakhiwo sangaphakathi

Abamele ama-echinoderms engxenyeni engxenyeni engxenyeni engezansi bahlakulela i-skeleton ehlanganisa amapulethi wokubala nezinaliti, ameva, njll, ebusweni bomzimba. Njengezingqinamba, kulezi zilwane umzimba womzimba wesibili ukhiwa ukuhlukaniswa kwamasaka omzimba avela emathunjini. I-Gastropor ngenkathi intuthuko yabo ikhulile noma iguqulwa ibe i-anus. Kulokhu, umlomo we-larva uphinde wakhiwa.

I-Echinoderms inehlelo lokujikeleza. Noma kunjalo, uhlelo lokuphefumula lube buthakathaka noma alukho nhlobo. Kubalulekile ukuchaza ngokufushane ezinye izimpawu ze-echinoderms. Lezi zilwane azikho izitho ezikhethekile zokuzibekela. Isistimu yezinzwa zezinto ezithandekayo kithi impela. Itholakale ingxenye ye-epithelium ene-cutaneous noma epithelium yezingxenye zomzimba ezingaphakathi.

Isakhiwo sangaphandle

Izimpawu ze-echinoderms kufanele zenziwe ngezingxenye zesakhiwo sangaphandle salezi zilwane. I-epithelium yangaphandle yengxenye enkulu ye-echinoderms (ngaphandle kwama-holothurians) ine-cilia, edala amanzi wamanje. Zibophezele ekudleni ukudla, ukushintshwa kwegesi nokuhlanza umzimba wokungcola. Ngokwezinhloso ze-echinoderms, kunezinhlayiya ezihlukahlukene (ezibangela ukukhanya kwe-luminescence kanye nobuthi) kanye nama-pigments, okunikeza umbala omangalisayo kulawazilwane.

Izakhi zezingulube ezinkanyezini zasolwandle ziyizicabha zokubala, ezihlelwe emigqeni yesikhathi eside, ngokuvamile zivame ukuphuma ngaphandle. Umzimba we-urchins olwandle uvikelwe igobolondo elibala. Iqukethe uchungechunge lwamacwecwe, axhunyiwe komunye nomunye, ngezinaliti ende ezihlezi phezu kwazo. AmaHolothuri anemizimba ebalalayo ehlakazekile esikhumbeni sabo. Amasipha azo zonke lezi ziphilayo avela ngaphakathi.

Uhlelo lwamaSulumane kanye ne-ambulacral

I-musculature yalezi zilwane imelelwe ama-muscular band kanye nemisipha ngayinye. Yenziwe kahle kakhulu, njengoba nje nesilwane singasuswa. Ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi ze-echinoderms, uhlelo lwe-ambulacral lusebenza ngokuthintana nokuhamba, futhi kwezinye izimbali zezilwandle nolwandle luhloselwe ukuphefumula. Lezi zinhlobo ze-dioecious, zikhula nge-metamorphosis ye-larva.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-echinoderms

Kunezinhlobo ezingu-5 ze-echinoderms: i-Ophiura, i-Starfish, i-urchins yamaLwandle, uLwandle LamaLwandle kanye ne-Holothuria. Uhlobo luhlukaniswe ngama-subtypes amabili: ukuhamba ngokukhululeka kwe-echinoderms kuboniswa ama-ophiuroids, ama-holothurians, ama-urchins olwandle nezinkanyezi zasolwandle, futhi axhunyiwe - ngamanqamu olwandle, kanye namanye amakilasi aphelile. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba yizinkulungwane eziyisithupha zanamuhla eziziwayo, kanye nezinhlobo eziphindwe kabili ezingapheli. Zonke i-echinoderms yizilwane zasolwandle ezihlala kuphela emanzini anosawoti kuphela.

I-Starfish

Ummeleli odume kakhulu wentshisekelo yenzalo ye-starfish (isithombe somunye wabo sinikezwe ngenhla). Lezi zilwane ziseklasini le-Asteroidea. Akukhona ngengozi ukuthi i-starfish ithola igama elinjalo. Esimweni sabo eziningi zazo zimelela inkanyezi emihlanu ekhomba noma i-pentagon. Kodwa-ke, kunezinhlobo ezinjalo, inani lemisebe elifinyelela kuma-50.

Bheka, umzimba othakazelisayo une-starfish, isithombe esinikezwe ngenhla! Uma uyiphenduka, ungabona ukuthi phansi kwemisebe yimizila yemilenze encane ye-tubular ene-sucker ekugcineni. Isilwane, siyabathinta, sinyuka ngasolwandle, futhi sikhuphuka ezindaweni eziqondile.

Zonke i-echinoderms zinamandla okuvuselela ngokushesha. Ku-starfish, i-ray ngayinye ehlukaniswe nomzimba iyasebenza. Ivuselela ngokushesha, futhi kuvela isilwane esisha kuso. Iningi le-starfish londla izinsalela zezinto eziphilayo. Bawathola emhlabathini. Ukudla kwabo kuhlanganisa nezidumbu nezinhlanzi zezinhlanzi. Kodwa-ke, abanye abameleli bezinkanyezi zasolwandle yizilwane ezihlasela izisulu zabo (izinambuzane ezingenammoya). Ngemuva kokukhipha, lezi zilwane ziphonsa isisu. Ngakho-ke, ukugaya kwezinye izinkanyezi zasolwandle ezenzakalelayo kwenziwa ngaphandle. Imisipha yalezi zilwane inemisipha enamandla kakhulu. Ibavumela ukuba bavule kalula i-shellfish flaps. Izinkanyezi zasolwandle, uma kudingekile, zingaphinde zihlakaze igobolondo layo.

Okudume kakhulu phakathi kwezilwane ezidalwa yizilwane yi-Acanthasterplanci - umqhele wameva. Lesi yisitha esibi kunabo bonke emifuleni yasolwandle. Izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-1500 zitholakala kuleli klasi (uhlobo lwe-echinoderms).

I-Starfish ingakwazi ukukhiqiza kokubili ngokobulili nangokweqile (kuvuselelwe). Ingxenye enkulu yalezi zilwane yizinto eziphilayo eziphilayo. Umanyolo wenziwa emanzini. Umzimba uqala ukuguqula umzimba. Ezinye ze-starfish ziphila iminyaka engaba ngu-30.

Izinhlanzi ze-Snake-tailed (ophiuros)

Lezi zilwane zifana kakhulu nezinkanyezi: zinemibala emincane futhi ende. E-ophiuroids (uhlobo lwe-echinoderms), azikho izingxenye ze-hepatic, ukuvulwa kwe-anal kanye nomathumbu we-posterior. Endleleni yabo yokuphila, zibukeka njenge-starfish. Lezi zilwane ziyi-dioecious, kodwa zikwazi kokubili ukuvuselelwa nokukhiqizwa kwe-asexual. Ezinye izinhlobo ziyizici ezikhanyayo.

Umzimba wenyoka umele i-disk flat, ububanzi bayo buyi-10 cm. Izilwane zisebenzisa ukuhambisa le mibala ejikelezayo, ngosizo lwazo ezihamba ngasogwini lolwandle. Lezi zithokozi ziyazamaza. Bathumela phambili amabili amabili "ezandla" zabo, bese bewaguqula ngokujulile. Izinyoka ze-Snakebirds zondla i-detritus noma izilwane ezincane. I-Ophiuras ihlala emgodini wezilwandle, izipanji, amakhorali, ama-urchins olwandle. Babala cishe izinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2. Lezi zilwane zaziwa kusukela e-Ordovician.

Izimbali zamanzi

Echinoderms ehlukene kakhulu. Izibonelo zezilwane zasolwandle, ezikuloluhlobo, zinikezwe ngenhla. Lezi ziphilayo zodwa kuphela. Bahamba ngendlela yokuphila. Kumele kugcizelelwe ukuthi izimbali zezilwandle azizona izitshalo, kodwa izilwane, naphezu kwegama labo. Umzimba walezi zinhlobo uqukethe indebe, isiqu nezandla (brachioles). Ngosizo lwezandla, bahlunga izinhlayiya zokudla emanzini. Eziningi zezinhlobo zanamuhla zihamba mahhala futhi zizinzile.

I-Bezstebelchatye iminduze ingahamba kancane kancane. Bangakwazi ngisho nokugebha emanzini. Ukudla kwabo kunezilwane ezincane, iplankton, izinsalela ze-algae. Inani lenani lezinhlobo lilinganiselwa ku-6 000, okwamanje lingaphansi kuka-700. Lezi zilwane zaziwa kusukela ku-Cambrian.

Izinhlobo ezicwebezwe kahle zama-marine izimbali zihlala ikakhulukazi olwandle nolwandle lwama-subtropics. Bafaka izinto ezinhlobonhlobo ezingaphansi kwamanzi. Kukholelwa ukuthi lezi zilwane ezisengozini, kodwa ema-Masozoic nasePaleozoic eras, indima yabo emanzini yolwandle nolwandle kwakukhulu kakhulu.

Ikhukhamba elwandle (holothurian)

Lezi ziphilayo zibizwa ngezindlela ezihlukene: ukhukhamba olwandle, ama- sea capsules noma ama-holothurian. Bamele isigaba sama-invertebrates njenge-echinoderms. Kunezinhlobo abantu abadlayo. Igama elijwayelekile le-holothuri edlayo "liyi-trepang". I-Trepang igodliwe ngezinga elikhulu eMpumalanga Ekude. Kukhona ne-holothurian enobuthi. Bathola imithi ehlukahlukene (isibonelo, holothurin).

Njengamanje, izinhlobo ezingu-1150 zamakhukhamba olwandle zimelelwa. Abamele babo bahlukaniswe ngamasosha ayisithupha. Isikhathi saseSiluriya yisikhathi lapho amadokodo amadala kunazo zonke ama-holothuria angaba khona.

Lezi zinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zihluke kwezinye izici ze-echinoderms oblong, globular noma i-vermiform, kanye nokunciphisa ama-skeleton nokuthi bangenayo imifino ehamba phambili. Umlomo walezi zilwane uzungezwe yi-whisk of tentacles. Ngesizo sabo, ama-holothuri abamba ukudla. Lezi zilwane zi-benthic, nakuba zingavamile kakhulu labo abahlala odakeni (i-pelagic). Bahamba ngendlela yokuphila. AmaHolothuri adla i-plankton encane noma i-silt.

Ama-urchins olwandle

Lezi zilwane zihlala phansi noma ezansi. Umzimba iningi lawo lincane kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi limeyi. Ububanzi bayo buvela ku 2-3 kuya ku-30 cm. Ngaphandle, umzimba ugcwele imigqa yamameva, amapulethi wokubala noma izinaliti. Njengomthetho, amacwecwe ahlangene angenalutho, enza igobolondo (igobolondo elikhulu). Legobolondo ayivumeli isilwane ukuthi sishintshe isimo sayo. Namuhla kunezinhlobo ezingu-940 zama-urchins olwandle. Inombolo enkulu kunazo zonke zezinhlobo zazimele ePaleozoic. Njengamanje kunezigaba ezingu-6, ngenkathi ziphela - 15.

Ngokuphathelene nokudla, amanye ama-urchins olwandle asebenzisa ama-tissue aphilayo ekudleni (detritus), kuyilapho abanye bekhipha ama-seaweed ngamatshe. Esikhathini esilandelayo, umlomo wesilwane unemishini ekhethekile yokuhlafuna, okuthiwa i-Aristotelian lantern. Kubonakala sengathi kubukeka ngokubonakalayo. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-echinoderms (u-urchins olwandle) ngosizo lwazo akugcini nje ukukhiqiza ukudla, kodwa futhi ziguqule amadwala, izimbobo zokugaya kuzo.

Inani lama-urchins olwandle

Lezi zilwane ziyizinto eziwusizo zemvelo yolwandle. Ngokwezentengiselwano, kuyathakazelisa ikakhulukazi i- caviar yama-urchins olwandle. EJapan nakwamanye amazwe esifundeni sase-Asia-Pacific, kuwumkhiqizo omnandi. I-Caviar yalezi zilwane iqukethe izinto eziningi eziphilayo ezisebenzayo. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi izakhi ezitholakala kuwo, zingasetshenziswa ngezifo zomdlavuza njengezokwelapha kanye ne-prophylactic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bavamisa ukucindezela kwegazi, ukwandisa amandla, basuse ama-radionuclides emzimbeni womuntu. Kubonakala ukuthi ukudla i-caviar kwandisa ukumelana nezifo ezehlukene, kusiza ngezifo zamathunjini, kunciphisa imiphumela yokwelashwa kwemishanguzo, kuthuthukisa imisebenzi yezingqungquthela zobulili kanye nesifo se-cardiovascular system.

Uma sicabanga ngalokhu okushiwo ngaphambili, akumangalisi ukuthi i-sea urchin iyinhlangano ye-echinoderm yolwandle, okuba isidlo esiyifunayo. Isibonelo, izakhamuzi zaseJapan minyaka yonke zidla amathani angama-500 we-caviar yalesi silwane kokubili ngomusa futhi njengezithasiselo ezitsha. Ngendlela, ngokusetshenziswa kwalowo mkhiqizo wokudla, isikhathi eside sesikhathi sokuphila sihlobene kuleli lizwe, lapho abantu bahlala khona eminyakeni engama-89.

Kulesi sihloko, kuphela ama-echinoderms asemqoka ayemele. Ngithemba ukuthi uyakhumbula amagama abo. Vumelana, laba abamele imfuyo yasolwandle bayamnandi kakhulu futhi bayathandeka.