Inyunyana - yini lokhu? Trade Unions atholane Russia. UMthetho Trade Unions

Kuze kube manje, inyunyana yinkampani kuphela ebizwa ngokuthi imele ngokugcwele futhi ivikele amalungelo nezintshisekelo zabasebenzi bamabhizinisi. Futhi futhi ukwazi ukusiza ukuphepha kwabasebenzi ukulawulwa kwabasebenzi, ukuxazulula izingxabano zabasebenzi nokuqeqesha abasebenzi ukwethembeka ebhizinisini, elinethuba lokubafundisa ukuqeqeshwa kokukhiqiza. Ngakho-ke, bobabili abanikazi bezinhlangano kanye nabasebenzi abajwayelekile abajwayelekile bafuna ukwazi nokuqonda okubalulekile kanye nokuzikhethela kweyunyunyana.

Umbono wezinyunyana zabasebenzi

Inyunyana iyinhlangano ehlanganisa abasebenzi bebhizinisi ithuba lokuxazulula izinkinga ezivela eziphathelene nemibandela yomsebenzi wabo, kanye nezintshisekelo zabo emkhakheni wezenzo zomsebenzi.

Wonke umsebenzi wenkampani enale nhlangano inelungelo lokungena ngokuzithandela. E-Russian Federation, ngokusho komthetho, abantu bezinye izizwe nabangenamthetho nabo bangathola ubulungu emnyangweni, uma lokhu kungqubuzana nemibandela yamazwe ngamazwe.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, zonke izakhamizi zaseRussian Federation ezifinyelele eminyakeni engu-14 futhi zenza umsebenzi wakhe wokusebenza zingenza inhlangano yezohwebo.

E-Russian Federation, lo mthetho ulungisa inhlangano eyinhloko yezinyunyana zabasebenzi. Kusho ukubambisana okuzithandela kwawo wonke amalungu ayo asebenza emabhizinisini afanayo. Esikhathini salo, amaqembu ezentengiselwano noma izinhlangano zomsebenzi wezohwebo zingakhiwa ezitolo noma eminyangweni.

Izinhlangano zokuhweba eziyinhloko zingabumbene ezinhlanganweni ezinamagatsha omsebenzi womsebenzi, endaweni ethile noma esinye isinye isibonakaliso sokusebenza.

Ukubambisana kwezinyunyana kunelungelo eligcwele lokusebenzisana nezinyunyana zabanye amazwe, ukuphothula izivumelwano nezivumelwano nazo, nokudala izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe.

Izinhlobo nezibonelo

Ngokuya ngezici zabo zendawo, izinyunyana zabasebenzi zihlukaniswe ngokuthi:

1. Inhlangano Yobunye Yase-Russian-inyunyana ihlanganisana ngokwayo ngaphezu kwengxenye yabasebenzi begatsha elilodwa noma lamanye amakhono, noma isebenza ensimini engaphezu kwesigamu sezihloko zeRussian Federation.
2. Izinhlangano zezinyunyana zangaphandle ezixhumanisa amalungu e-syndicate embonini eyodwa noma eminingana ensimini yezinhlangano eziningana zeRussian Federation, kodwa ngaphansi kwengxenye yenani labo eliphelele.
3. Izinhlangano zasemhlabeni zezinyunyana ezihlanganisa ababambiqhaza eminyunyeni yezinyunyana zezindaba ezilodwa noma eziningana zeRussian, amadolobha noma ezinye izindawo zokuhlala. Isibonelo, inyunyana yesifundazwe yase-Arkhangelsk yabasebenzi bezindiza noma inhlangano yomphakathi yesifunda saseNosibsibirsk yenhlangano yezinyunyana zabasebenzi emkhakheni wezemfundo yomphakathi kanye nesayensi.

Zonke izinhlangano zingahlanganiswa, ngokulandelana, zibe izinhlangano ezihlangene noma izinhlangano zezinhlangano zezinhlangano zezinyunyana. Futhi futhi ukwakha amabhodi noma amakomidi. Isibonelo, i-Volgograd Regional Council of Trade Unions iyinhlangano yendawo yezinhlangano zesifunda zonke izinyunyana zaseRashiya.

Esinye isibonelo esihle yi-association of the capital. Izinyunyana zabasebenzi baseMoscow zihlangene noMoscow Federation of Trade Unions kusukela ngo-1990.

Kuncike emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe, kungenzeka ukuba izinhlangano zezinyunyana ezizimele zezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukene kanye nezinhlobo zomsebenzi zabasebenzi. Isibonelo, inyunyana yabasebenzi, inyunyana yabasebenzi bezokwelapha, inyunyana yabaculi, abadlali noma abaculi,

I-Trade Union Charter

Izinhlangano zezinyunyana kanye nezinhlangano zabo zakha futhi zakha izimiso, isakhiwo kanye nezindikimba ezibusayo. Baphinde bazihlele ngokuzimela umsebenzi wabo, babambe izingqungquthela, imihlangano nezinye izenzakalo ezifanayo.

Izimiso zezinyunyana zomabhizinisi eziyingxenye yokwakhiwa kwezinhlangano zonke zaseRussia noma eziphakathi kwezifundazwe akufanele ziphikisana namashadi ala mazinhlangano. Isibonelo, ikomidi lezinyunyana zezinyunyana zezinyunyana zanoma yisiphi isifunda akufanele sisamukele le mithetho, equkethe izinhlinzeko eziphikisana nezinhlinzeko zenyunyana ye-inter-regional eyakhiwe inhlangano yokuqala ekhonjiwe.

Lo mqulu kufanele uhlanganise:

• Igama, lihlose kanye nemisebenzi ye-union;
• Izigaba namaqembu abasebenzi;
• Inqubo yokushintsha umqulu, ukwenza iminikelo;
• Amalungelo kanye nemisebenzi yamalungu ayo, izimo zobulungu kumhlangano;
• Ukwakhiwa kweyunyunyana;
• Imithombo engenayo kanye nokuphathwa kwempahla;
• Izimo kanye nokuzikhethela kokuhlelwa kabusha kanye nokukhishwa kwezinyunyana zabasebenzi;
• Yonke imibuzo ephathelene nomsebenzi wezinyunyana.

Ukubhaliswa kweyunyunyana njengenhlangano esemthethweni

Inyunyana yabasebenzi noma izinhlangano zabo, ngokusho komthetho weRussian Federation, ingahle ibhaliswe njengombuso njengenhlangano esemthethweni. Kodwa lokhu akuyona into ebalulekile.

Ukubhaliswa kukahulumeni kubanjwe eziphathamandla eziphetheyo endaweni lapho inhlangano yezinyunyana ihlala khona. Kule nqubo, ummeleli wenhlangano kufanele ahlinzekele amakhophi noma amakhophi angabhalisiwe alo mqulu, izinqumo zezinkomfa ngokusungulwa kweyunyunyana, izinqumo zokwamukelwa komqulu kanye nezinhlu zabahlanganyeli. Emva kwalokho, isinqumo senziwa ukwabela isimo se-jur. Abantu, kanye nedatha yenhlangano ngokwayo ingeniswa kwiRejista yeHulumeni eyodwa.

Inyunyana yabasebenzi, izisebenzi zezimboni, izisebenzi zokudala noma izinhlangano ezifanayo zabanye abantu zingahlelwa kabusha noma zihanjiswe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlelwa kabusha kwayo kufanele kwenziwe ngokuhambisana nomthetho ovunyelwe, nokuchithwa - nomthetho wesifundazwe.

Inyunyana ingashintshwa uma umsebenzi wayo iphikisana noMthethosisekelo weRussia Federation noma imithetho yenhlangano. Futhi kulezi zimo, ukumiswa okuphoqelelwe kwemisebenzi kuze kube yizinyanga ezingu-12 kungenzeka.

Umthetho wezomthetho wezinyunyana zabasebenzi

Imisebenzi yezinyunyana njengamanje ilawulwa uMthetho No. 10 ka-12 Januwari 1996 kumanyunyana yabasebenzi, amalungelo abo kanye neziqinisekiso zemisebenzi yabo. Izinguquko zokugcina zenziwe ngoDisemba 22, 2014.

Kulo mthethosivivinywa, umbono wezinyunyana kanye nemigomo esemqoka ehambisana nayo ishintshiwe. Futhi ibuye ichaze amalungelo kanye neziqinisekiso zehlangano kanye namalungu ayo.

Ngokusho kuka-Art. 4 kulo Mthetho we-Federal, usebenza kuwo wonke amabhizinisi asezindaweni zeRussia Federation, nakuzo zonke izinkampani zaseRussia eziphesheya.

Ngokomthetho wezomthetho wezinyunyana zokunyakaza kweyunyunyana emkhakheni wezempi, emibuthweni yezindaba zangaphakathi, emagcekeni kanye nabashushisi, izidumbu ze-Federal Security Service, ezinhlanganweni zamasiko, ejensi lokulawula izidakamizwa, nasemsebenzini we-Ministries of Service Firefighting, izimo eziphuthumayo, zikhona ezihlukene Imithetho yase-Federal.

Imisebenzi

Umgomo oyinhloko wezinyunyana, njengenhlangano yomphakathi yokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abasebenzi, ngokulandelana, ukumelela nokuvikelwa kwezintshisekelo zezenhlalo nezokusebenza kanye namalungelo ezakhamuzi.

Inyunyana iyinhlangano eyenzelwe ukusekela izithakazelo namalungelo abasebenzi ezindaweni zabo zokusebenza, ukuthuthukisa izimo zokusebenza zabasebenzi, ukufeza amaholo ahloniphekile, ukusebenzisana nomqashi.

Izintshisekelo, ezibizwa ukuba zivikele lezi zinhlangano, zingaba izinqumo ekuvikelweni komsebenzi, inkokhelo, ukuxoshwa, ukuchithwa kwabasebenzi, ukungagcinwa kwekhodi yomsebenzi ye-Russian Federation nemithetho ethile eqondene nokusebenza.

Konke okubalwe ngenhla kubhekisela ku "umsebenzi wokuzivikela" wale nhlangano. Enye indima yezinyunyana zabasebenzi iyimisebenzi yokumelwa. Yikuphi ukuhlobana phakathi kwezinyunyana zabasebenzi kanye nombuso.

Lo msebenzi ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abasebenzi hhayi ezingeni lebhizinisi, kodwa ngezinga likazwelonke. Ngakho-ke, izinyunyana zabasebenzi zinelungelo lokubamba iqhaza ukhetho lukahulumeni basekhaya ngenxa yabasebenzi. Bangabamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwezinhlelo zikahulumeni ekuvikelweni komsebenzi, emsebenzini, njll.

Ukubambelela izithakazelo zabasebenzi, izinyunyana zabasebenzi zihlangana eduze namaqembu ahlukene ezombusazwe, futhi ngezinye izikhathi zize zenzele zona.

Amalungelo enhlangano

Izinyunyana zabasebenzi zizimele ngaphandle kwamandla aphezulu kanye nemizimba yezinhlangano zokuzimela zendawo kanye nokuphathwa kwamabhizinisi. Ngalokhu, zonke izinhlangano ezinjalo ngaphandle kokungenazo zinamalungelo afanayo.

Amalungelo ezinyunyana azinyunyelwe yi-Federal Federal of the Federation of Russian "On izinyunyana, amalungelo abo kanye neziqinisekiso zomsebenzi".

Ngokwalo Mthetho we-Federal, izinhlangano zinelungelo loku:

• Ukuvikelwa kwezithakazelo zabasebenzi;
• Ukwenzela iziphathimandla izinhlelo zokuthola imithetho efanele;
• Ukubamba iqhaza ekwamukelweni nasekuxoxweni kwemithetho ebhaliwe ehlongozwa yibo;
• Ukungahambeli izindawo zokusebenzela zabasebenzi nokuthola yonke imininingwane yezenhlalakahle nemisebenzi evela kumqashi;
• Ukuziphatha kwe-bargaining ehlangene, isiphetho sezimvumelwano ezihlangene;
• Ukufundiswa kumqashi ngokuphulwa kwakhe, okumele akuqede ngaphakathi kwesonto;
• Ukubamba imikhosi, imihlangano, ukushaya, ukwenza izidingo zabasebenzi;
• Ukubamba iqhaza ngokulinganayo ekuphathweni kwezimali zomphakathi, ezakhiwa ezivela kubulungu;
• Ukudala ukuhlolwa kwabo ukuqapha izimo zokusebenza, ukuhambisana nezivumelwano ezihlangene nokuphepha kwemvelo kwabasebenzi.

Izinhlangano zezohwebo zinegunya lokuba nempahla efana nezakhiwo zomhlaba, izakhiwo, izakhiwo, indawo yokuhlanza-indawo noma izakhiwo zezemidlalo, izindlu zokunyathelisa. Futhi futhi kungaba ngabanikazi bamasheya, banelungelo lokudala nokuphatha izimali zemali.

Uma kwenzeka ukuthi ukwesaba impilo noma impilo yabasebenzi kuvela embonini, usihlalo wezinyunyana unelungelo lokufuna umqashi ukuqeda ukulimala. Futhi uma lokhu kungenakwenzeka, ukuphela komsebenzi wabasebenzi ngaphambi kokuqedwa kwephula.

Uma ngabe ibhizinisi lihlelwa kabusha noma lihlanjululwa, ngenxa yalokho izimo zokusebenza zabasebenzi ziyohlahloka, noma abasebenzi bayohliswa, ukuphathwa kwenkampani kunesibopho sokukwazisa inyunyana ngalokhu kungakapheli izinyanga ezintathu ngaphambi komcimbi.

Ngenxa yesikhwama somshuwalense womphakathi, izinhlangano zezobuchwepheshe zingenza imisebenzi yokuzilibazisa ngamalungu azo, zizithumele ezindlini zemvelo nezindlu zokugibela.

Amalungelo abasebenzi abasebenzela inyunyana

Yiqiniso, okokuqala, izinyunyana zabasebenzi ziyadingeka kubasebenzi bezinkampani. Ngosizo lwalezi zinhlangano, uma engena kuzo, isisebenzi sithola ilungelo:

• Kuzo zonke izinzuzo ezihlinzekwe yisivumelwano esivumelwaneni;
• Ngosizo lunyunyana wokuxazulula izinkinga eziphikisanayo mayelana nemholo, amaholide, ukuthuthukiswa kochwepheshe;
• Ukuthola usizo lwezomthetho mahhala, uma kunesidingo enkantolo;
• Ngokusizwa yinhlangano yezinyunyana ezindabeni zokuthuthukiswa kochwepheshe;
• Ukuvikelwa esimweni sokuxoshwa okungekho emthethweni, ukungakhokhi uma kwenzeka ukunciphisa, isinxephezelo semonakalo ebangelwa emsebenzini;
• Ukusiza ekutholeni izimvume ezindlini zokubhukuda kanye nezindlu zempilo zokuzilungiselela zona kanye namalungu omndeni wabo.

Umthetho waseRashiya uvimbela ukubandlululwa ngokuphathelene nezinyunyana zabasebenzi. Lokhu kungukuthi, akunandaba ukuthi isisebenzi sebhizinisi liyilungu leyunyunyana noma cha, amalungelo akhe nenkululeko eqinisekisiwe nguMthethosisekelo akufanele kube nomkhawulo. Umqashi akanalo ilungelo lokumxosha ngenxa yokungena emnyangweni wezinyunyana noma ukuqasha umsebenzi nesimo sobulungu obunzima.

Umlando wokudalwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlangano eziqeqeshiwe eRussia

Ngo-1905-1907, phakathi nokuguqulwa, izinyunyana zokuqala zavela eRussia. Kufanele kuqaphele ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi eYurophu naseMelika base bevele bekhona isikhathi eside futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo benza kahle.

Ngaphambi kwezinguquko, kwakukhona amakomidi eziteleka eRussia. Yikuphi okwakuhamba kancane kancane futhi kwahlelwa kabusha emnyangweni wezinyunyana zabasebenzi.

Usuku lokusungulwa kobudlelwane bokuqala bezobuchwepheshe lubhekwa njenge-30.04.1906. Ngalolo suku, kwaba khona umhlangano wokuqala wabasebenzi baseMoscow (izisebenzi zensimbi nezombane). Nakuba kakade ngaphambi kwalolu suku (6.10.1905), i-Moscow Bureau of Commissioners (iCentral Bureau of Trade Unions) yasungulwa kwiNgqungquthela yokuqala ye-All-Russian Trade Union.

Zonke izenzo ngesikhathi sezinguquko zenzeke ngokungemthetho, kuhlanganise neNkomfa Yesibili Yesebenzisana Nezohwebo, okwenzeka eSt. Petersburg ngasekupheleni kukaFebruwari 1906. Kuze kube ngu-1917, zonke izinyunyana zabasebenzi zacindezelwa, zachotshozwa amandla amakhulu. Kodwa ngemva kokuchithwa kwalo, kwaqala isikhathi esisha esihle kubo. Kwabe sekuvela ikomidi lokuqala lezinyunyana zabasebenzi.

I-Confederation of Third All-Russian Conference of Trade Unions yabanjwa ngoJuni 1917. Yakhetha i-All-Russia Central Council of Trade Unions. Lolu suku ukuhluma kwezinhlangano ezicatshangelwayo sekuqalile.

Izinyunyana zabasebenzi baseRussia emva kuka-1917 zaqala ukwenza imisebenzi emisha eminingi, okubandakanya ukukhathazeka ngokukhula komkhiqizo wezabasebenzi kanye nokwanda kwezinga lomnotho. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ukunakekelwa okunjalo ukukhiqiza, okokuqala, kubakhathalela abasebenzi ngokwabo. Ngenxa yalezi zinhloso, izinyunyana zabasebenzi zaqala ukuqhuba izinhlobonhlobo zemincintiswano phakathi kwabasebenzi, ezibandakanya emisebenzini yokusebenza kanye nokufaka imfundo yokukhiqiza.

Ngo-1918 kuya ku-1918, izingqungquthela zezinyunyana zaseMelika yonke neyesibili zaseBrothers zaseRussia zaqhutshwa, lapho inkambo yentuthuko yenhlangano yashintshwa yiBolsheviks ekwakhiweni kombuso. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kuze kufike kuma-50-70s, izinyunyana zabasebenzi baseRussia zihluke kakhulu kulabo ababekhona eNtshonalanga. Manje abazange bavikele amalungelo nezithakazelo zabasebenzi. Ngisho nokungena kulezi zinhlangano zenhlalakahle kuyeka ukuzithandela (baphoqelelwe).

Ngokungafani nama-analogues aseNtshonalanga, isakhiwo sezinhlangano sasifana nokuthi bonke abasebenzi abajwayelekile nabaholi babumbene. Lokhu kwaholela ekungeneni okuphelele komzabalazo phakathi kokuqala nesesibili.

Ngo-1950-1970, kwadluliswa izenzo eziningana zomthetho ezanikeza izinyunyana amalungelo namalungelo amasha, futhi zanikeza inkululeko enkulu. Futhi maphakathi nawo-1980 inhlangano yayinezakhiwo ezizinzile, ezihlanganisiwe ezazihlanganiswe ngokomzimba ohlelweni lwezepolitiki. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kwakukhona izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lobusuku. Futhi mayelana nobuqhawe obukhulu bezinyunyana zabasebenzi, izinkinga zakhe eziningi zahlushwa, zivimbela ukuthuthukiswa nokuthuthukiswa kwalenhlangano.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, osombusazwe, basebenzisa lesi simo, bafaka imibono yabo emphakathini ngenxa yokunyakaza kwezinyunyana ezinamandla.

Emibuthweni yobuchwepheshe be-Soviet iminyaka eyenziwa ekufezeni i-subbotniks, imiboniso, imincintiswano nomsebenzi weqembu. Basakaza izaphulelo, izindawo zokuhlala kanye nezinye izinto eziphathekayo, ezinikezwe wuhulumeni, phakathi kwabasebenzi. Uhlobo lweminyango yenhlalakahle yomphakathi yamabhizinisi.

Ngemuva kokulungiswa kabusha ngo-1990-1992, izinyunyana zabasebenzi zathola ukuzimela kwenhlangano. Ngo-1995, base bevele basebenze imithetho emisha yomsebenzi eyashintshwa ngokuvela kwentando yeningi kanye nomnotho wemakethe ezweni.

Izinyunyana zabasebenzi eRussia yanamuhla

Kusukela emlandweni okhulunywe ngenhla wokudalwa nokuthuthukiswa kobudlelwane bezobuchwepheshe umuntu angaqonda ukuthi ngemuva kokuba i-USSR iwile futhi izwe lishintshele umbuso wentando yeningi yentando yeningi, abantu baqala ukushiya lezi zinhlangano zomphakathi ubukhulu besilinganiso. Babengafuni ukuhlala ohlelweni lobuhle, becabanga ukuthi akusizi ngalutho ezithakazelweni zabo. Ithonya lezinyunyana zabasebenzi liye laphela. Eziningi zazo zaqedwa ngokuphelele.

Kodwa ekupheleni zabasebenzi 90 baphinde kwakhiwa. Kakade uhlobo olusha. Trade Unions atholane ERussia namuhla - kungcono inhlangano, ezimele isimo. Futhi uzame ukwenza imisebenzi zakudala eduze nozakwabo Western.

Futhi eRussia kukhona izinyunyana, okuyizinto ezifanayo umsebenzi wabo ukuze imodeli Japanese, owawuthi izinhlangano zisiza ukuthuthukisa ubudlelwano phakathi abasebenzi kanye nabaphathi, awusebenzi kuphela bavikele izithakazelo abasebenzi futhi uzama ukuthola ebucayini. Umshado onjalo kungaba ngokuthi bendabuko.

Kulokhu, kokubili izinhlobo sokuqala nesesibili zabasebenzi kuleli Russian Federation benza amaphutha kuthiye ukukhula kwabo, siphendukezela imiphumela emihle yomsebenzi wabo. Lawa:

• politicization eqinile;
• onesimo ubutha futhi baya;
• amorphousness yenhlangano zabo.

Modern inyunyana - inhlangano isikhathi esiningi nokunakwa ikhokhelwa izenzakalo zezombusazwe. Bayakuthanda ngulabaphambene uhulumeni wamanje, akhohlwe nobunzima nsuku zonke abasebenzi amancane. Ngokuvamile abaholi inyunyana ukuze ukukhulisa ukwethenjelwa kwalo, iziteleka ezihleliwe ikakhulukazi futhi kuboniswa abasebenzi, ngaphandle isizathu. Yikuphi akungabazeki ukuthi Iveza isithombe esibi kokubili ukukhiqiza wonkana, futhi abasebenzi ngokukhethekile. Futhi ekugcineni, inhlangano sangaphakathi izinhlangano professional zanamuhla sikude kakhulu nokuphelela. Ngo eziningi kubo akukho ubunye, ngokuvamile ekushintsheni isiqondiso, abaholi, usihlalo. Found kabi sobunye izimali.

Ezinhlanganweni bendabuko, kukhona eyodwa ethile abalulekile: zingena kubo ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuqasha. Umphumela uba ukuthi abasebenzi bezinhlangano akanandaba lutho, abazi futhi avikele amalungelo abo kanye nezithakazelo. Izinyunyana ngokwabo musa ukuxazulula izinkinga, kodwa kukhona ngokusemthethweni kuphela. Ngo nezinhlangano ezifana, abaholi bawo futhi usihlalo inyunyana abakhethiwe, njengoba umthetho, ubuholi ukuthi ebambezela umnqopho kuqala.

isiphetho

Umlando sendalo kanye ukuguqulwa ukunyakaza ezinyunyaneni WaseRussia, kanye namalungelo, izibopho kanye izici zalezi zinhlangano kuze kube manje, singaphetha ngokuthi badlala indima esemqoka ekuthuthukisweni setepolitiki umphakathi futhi isimo sisonke.

Naphezu kwezinkinga ezikhona ekusebenzeni zabasebenzi kuleli Russian Federation, idatha inhlangano Yiqiniso, kubalulekile ezweni ukulwela intando yeningi, inkululeko nokulingana izakhamuzi zakhona.