Amphioxus uhlelo Sokujikeleza: izici kwesakhiwo

Ogwini olunesihlabathi kuholela demersal yokuphila, izilwane mhlophe futhi ukhilimu-anemibala noma kancane Pinkish ayevumela ngokuthi Amphioxus. osayizi wabo - 5 kuya 8 cm umzimba isicaba singatsheki, ngaphambili kokuphela obliquely yayo usike, futhi yiwo umlomo wakhe, nokuntula tentacles .. Ingxenye ezingemuva umzimba ine uhlobo ummese kuhlinzwa - Lancet. Okunjalo izilwane ezibonakala ukucasha anatomy eqhathanisa kwezilwane ukutadisha sina ngenxa yezizathu: Amphioxus ukuthola isixhumanisi phakathi kwala maqembu amabili amakhulu ezilwane - ezingenamgogodla futhi chordates.

Kulesi sihloko siqhathanisa isakhiwo Amphioxus izinhlanzi bony, kanye simnikeza impendulo yokuphendula umbuzo olandelayo: yini isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi Amphioxus? Russian sezinto eziphilayo A. O. Kovalevsky ngo-1860 kwabonisa nokuthi isilwane has ezifana ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla, ukugcina izimpawu zezinto eziphilayo ezilwane ezingenamgogodla.

ukuzungeza

Cabanga isakhiwo isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi of Amphioxus. liquid Red, kungekho lesi sakhi, ezinwabuzelayo aorta besisu, okuyinto njalo onesigqi Kufinyeta ngenxa myoepithelial ungqimba coelom ingaphakathi. Khona-ke igazi ngokweqile carbon dioxide singena inhloko yabangamashumi Amphioxus. Imikhumbi branchial negesi lokushintshisana kwenzeka. Umthambo ukugeleza phakathi pharynx posterior ahlukaniswe, lapho ilungelo futhi izingxenye kwesokunxele le-aorta amaphiko. Amphioxus umzimba front ingxenye enikeziwe ngegazi kusukela Umthambo carotid owayephuma kusuka le-aorta. Into arteriole ezincane igazi elinomoya-mpilo ageleza eya zonke izinhlaka isilwane. Ingxenye emithambo yegazi kohlelo iqala inethiwekhi ama-venule emathunjini equkethe carbon dioxide. Kule midlalo, igazi engena podkishechnuyu emthanjeni.

kwakhiwa Kukhona uhlelo portal kwesibindi. Anatomically, itholakala ngaphansi emathunjini tube Amphioxus, ukubola ku inethiwekhi ama-venule, okuyinto entwine odongeni wokugaya ukudla. Umsebenzi wayo ukuze uthumele ubuthi ukuhlanzwa kusukela egazini nge wokuqukethwe lelisetulu-carbon dioxide okunye itheku emithambo yegazi. Zombili Amphioxus umzimba ithunyelwa cardinal (aka jugular) vein, bese Cuvier mapayipi.

Cuvier Amapayipi

Lezi emithanjeni ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo lokuqala ahlukanisa lancelet futhi kwakhiwa eslphambanweni izitsha eziyinhloko. Bona osasitini ketshezi ivela phambi kanye imikhawulo ezingemuva komzimba wesilwane. Cuvier Amapayipi ngqo iyangena venosus itheku, okuyinto kubhekwa ekuqaleni le-aorta besisu. Lezi zitsha zibonakala ngokucacile obonakaliswe yezilwane ezinomgogodla-embryonic, futhi post-embryonic period cyclostomes esingokwemvelo (lamprey futhi hagfish), kanye kwezinhlanzi nezilwane eziphila ezweni. Le ukufana enkulu isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi of Amphioxus futhi cyclostomes, nakuba yokugcina ivela inhliziyo ngempela, ehlanganisa atrial futhi ventricular.

itheku venosus

Kuyinto ingxenye eyinhloko le-aorta besisu, futhi Amphioxus uhlelo ezifana circle avaliwe. Ngakho, ukwakheka isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi Amphioxus kufakazela ukuthi igazi lakhe kwegazi ivaliwe. Ngo ezincelisayo, izinyoni kanye neminye ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla, le ngxenye iziphathimandla siphathelene ATRIUM kwesokudla. Kulo uketshezi emithambo yegazi ingena ventricle futhi zibe umthambo yamaphaphu. Iqala kanjalo-ke kwegazi yamaphaphu eziphilayo ukuba nenhliziyo emine chambered. Ngo Amphioxus, kanye nabanye abameleli golovohordovyh inhliziyo ulahlekile futhi itheku emithambo yegazi ethulwa isitsha ayibhangqiwe okungena kuyo uketshezi emithambo yegazi livela vein hepatic. Khona-ke engena aorta besisu. Uma ukhumbula isakhiwo isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi of Amphioxus nezinhlanzi bony, uzothola ukuthi izinguquko ngokuyinhloko aorta besisu, okuyinto Ushintshe izinhlanzi enhliziyweni ezimbili chambered. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zokuphefumula ebusweni gills ka bony izinhlanzi futhi anda ngenxa ekhelini capillary inethiwekhi gill yabo imithambo.

Isango izinhlelo yayifanekisela nomxhantela hepatic

Amphioxus isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi, kanye nezinye ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla, anatomically exhunywe ne ngokweqile, izitho zokugaya. Wokugaya ukudla zonke izilwane yezilwane ezinomgogodla kukhona morphologically okuhlobene, futhi imikhiqizo dissimilation: glucose, amino acid - angene capillary yayo. Eqhubeka ukufunda isakhiwo isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi of Amphioxus, wanezezela ngokuthi yonke uketshezi apharathasi isilwane esingavamile sokugaya ukudla engena yayifanekisela nomxhantela hepatic. Ngokufanayo, isibindi zezinhlanzi, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni kanye nezinye ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla, Amphioxus lokhu umzimba wenza umsebenzi ngokukhishwa kobuthi egazini, ngokuhlanza igazi ivela amathumbu kusukela imikhiqizo kwamazinyo - metabolites. It ke engena venosus itheku. Engeza ukuthi kuya yayifanekisela nomxhantela isibindi wegazi uthola emithanjeni podkishechnoy.

Ventral kanye amaphiko aorta

Kuyinto esemqoka lwemithambo isitsha. Uma ukhumbula isakhiwo isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi of Amphioxus, uzobona kumaslayidi ukuthi ngaphansi uqhoqhoqho isilwane elikuyi-aorta besisu, okuyindawo ukudlulisa afanako abhanqiwe Umthambo. Bona azikhandle e ngodonga gill izimbotshana. Kumiswa aorta amaphiko is ekupheleni ezingemuva pharynx ngenxa imithambo ekubumbaneni nadzhabernyh. Anatomically, kuba kuzithinta luqhubeke kuze kube sekupheleni ezingemuva Amphioxus umzimba, ekhelini ku imithambo ukuthi ukondla izibilini isilwane. Ngo Amphioxus metabolites atholakala egazini sibizwa elicwengekileyo ngokusebenzisa amashubhu ekhethekile okuthiwa protenefridiyami. Kusukela aorta besisu ngaphakathi komgodi umzimba - iyonke - kufanelekile lwemithambo isitsha. Yena branched ku capillary glomeruli. Ngokusebenzisa izindonga zawo, filtration plasma bese ubuthi ifomu ziyoncibilika protenefridii thola ngalesosikhathi e mezonefralny imbobo kanye okwengeziwe cloaca.

Ihlelo lokukhambisa iingazi ka Amphioxus nezinhlanzi bony

Cabanga letifanako kanye netintfo letehlukile kule nokwakheka esimiso senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi superclass izinhlanzi noBony Golovohordovye uhlobo elifanelana nalo lancelet. Womabili la maqembu izilwane babe ukuzungeza efanayo. Kodwa inhliziyo Amphioxus ayitholakali, umsebenzi liba yingxenye aorta besisu, okuyinto kuyehla oletha imithambo gill futhi kwenza ukugeleza kwegazi. Izinhlanzi unenhliziyo, kuba sengathi e cyclostomes, ezimbili ekamelweni (ATRIUM futhi ventricle).

Ukwakheka lokhu umzimba ngenxa umzimba zimatasa ngaso. inhlanzi Inhliziyo etholakala eduze mdweshu lwesikhathi ngaphansi umhlathi ongezansi. Njengoba sesibonile kusukela amaqiniso angenhla, isakhiwo isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi of Amphioxus, ukuqinisekisa ukuthwala umoya-mpilo nezakhi ezondla umzimba, futhi uhluke ukuthi lezinhlanzi bony.

Izici igazi eligciniwe ukuze apharathasi gill

Uma ukhumbula isakhiwo isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi of Amphioxus, ukuqhathanise nezinhlanzi bony, uzothola umehluko ukuthi ithinta igazi eligciniwe ukuze apharathasi gill. Ohlangothini engezansi pharynx elise-aorta besisu. Kusukela yona pair of ngamunye gill nemengamo imithambo kufanelekile, athwala igazi emithambo yegazi. Ukunciphisa inani ngodonga e gills (lancelet ngazimbili 150, futhi izinhlanzi 4 ngazimbili) alichaza umzimba nokwanda endaweni ingqikithi inethiwekhi capillary abameleli bony izinhlanzi anda. Lancelet ukwazi bazogcwalisa igazi lakhe umoya-mpilo hhayi kuphela ngokusebenzisa branchial Umthambo uhlelo, kodwa futhi igesi oqondile okusheshayo ngokusebenzisa isikhumba olukha phezulu imithambo yegazi.

carotid umthambo

Uma uqhathanisa uhlelo igazi Amphioxus nezinhlanzi bony, uzothola umehluko ezikebheni, ngokuthi carotid imithambo. Ziyakwazi ketshezi lwemithambo obomvu kuze kube sekupheleni phambi komzimba wesilwane. Ngo izinhlanzi bony 4 namabhuzu gill imithambo iyangena aorta amaphiko, izimpande ahlukaniswa carotid Umthambo. Ngo Amphioxus inani imithambo yegazi gill okuningi. Laba balimi bafakela ubuchopho umoya-mpilo, okuyinto isandiso neural tube futhi umahluko phakathi neminyango. He zibamba umsebenzi reflex besikhumba saleso silwane. Ukunikeza izinzwa ubuchopho umoya-mpilo nezakhi kwenzeka ngenxa ekhelini kwemithambo yegazi carotid ohlelweni lwama-capillary. Njengokulotshiweyo ukuthi imikhiqizo iyeza - metabolites eboshiwe ngemithambo ku itheku emithambo yegazi.

Lesi sihloko ibilokhu wafunda isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi futhi izici Amphioxus kwegazi golovohordovyh.