Ukuhambisana kwemicabango njengemisho - a ... anokuhambisana amaza okukhanya. ukuhambisana kwemicabango njengemisho yesikhashana

Cabangela lokusakaza wave emkhathini. Ukuhambisana kwemicabango njengemisho - elithile ukuhlanganisa emkhatsini izigaba zayo, kulinganiswa at amaphuzu ezahlukene. Ukuhambisana kwemicabango njengemisho wave incike izici lwaluvelaphi.

Izinhlobo ezimbili anokuhambisana

Ake ucabange ngalesi sibonelo elula. Cabanga ezimbili iflothi, ngivuka futhi ehlela phezu kwamanzi namanzi. Ucabange ukuthi umthombo wave induku kuphela okuyinto Harmonically egxilile futhi wasuswa kusuka amanzi breaking ebusweni ezolile we kwamanzi. Ngakho kukhona ukuhlanganisa ephelele phakathi nokuhamba kwezindikimba yamabhola antantayo ezimbili. Abakwazi ukuthutha up and down ngokungenaphutha isigaba, lapho umuntu ekhuphukela, omunye phansi, kodwa umehluko isigaba phakathi izikhundla yamabhola antantayo ababili njalo ngesikhathi. Harmonically oscillating umthombo iphuzu ukhiqiza ngokuphelele wave ngalokulingene.

Lapho echaza yokuvumelana amagagasi ukukhanya, ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo zalo ezimbili - lubandlululo kanye yesikhashana.

Ukuhambisana kwemicabango njengemisho libhekisela ikhono nokukhanya ukuze ikhiqize iphathini ukuphazamiseka. Uma amagagasi ezimbili ukukhanya zihlanganiswa, futhi ungawakhi izindawo anda futhi kwehle ukugqama, bebizwa incoherent. Uma ukukhiqiza "enhle" ukuphazamiseka iphethini (ngomqondo ephelele elimazayo ukuphazamiseka izindawo), bona anokuhambisana ngokugcwele. Uma amagagasi ezimbili ukudala "esingaphansi ephelele" isithombe, kubhekwa ukuthi kukhona ingxenye ngalokulingene.

Michelson interferometer

Ukuhambisana kwemicabango njengemisho - into ukuthi engcono alichaza ukuhlolwa.

Ngo Michelson interferometer ukukhanya umthombo S (engahle yimiphi: ilanga, izinkanyezi, noma laser) iqondiswa baphumela semitransparent esibukweni M _{0 elimelela} 50% of the ukukhanya maqondana esibukweni M ₁ futhi adlulisele 50% maqondana esibukweni M _2. Ugongolo kubonakala kusukela ngamunye izibuko emuva M _0, futhi izingxenye alinganayo ukukhanya kubonakala kusukela M ₁ no-M _{2 ehlangana} ne slide B. isikrini Idivayisi kungenziwa amisiwe ngokushintsha ibanga kusuka esibukweni M ₁ kuya idabula uvumelanise.

Michelson interferometer ngokuyisisekelo Ihlangana ugongolo ngenguqulo isikhathi imisiwe kwezakhe. Khanyisa ludlulele endleleni eya esibukweni M ₁ aye ibanga phezu 2d ngaphezu ugongolo oluhamba esibukweni M _2.

Ubude futsi awukabumbani isikhathi

Yini waphawula esikrinini? Lapho d = 0 kungabonwa eziningi ezicacile ukuphazamiseka amaphethelo. Lapho d luyanda, band iba ngaphansi evelele: ezindaweni ezimnyama kwanda, futhi ukukhanya - dimmer. Ekugcineni, i-d esikhulu kakhulu, beyizidlova inani elithile ezibucayi D, amasongo amnyama ukukhanya zinyamalale ngokuphelele, kusale kuphela ngokuphazima kweso.

Ngokusobala, emkhakheni ukukhanya abakwazi ukugxambukela okufushane isikhathi imisiwe ngokwalo lapho ukulibazisa isikhathi ngokuvamile ezazizinkulu ngokwanele. Ibanga 2D - ke ubude ukuhambisana kwemicabango njengemisho: ukuphazamiseka nemiphumela lubonakale kuphela uma umehluko endleleni esingaphansi lokhu ibanga. Lokhu value kungenziwa iguqulwe ngesikhathi t _c division yayo nge ngejubane lokukhanya c: t _c = 2D / c.

Michelson experiment alinganise yokuvumelana temporal of igagasi ukukhanya: ikhono layo ukugxambukela inguqulo imisiwe zalo. A kahle uhlaliseke laser t _c = 10 ^-4 s, l _c = 30 km; ukukhanya elicwengekileyo ekushiseni t _c = 10 ^-8, l _c = 3 m.

Ukuhambisana nokuhlangana isikhathi

ukuhambisana kwemicabango njengemisho Temporal - ngezinga elithile ukuhlanganisa emkhatsini izigaba amaza okukhanya ezindaweni ezahlukene eduze isiqondiso esiphelweni.

Lokucabanga umthombo Likhipha wavelength ka λ futhi λ ± Δλ, okuyinto ngesikhathi esithile isikhala ngeke iphazamise kude l _c = λ ² / (2πΔλ). Lapho l _c - ukuhambisana kwemicabango njengemisho obuphelele.

Sigaba a zandise wave ohlangothini x kuchazwa njenganoma f = Kx - ωt. Uma sicabanga amagagasi Figure emkhathini ngesikhathi t kude l _c, umehluko isigaba phakathi zithwala ezimbili wave k ₁ futhi k _2, okuyizinto isigaba at x = 0 ilingana Δφ = l _c (k ₁ - k _2). Lapho Δφ = 1, noma Δφ ~ 60 °, ukukhanya ayisekho ngalokulingene. Kokuthikanyezwa, futhi nokuthungatha umumo womsebenzi nomthelela obonakalayo ngomahluko.

Ngakho:

• 1 = l _c (k ₁ - k _{2) = l c (2π / λ} - 2π / (λ + Δλ));
• _{l c (λ + Δλ - λ} ) / (λ (λ + Δλ)) ~ l c Δλ / λ ² = 1 / 2π;
• l _c = λ ² / (2πΔλ).

Igagasi sidlula isikhala nge c velocity.

Isikhathi ukuhambisana kwemicabango njengemisho t _c = l _c / s. Njengoba = λf c ke Δf / f = Δω / ω = Δλ / λ. Asikwazi nokubhala

• l _c = λ ² / (2πΔλ) = λf / ( 2πΔf) = c / Δω;
• t _c = 1 / Δω.

Uma eyaziwa wavelength noma imvamisa wokusakazeka umthombo wokukhanya, kungenzeka ukubala l _c t _c. Akunakwenzeka ukuba bagcine iphethini ukuphazamiseka etholwe sokuhlukanisa amplitude, ezifana mncane ifilimu ukuphazamiseka, uma optical indlela umehluko kakhulu mkhulu kunezinhliziyo l _c.

Temporal umthombo ukuhambisana kwemicabango njengemisho uthi Black.

Ukuhambisana nokuhlangana isikhala

ukuhambisana kwemicabango njengemisho Spatial - ngezinga elithile ukuhlanganisa emkhatsini izigaba amaza okukhanya e amaphuzu ezahlukene transverse esiqondisweni esiphelweni.

Lapho L ibanga ukusuka monochromatic ezishisayo (lwento) umthombo Ubukhulu komyalelo wokungabi δ kabani yomugqa, Slots amabili akhiwe kude ngaphezu kwamaminithi d _c = 0,16λL / δ, ayisekho ukukhiqiza liyabonakala ukuphazamiseka iphethini. πd _c ^2/4 kuyinto endaweni umthombo kubumbana.

Uma ngesikhathi t ukubona umthombo δ ububanzi, ngokufanele perpendicular ibanga L kusuka esikrinini, isikrini ungabona amaphuzu amabili (P1 futhi P2), ahlukaniswe d ibanga. Inkambu kagesi in the P1 futhi P2 limelela superposition emasimini kagesi amagagasi wukukhanya wonke amaphuzu umthombo, emisebeni okuyinto ayixhunyiwe nomunye. Ukuze amagagasi kagesi kokuphuma P1 futhi P2, udala liyabonakala ukuphazamiseka iphethini e superposition P1 futhi P2 kufanele ibe esigabeni.

isimo ukuhambisana kwemicabango njengemisho

amagagasi Khanyisa Babechichima ngu emaceleni womabili esembatho umthombo, esikhathini esithile isikhathi t abe isigaba umehluko othile ngokuqondile maphakathi phakathi kwezindawo ezimbili. Ugongolo ivela emaphethelweni kwesokunxele δ a P2 iphuzu sidlule d (sinθ) / 2 nakude kunamazwi ugongolo oshona isikhungo. Trajectory ugongolo ivela emaphethelweni kwesokudla δ ukhombe P2, sihamba endleleni d (sinθ) / 2 ngaphansi. Umehluko ibanga ngoba imishayo ezimbili d · sinθ futhi imelela isigaba umehluko Δf '= 2πd · sinθ / λ. Ukuze ibanga kusuka P1 ukuba P2 eduze phambi igagasi, sithola Δφ = 2Δφ '= 4πd · sinθ / λ. Amagagasi wukukhanya emaceleni womabili esembatho umthombo, kukhona isigaba nge P1 ngesikhathi t futhi ziphelelwe isigaba esifundeni 4πdsinθ / λ e P2. Njengoba sinθ ~ δ / (2l), khona-ke Δφ = 2πdδ / (Lλ). Lapho Δφ = Δφ ~ 1 noma 60 °, ukukhanya ayisaxhunyanisiwe kubhekwe ngalokulingene.

Δφ = 1 -> d = Lλ / (2πδ) = 0,16 Lλ / δ.

Yokuvumelana kwezendawo wathi isigaba wavefront homogeneity.

Isibani incandescent yisibonelo incoherent umthombo wokukhanya.

ukukhanya ngalokubumbene ingatholakala emthonjeni emisebeni incoherent, uma thina ukulahla iningi ngemisebe. I zokuhlunga sokuqala ngekwendzawo wenziwa ukwandisa yokuvumelana kwendawo, futhi zokuhlunga ke Spectral ezinkulu ukuhambisana kwemicabango njengemisho yesikhashana.

Fourier uchungechunge

Sinusoidal indiza wave anokuhambisana ngokuphelele emkhathini kanye nesikhathi, ubude bawo besikhathi futhi yokuvumelana endaweni engapheli. Onke amadlambi zangempela wave pulses kuze kube nini nanini a ezilinganiselwe isikhawu, nokuba ekupheleni perpendicular esiqondisweni sabo esiphelweni. Izibalo, bachazwa ngumuntu umsebenzi ngezikhathi ezithile. Ukuze uthole amaza ekhona pulses wokuzuliswa sokunquma ubude ukuhambisana kwemicabango njengemisho Δω kudingeka uhlaziye imisebenzi okungenayo inkathi.

Ngokusho Fourier ukuhlaziywa, i wave ngokungenasizathu gqwa kungenziwa ithathwa njengendlela superposition amagagasi sine. Fourier zamagama kusho ukuthi superposition a sebuningini amagagasi sinusoidal ivumela ukuthola i umumo gagasi ngokungenasizathu gqwa.

izibalo Ukuxhumana

Ukuhambisana kwemicabango njengemisho theory kungenziwa kubhekwe njengento uxhumano physics nezinye izinhlobo zesayensi, njengoba kuwumphumela ekubumbaneni kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela kagesi nezibalo, kanye Mechanics izibalo inyunyana izibalo Mechanics. Imfundiso isetshenziswa kwezakhi izici Imiphumela yokuguquguquka ekudleni okungahleliwe ukuziphatha Amasimu ukukhanya.

Ngokuvamile akwenzeki ukukala ekushintshashintsheni igagasi ensimini ngqo. "Nezikhathi ezinzima nezimnandi" ngamunye ukukhanya ebonakalayo ayikwazi ukutholwa ngqo, noma ngisho nezinsimbi zomculo eyinkimbinkimbi: imvamisa yayo imayelana 10 ¹⁵ oscillations ngomzuzwana. Ungasebenzisa kuphela ukukala ezomhlaba.

Isicelo ukuhambisana

Uxhumano physics nezinye izinhlobo zesayensi njengesibonelo anokuhambisana usukela eziningi izicelo. Kancane Amasimu anokuhambisana kuthiwa ngaphansi ehlaselwe omawala asemkhathini, okubenza babe wusizo laser nezokuxhumana. Asetshenziswa ekuhloleni laser olubangelwa Fusion ukusabela: ukuncipha ukugxambukela imiphumela okuholela "bushelelezi" isenzo ugongolo phezu kwelitshe iArmagedoni. Ukuhambisana kwemicabango njengemisho esetshenziswa ngokukhethekile ukunquma ubukhulu nokwabiwa inkanyezi izinhlelo kanambambili.

Ukuhambisana kwemicabango njengemisho ngamagagasi ukukhanya linendima ebalulekile ekuhloleni quantum namasimu classical. Ngo-2005, uRoy J. Glauber waba omunye abawinile uMklomelo KaNobel ngo Physics ngegalelo lakhe imfundiso yokuziphendukela quantum anokuhambisana optical.