Amazwe kaDagestan ngenombolo: uhlu

Ukuzitholela eCaucasus, noma kunalokho ku-Dagestan, uqala ukuqonda ngesikhathi - kubonakala sengathi ekuqaleni izakhamuzi ezifanayo kuleli zwe lokungenisa izihambi, empeleni, konke kuhluke ngokuphelele. Ezweni elifanayo kukhona amasiko ahlukene, amasiko, ulimi kanye nolimi. Kungani lokhu kwenzeka? Ama-ethnographer athi ngokuqiniseka: Abantu abangu-33 bahlala ensimini yeRiphabhlikhi yaseDagestan. Sifunda ngabo ngokunye okunye.

Amazwe weDagestan

Ngenye indlela, izwe libizwa ngokuthi i-constellation ehlukile yabantu. Ekhuluma ngobuzwe be-Dagestan, inani labo kunzima ukubala. Kodwa-ke, kwaziwa ukuthi zonke izizwe zihlukaniswe zibe imindeni emithathu yolimi oluyinhloko. Owokuqala yigatsha le-Dagestan-Nakh, elisemndenini wolimi lwase-Iberia naseCaucasus. Owesibili yiqembu le-Turkic. Owesithathu ngumndeni wolimi lwase-Indo-European .

E-republic asikho umqondo "wobuzwe obuningi", noma yiziphi izimfanelo zayo zezombangazwe nokho zandisa kubamele bamazwe angu-14. I-dagestan ingezona ezifundazweni eziningi kakhulu zaseRussia, futhi ensimini yayo namuhla zihlala izakhamizi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu.

Okuncane kakhulu ngemindeni yolwimi

Njengoba sesishilo kakade, ubuzwe beRiphabhlikhi yaseDagestan bahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amathathu. Owokuqala - igatsha laseDagestan-Nakh - yi-Avars, amaTchchens, iZakakhurs, Akhvakhtsi, i-Karatin, iLezgins, iLaks, i-Rutulians, i-Agulas, i-Tabasarans. Futhi kulo mphakathi kukhona ama-Andian, amaBotians, ama-Godobertians, abameleli be-tyndalami, amaCamalians, iBagulal, iKhvarshins, iDaoans, iBejta, abaGunzibians, iGynukhs, i-Archi. Leli qembu liphinde limelelwe iDargins, Kubachins namaKaitagi. Umndeni wesibili - umndeni wesiTurkey - umelwe yizizwe ezilandelayo: Kumyks, Azerbaijan, Nogais.

Iqembu lesithathu, iqembu lase-Indo-European, lihlangene kusuka eRussia, iTatas, amaJuda eNtaba. Yile ndlela ubuzwe base-Dagestan bubukeka ngayo namuhla. Uhlu lungagcwaliswa ngezizwe ezincane.

Ama-Avars

Naphezu kokuthi abukho ubuzwe obuningi e-republic, phakathi kwe-Dagestan kusekhona ukuhlukana phakathi kwamanye amazwe afanekayo kakhulu weDagestan (ngenombolo). Ama-Avars abantu abaningi kakhulu e-Dagestani Territory (abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingu-912, noma 29% wabantu bonke). Indawo yabo ehlala kuyo yizindawo ezisentshonalanga yeDagestan enentaba. Inani labantu basezindaweni zasemaphandleni lama-Avars liyingxenye enkulu yenani labantu, futhi ukuhlala kabusha kwabo kuqhubeka ngezifunda ezingu-22. Phakathi kwabo, izizwe ze-Ando-Czec, ezihlobene nazo, nazo zifakiwe, kanye nabantu base-Archin. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo ama-Avars ayebizwa ngokuthi ama-Avars, futhi ayevame ukubizwa ngokuthi iTavlinians noma iLezgins. Igama elithi "Avars" linikezwe lobu buzwe ngenxa yenkosi yasendulo ephakathi kuka-Avar, owabusa umbuso waseSair.

I-Dargins

Iziphi izizwe ezihlala ku-Dagestan? Iqembu lesibili elikhulu kunazo zonke libhekwa njengeDargins (16.9% labantu, okusho ukuthi abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-490.3). Abamele balaba bantu bahlala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezintaba nezintaba zeDagestan ephakathi. Ngaphambi kwezinguquko, iDargins yabizwa ngokuthi ihlukile kancane - ama-Akushinites noLezgins. Ngokuphelele lobu buzwe buhlala ezindaweni ezingu-16 ze-republic. I-Dargin iyingxenye yeqembu elikholwayo lamaSulumane amaSunni.

Muva nje, inani likaDargins eduze nenhloko yeDagestan - Makhachkala - liye landa kakhulu. Okufanayo kwenzeka nasogwini lwaseCaspian. I-Dargins ibhekwa njengabaningi kakhulu kwezohwebo kanye nabadwebi phakathi kwabantu bonke be-republic. Ama-ethnos awo iminyaka eminingi eyakhiwe endaweni yokudlula emigwaqweni yokuhweba, okwashiya uphawu lwayo endleleni yokuphila kobuzwe.

Kumyks

Sifunda kabanzi ukuthi yiziphi izizwe ezihlala ku-Dagestan. Bangobani ama-Kumyks? Lona ngabantu baseTurkey abaningi eNorth Caucasus, okuyinto enkulu kunazo zonke phakathi kwezizwe zamaDagestan (abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama 431.7 - 14.8%).

I-Kumyks ihlala ezindaweni ezihamba ngezinyawo nasezindaweni eziphambene zaseRiphabhulikhi, zihlala ezingeni ezingu-7. Bathunyelwa kubantu bezilimi zezolimo, bahlale behlala endaweni ekhethiwe kule njongo. Lesi sizwe sinokulima kahle, ukudoba. Ngaphezu kwezingu-70% zomnotho wezwe lonke futhi kugxilwe lapha. Isiko lesizwe se-Kumyks sicebile kakhulu futhi siyisisekelo ngendlela yaso: izincwadi, i-folklore, nobuciko. Phakathi kwazo kunabantu abaningi abadumile bezemidlalo. Kodwa-ke, izinkinga zabantu ukuthi i-Kumyks imelela lezo zizwe zeDagestan, phakathi kwazo lapho kunabantu abaningi abangafundile.

Lezgins

Ngakho, safunda ubuzwe beDagestan ngezinombolo. Ukuthinta kancane izizwe ezintathu ezihola phambili. Kodwa bekungeke kube kuhle ukungathinti ezinye izizwe ezizweni. Isibonelo, iLezgins (abantu abayizigidi ezingama-385.2, noma 13.2% wabantu). Bahlala emathafeni, ezindaweni ezisenyakatho nasezintabeni zeDagestan. Insimu yabo yomlando ibhekwa njengezindawo eziseduze ze-republic yanamuhla ne-Azerbaijan engomakhelwane. AmaLezghin angaziqhenya ngokufanele izindaba zabo ezicebile, kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Insimu yabo yayiyinye yamazwe okuqala eCaucasus.

Namuhla iLezgins ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili. Futhi lobu buzwe bubhekwa njengabadlali abaningi, ngakho-ke, "okushisayo" kakhulu. Ngakho zingaki izizwe ezikhona ku-Dagestan? Uhlu lungabuye lwaqhubeka isikhathi eside kakhulu.

AmaRashiya namaLaks

Amazwi ambalwa kufanele ashiwo ngabameleli abakhuluma isiRashiya bezwe. Zibuye zimelele ubuzwe be-Dagestan, ikakhulukazi ezixhaphaza iCaspian nendawo ezungeze iMakhachkala. Iningi lamaRussia (104,000, 3.6%) litholakala e-Kizlyar, lapho bahlala ngaphezu kwengxenye yabantu bonke. Umuntu akakwazi ukusiza ukukhumbula ama-Laks (ama-161.2, ama-5.5% wabantu), okwakusukela ezikhathini zomlando zihlala ezingxenyeni eziyinhloko zeDagestan entaba.

Kungenxa yamalaki kulelizwe ukuthi izwe lokuqala lokuqala lama-Orthodox lamaSulumane lavela. Baziwa njengabaphathi bazo zonke izingcingo - abadwebi bokuqala baseCaucasia bevela kulobuzwe. Futhi kuze kube namuhla imikhiqizo Lak ibamba iqhaza emincintiswaneni ehlukahlukene yamazwe omhlaba, ihlala ezindaweni ezihloniphekile kakhulu.

Abantu abancane beDagestan

Kungaba ngokungalungile ukutshela kuphela abameleli abaningi kulelizwe. Abantu abancinyane kunazo zonke iRiphabhuliki bangamaTsakhuri (9.7 amawaka, 0.3%). Ngokuyinhloko, laba bangabemi bezindawo ezisendaweni yaseRutulsky. Akukho cishe amaTsakhuri emadolobheni. Isizwe esincane esilandelayo yi-agula (2.8, 0.9%). Bahlala ikakhulukazi esifundeni sase-Agul, iningi lihlala ezindaweni zokuhlala.

I-Agulov ingatholakala eMakhachkala, izibani ze-Dagestan noDerbent. Enye inamba encane yabantu e-Dagestan - Rutulians (27, 8,000, 0.9%). Bahlala ezindaweni zaseningizimu. Inombolo yabo ayikhulu kakhulu kune-agul - umehluko usezingeni elingu-1-1.5 izakhamuzi. I-Rutulians izama ukunamathela ezihlotsheni zabo, yingakho njalo ziba ngamaqembu amancane. AmaCherchen (92.6,000, 3.2%) - abantu abashesha kakhulu nabanolaka. Inombolo yalesi sizwe yayinkulu kakhulu. Nokho, izenzo zezempi eKetchnya zathonya kakhulu isimo sabantu. Namuhla, amaCherchen angabhekiselwa nasezizweni ezincane zeRiphabhlikhi yaseDagestan.

Umphumela

Ngakho-ke, yiziphi izizwe ezibaluleke kakhulu zeDagestan? Kukhona impendulo eyodwa kuphela - konke. Njengoba bethi nge-republic, i-Dagestan iyihlobo lokuhlanganiswa kwamaqembu amaningi ezizwe. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi cishe zonke izizwe zinelulwimi lwazo, oluhluke kakhulu kumakhelwane balo. Zingaki izizwe ezihlala ku-Dagestan - amasiko amaningi, amasiko nezinto ezivelele zokuphila ezikhona kuleli zwe elinelanga.

Uhlu lwezilimi zabantu baseDagestani kubhalwe izinhlobo ezingu-36. Lokhu, kunjalo, kwenza kube nzima ukuxhumana phakathi kwalaba bantu. Kodwa ekugcineni umuntu kufanele azi into eyodwa - abantu baseDagestan, abamelelwa yizizwe eziningi, banomlando wabo wesikhathi esidlule, okwenze ukuba kube khona izizwe ezihlukahlukene zamazwe ezihlukahlukene namuhla. Qinisekisa ukuvakashela le ndawo - ngeke ulizisole! Uzokwamukela ngenjabulo kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yezwe.