Amaklayenti angaphandle: izakhiwo, ukufakwa. Izitebhisi zezitaladi zezindlu zokuhlala nezindlu

Izitebhisi zangaphandle zingenza endlini imisebenzi ehlukahlukene. Izakhiwo ezinjalo ngokuvamile zenziwe ngokhuni, zensimbi, ukhonkolo, izitini noma amabhlokhi. Eqinisweni ubuchwepheshe bomhlangano buxhomeke kokubili ngenhloso yabo nakwezinto ezisetshenziselwa ukufakwa.

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zezitebhisi zasemgwaqweni

Uhlobo oludume kakhulu lwezinhlaka ezinjalo, yiqiniso, i-porch. Lesi sitebhisi siyatholakala cishe yonke indlu. Ngaphandle kwamapulangwe, ezakhiweni ze-suburban nazo zingahlangana:

• Ukuholela e-attic noma esiteji sesibili esitebhisini;
• Abacimi bomlilo.

Ngendlela yezakhiwo zasemgwaqweni zalolu hlobo kukhona:

• Nxazonke;
• I-Rectangular;
• Trapezoidal.

Njengenkxaso yezinyathelo phakathi kwenhlangano yezitebhisi, amaKosovars avame ukusetshenziswa. Ngezinye izikhathi zifakwa esikhundleni sezintambo. Emagcekeni ama-cottages nasezindlini zokuhlala, izitebhisi ezihamba noma ezingenazo izitimela zingafakwa. Indawo yalezi zakhiwo ngokuphathelene nesakhiwo nayo ihlukile. Okulula kungaba kokubili izitebhisi zangaphandle eziseduze nezindlu, futhi kufakwe ngokufanayo ezindongeni noma ekhaleni kubo.

Ngokuklama ukuhlukanisa izitebhisi zokuhamba nokuvunguza. Izinhlobonhlobo zokuqala zibhekwa njengento elula kakhulu ukusebenza. Amapulangwe nezitebhisi eziholela esitezi sesibili noma e-attic ngokuvamile kuvame ukuhamba. Ukwakhiwa kwezikrini akuvamile ukusetshenziswa emagcekeni. Beka ikakhulukazi lapho kungekho khona indawo eyanele yokufaka imifino ehlukahlukene.

Izitebhisi zangaphandle eziqondile zingabonakala kuphela emagcekeni ezakhiwo ezisemadolobheni aphezulu. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi bahlala ezindlini zangasese. Izakhiwo ezinjalo zisetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi njengabacimi bomlilo.

Izigcawu

Imigwaqo yezitebhisi zomgwaqo, njengezinyathelo ngokwazo, ingenziwa ngezinto ezihlukahlukene: ukhonkolo, izinkuni, insimbi. Izidingo eziyinhloko zokudingwa kwocingo kukhona amandla nokubukeka kokubukeka. Ukuze uhlanganise isikhalazo, akudingekile ukuthi usebenzise okufanayo njengokwakhiwa kwemakethe. Ngakho-ke, amakhredithi okukhonkolo angase ahlanganiswe ngensimbi yensimbi, amakhredithi ensimbi , njll.

Ukuthungwa kwesigcawu kuvame ukuhlinzekwa kuphela okudingekayo - kufanele kube lula ukuyisebenzisa. Ngakho-ke, lesi sici sivame ukwenziwa ngamapulangwe. I-boriti nebhodi ziyaziwa ukuthi zinezinga eliphansi lokuziphatha okushisayo. Ngenxa yalesi sici, izikhonkwane zokhuni azifudumali ekushiseni naseqhwa.

Ukuvikela izitebhisi zangaphandle: ukuklama

Ukukhethwa komklamo wesitimela kufanele kusondele eduze. Yimiklamo yabo ngokuvamile evumela ukubukeka kwezitebhisi . Izicingo zokhuni zivame ukudwetshwa. Imigwaqo yensimbi ehlanganisiwe nayo ihle kakhulu. Akusikho okubi nokubheka okucijile kwensimbi yensimu yesimanje njengenhlanganisela, isibonelo, ngezinsimbi ezifana ne-polycarbonate noma ingilazi engenamthelela.

Ukuhlobisa izindonga ezihlangothini oluthile lwezindonga zokukhwabanisa, amatshe noma amatshe okugcoba ngokuvamile asetshenziswa. Ngezinye izikhathi izitebhisi zangaphandle zalolu hlobo nazo zenziwe ngamatshe angokwemvelo. Ngokuvamile kungukuthi i-granite noma i-marble. Ezindlini ezibiza kakhulu, ukuphothulwa kwezitimela zekhonkrithi kungenziwa ngokusebenzisa ijaspi, ikhoyili, i-onyx, njll.

Ukuklama kwezinyathelo

Ukukhethwa kokuklanywa kwezinyathelo zokuhamba, kanye nesitoreji, kuxhomeke ikakhulukazi ekusetshenzisweni komsebenzi. Izinyathelo zokhuni ngokwazo zibukeka zihlaba umxhwele. Ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile bavame ukumbozwa nge-varnish eyenzelwe ukucubungula izakhiwo zomgwaqo. Izinyathelo zensimbi zivame ukumbozwa ngamapulangwe noma zisebenzise irayibha noma i-plastic lining. Izakhiwo eziphathekayo, ezifana nezitimela ze-monolithic, zibhekene ne-ceramic tile noma itshe lemvelo.

Izidingo ze-SNiP zokulinganisa

Yiqiniso, ama-ladders emigwaqweni akufanele abe kuphela amahle futhi afanele ukusebenzisa, kodwa futhi aphephile. Lapho ukwakha izakhiwo ezinjalo, amazinga alandelayo we-SNiP aphethwe ngokuphoqelekile:

• Ububanzi besiteji akufanele kube ngaphansi kuka-90 cm. Uma umakethe usuvele ukhona, abantu abahamba phambili kuwo ngeke bamane bahlakazeke. Okufanelekile ngokwezindleko zokwakha kanye nezinsiza ububanzi besiteji ku-1-1.5 amamitha.
• Ukujula kwezinyathelo ngokwazo kufanele kube njengokuthi babeka unyawo lomuntu ehamba ngezinyathelo. Ngokwezindinganiso, lesi sibalo akufanele sibe ngaphansi kuka-30 cm. Izitebhisi ezincane zomlilo kuphela ezinamathenda amancane. Ukukhiqiza izakhiwo ezinjalo, ikhoneni elineshalofu lika 5-10 cm livame ukusetshenziswa.
• Ngomunye owodwa, ngokwemithetho, akufanele kube nezinyathelo ezingaphezu kwezingu-18. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inombolo encane ayikhawulelwe.
• Ukuphakama okuphezulu kokuphakama kwezitebhisi ezisetshenziselwa ukuhambisa abahlali bendlu kungama-15-20 cm.
• Ukuphakama kwezingubo kufanele kube okungenani 90 cm. Ungashiyi ibanga elingaphezu kuka-15 cm phakathi kwama-balusters. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukugcina lo mthetho ezindlini lapho izingane zihlala khona. Izingane zinesithakazelo kakhulu futhi uma kwenzeka ukuthi ibanga eliphakathi kwama-baluster lingaphezu kwalokho, linganamathela ikhanda phakathi kwabo futhi linamathele.

Izitebhisi eziqondile eziholela e-attic zingabe zimile noma zihlangene. Ikhetho lokugcina lisetshenziselwa ukuhlinzeka ukuphakamisa kuphela kuma-attics angathandeki. Izakhiwo ezihloselwe ukuphakanyiswa e-attic yokuhlala noma esitezi sesibili kumele zimile kuphela.

Izici zokuqoqa izitebhisi zokuhamba ngezinkuni

Imiklamo yesitaladi yalezi zihlukahlukene ngokuvamile iphakanyiswe kusuka kuphayini. Amapulangwe anjengoba ahlale eqinile, ukumelana nomswakama kanye ne-ultraviolet futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo akubizi kakhulu. Njengoba kusekelwa izinyathelo ezitebhisini zokhuni, amaKosovars avame ukusetshenziswa. Ngezinye izikhathi kusetshenziswa izintambo.

Ama-marches aseKosovars abukeka ehambile futhi ekhangayo nakakhulu. Kodwa-ke, kunzima ukuqoqa izilinganiso ezinjalo. Bamele amabhodi amaningi ase-kosuroy ahlukaniswe kuwo ekugcineni kwezilwane zokufika ngaphansi kwezinyathelo. I-bowstring imane ifakwe ngokufana komunye nomunye. Ukwesekwa kwezinyathelo uma zisetshenziswe kwenziwa ngezingcezu zemithi. Lezi zinto zivele zifakwe kwizintambo ezivela ngaphakathi nge-pitch ethile.

Isiteji sangaphandle kuya esitezi sesibili noma esiteji se-attic singahlanganiswa kusuka emagcekeni amabili noma amathathu. Kulesi simo, amapulatifomu aphakathi nawo ahlangene ebhodini.

Izici zenhlangano yezitebhisi zensimbi

Imiklamo enjalo ivame ukuqoqwa ngezintambo. Futhi kaningi ukusekelwa okufanayo kuphela (kusuka esiteshini) kusetshenziselwa, kuqaliswe phakathi emakethe. Ngaphansi kwezinyathelo ngokwabo kulokhu kuhlanganiswe izingcezu zekhoneni. Ngezinye izikhathi, izitebhisi zensimbi zigciniwe futhi zibambe. Izisekelo zokuhlala ezisekelweni ezinjalo zenziwe ngamacwecwe ensimbi egobile.

Izakhiwo zensimbi ngokuvamile zibiza kakhulu kunezingodo. Ngakho-ke, ezimweni eziningi, isiteji kuphela sokuphunyuka umlilo esetshenziswa egcekeni. Ngezinye izikhathi ikhoneni kanye nesiteshi, njengoba zihlala ziqinile ngaphezu kwezinkuni, ziyasetshenziselwa ukuhlela iminyango eholela esiteji noma esiteji sesibili. Amapulangwe avame ukuthunyelwa ngokukhonkolo noma akhishwe ngamabhodi.

Xhuma izakhi zezitebhisi zensimbi nge-welding noma usebenzisa ama-bolts. Izinyathelo zezinhlaka ezinjalo zingaba yi-nsimbi noma i-lattice.

Ukwakhiwa kwezitebhisi zokukhonkolo

Ngokusetshenziswa kwamanzi amakhemikhali emgwaqweni kuvame ukuthululwa kuphela izindlu zendlu. Ukuqalwa ngaphansi kwezakhiwo ezinjalo isisekelo esinamandla ngesimo somkhenikhi uhlelwe. Khona-ke amafomu aphakanyisiwe. Ngemuva kwesigaba sokuqala sithela, isikhala esiphakathi naso nesisekelo sendlu sigcwele inhlabathi noma imfucumfucu futhi ihlanganiswe ngokucophelela. Khona-ke isigaba sesibili sithululwa. I-"engcwaba" eyakhiwe iphinde ihlanganiswe ngetshe elichotshoziwe. Ukulandelana okunjalo komsebenzi kwenziwa ekuphakameni okufunayo kwebhulaki. Esigabeni sokugcina, isikhulumi sibhekiswe ngaphambi komnyango.

Thela izinyathelo zesikhwama samasenti esabekwe ngokuqiniswa. Njengoba kuphakanyiswe ubukhulu bawo, induku kufanele iqhubekele emaphethelweni angaba ngu-20 cm. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze kube khona isisindo samasondo omakethe ngokuqiniswa kwezindonga ze-monolithic emphemeni. Lezi zinsuku nazo zithunyelwa emakhakheni.

Amakhredithi asemgwaqeni wehla

Izakhiwo zalolu hlobo, kanye nokuhamba, ngezandla zabo azimeleki eziyinkimbinkimbi ekhethekile. Isici esiyinhloko sokusekela ezitebhisini zokuvunguza kuyisigxobo esiqinile. Izinyathelo zihlelwe kuso ngokusebenzisa izibopho ezikhethekile. Unomumo we-trapezoid. Bheka izitebhisi ezivunguzayo zanamuhla nezokuqala kunezihambeli. Noma kunjalo, zingaphansi kokuphepha kokunyakaza.

Yini engaba yizinyathelo

Kunoma yisiphi isiteji, okubaluleke nakakhulu yilokho okuyizinto ezakhayo. Zonke izinyathelo ezimakethe kufanele zibe nosayizi ofanayo. Izitebhisi zokupheka ngokuvamile zenziwa "izithulu" kuphela. Ngokuphakama kwamapulangwe nezensimbi (ingxenye engezansi) kaningi akakho. Ukwakha okunjalo kungabizi. Noma kunjalo, izitebhisi ngaphandle kwezinyathelo ze-podium aziqinisi futhi zithembekile kunokuba "izithulu".

Ngezinye izikhathi kwenzeka ukuthi akukho sikhala esanele sokufaka isayithi uma ufaka ukwakhiwa kwemashi. Kulesi simo, izitebhisi zihambisana nezinyathelo. Olunye uhlangothi lwawo kakade, elinye - olubanzi. Okungukuthi, ngesimo bafana nezigaba zezakhiwo ezibhekene nazo.

Yiqiniso, lesi sici esibalulekile esiteji, noma yikuphi ukuma okunakho, kufanele sibe namandla ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngokuyinhloko, kufanele ukhethe ngokucophelela ukwaziswa kwezakhiwo ezifana nezitezi zangaphandle zokhuni. Ubuningi bebhodi lezinyathelo kufanele okungenani kube ngu 2.5-3 cm. Ukunamathisela kwizintambo noma izintambo kuphela ngamabhotshi. Izikrini zokuzibamba azikwazi ukusetshenziswa kule nkinga. Uma kungenjalo, izinyathelo zizokhululeka ngokushesha futhi zizungeze izitebhisi zizobe zingaphephile.