Metro Berlin - wesifunda, ukumboza insimu enkulu

Metro Berlin, okubhekiselwa kuzo nangokuthi U-Bahn (okusho "ujantshi komhlaba" yamagama Untergrundbahn) - omunye omdala e-Europe. Yavula ngo-1902 futhi ukhonza 170 iziteshi, okuyinto zihlukaniswe amagatsha ayishumi ubude ingqikithi 151,7 amakhilomitha. Cishe ama-80% of the wesitimela komhlaba Berlin kufihliwe ngaphansi ungqimba emhlabeni.

Phakathi nonyaka, kufeza abantu abangaphezu kuka-400 million ngo 2012, abagibeli kwezigidi ezingu 507,3 wasebenzisa U-Bahn. Daily umgibeli ongaphansi komhlaba abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-1.4. ukuphathwa kwalo, ukukhanda kanye nokugcinwa ubelokhu nenkampani enkulu kunazo zonke kamasipala ezokuthutha Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe, owaziwa kakhulu esithi BVG.

uhlelo lula

Imvamisa izitimela ine sokuphumula imizuzu 2.5 zinamandla zeviki futhi imizuzu emihlanu ngoba lonke usuku. Kusihlwa, izitimela ufika njalo ngemva kwemizuzu engu-10. Kukhona nesimiso esingashintshi kuze kufinyelelwe esikhathini ebusuku sosuku.

Ukuthuthwa eyinhloko-dolobha iyona Berlin ongaphansi komhlaba. Isikimu eduze zithandelana izitimela eziyinkimbinkimbi ezisemadolobheni - S-Bahn. Ngakho-ke, abantu bakuleli dolobha nezivakashi unekhono ngokushesha futhi kahle ukufinyelela kunoma iyiphi indawo oyifunayo.

indaba

Berlin kwakuwumuzi wokuqala e-Germany ukwakha esitimeleni, futhi ingxenye yesihlanu eYurophu ngemva London, Budapest, Glasgow naseParis. A indima enkulu ngaphakathi dalo of eziyinkimbinkimbi ezokuthutha kudlalwa Werner von Siemens - unjiniyela abadumile German kanye umsunguli. Ukuthi kungokwalabo umqondo wokwakha isitimela inethiwekhi komhlaba ukuhlangabezana nezinkinga ezikhulayo sezimoto enhlokodolobha yase Germany ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19.

Isiqondiso kuqala Esiteshini lakhiwa futhi umkhankaso ngo-1902 ngemva kwenkathi ende bekuhlela ne ingxoxo yephrojekthi. Line wawela phansi futhi ngokuyinhloko okuphindaphindiwe izixazululo lobuchwepheshe kwe-New York ka ephakeme ojantshi. Eminyakeni eyalandela, isibalo sezikhungo amagatsha umasipala Berlin. Ukushayela kuya phezulu kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kwadingeka zozine.

Ngaphezu kwalokho uhlela ukwakhiwa ingqalasizinda yangaphansi komhlaba yayihloselwe ukuxhuma bofeleba netinhlavu izifunda zalo: Wedding, okuyinto zazigcinwa enyakatho ingxenye, nge Tempelhof futhi Neukölln, elisendaweni eningizimu. Le misebenzi kwaqalwa ngo-December 1912 futhi kakhulu imisiwe ize 1930 ngenxa yempi kanye nomhlaba obhekwe izinkinga zezimali mass.

State lapho National Socialist

Lapho amandla kwaba iQembu LamaNazi ngo-1933, eJalimane lishintshe kakhulu. Lezi zinguquko futhi zazithonya Berlin ongaphansi komhlaba. Zonke iziteshi ezazilengiswe amafulegi lobuNazi, izinto ezimbili ziye kabusha yokudumisa amaqhawe umbuso omusha. Ukuhlela ukwakheka Speer iye yasungula uhlelo project wokuvelela ukunweba Berlin ongaphansi komhlaba. Isifunda okuhloswe ukudala i umugqa annular okwakuyoholela ukuxhuma amanye izindikimba nomunye.

Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II Vtorov iziteshi zazisetshenziswa njengezibonakaliso emoyeni-kugasela zokukhosela. Ingqalasizinda is ivame ekubhujisweni, ezinye zazo bayakwazi ngokushesha ukuqeda. Kodwa ukubuyisa ngokugcwele umonakalo uvinjelwe yokulwa njalo. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, ukuhamba izitimela sasisekelwa kuze kwaphela impi.

Kuphela ekupheleni kuka-April 1945 okumisiwe okwesikhashana umsebenzi Berlin ongaphansi komhlaba. Umhubhe isikimu wabonisa ukuthi ayehlala kuyo yayigcwele amanzi inqanyulwe ngogesi. Nokho, kungakapheli nenyanga leli pheshana kwaphinde unikwe isimo sabasebenzi. Okunengi ofanelwe udumo ngenxa yalezi kungokwalabo Usigaxamabhande idolobha N. E. Berzarinu.

nenkathi yamaSoviet

Lo mcimbi obaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni kwezinceku umuzi wawuyigolide division yayo zibe izingxenye ezimbili. umkhawulo laqanjwa ku ukunyakaza kwabantu kusukela empumalanga kuya entshonalanga, noHezekeli. Sekube nezigameko eziningi ukwakhiwa owaziwa Berlin Wall - kocingo ehlukanisa isikhala zibe izingxenye ezimbili. Lokhu kwaletha eziningi nezinkinga nasezitimeleni.

yesimanjemanje

Namuhla, komhlaba Berlin has imigqa 10 - 9 main nokukodwa asizayo. Inethiwekhi has a ubude omkhulu futhi ihlanganisa indawo hhayi kuphela edolobheni, kodwa futhi nedlelo eseduze. Izivakashi e ukudayiswa kuyinto Berlin ongaphansi komhlaba ibalazwe zendawo. Ngenxa yalokhu, izivakashi we dolobha angahamba ngaphandle kokwesaba bedukile, uphinde uhlole zonke izinto ezithakazelisayo.