Amagciwane Chemosynthetic: izibonelo. Iqhaza lama-bacterium awusizo chemosynthetic

Kanjani ukwakha futhi afeze izinqubo ebalulekile yamagciwane, izinto chemosynthetic ezahlukene? Ukuze siphendule le mibuzo, kubalulekile ukubhekana uhla imiqondo begazi.

izici Isici amagciwane

Okokuqala, thola ukuthi abangewona ama-bacterium. Lokhu wonke umbuso bemvelo. Ziyakwazi eziphilayo owumphumela kukhona usayizi ezincane, okuyinto nelincane nuclei. Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi ama-bacterium awunawo izakhiwo obhekene yokudlulisa ulwazi sitholwa njengefa. Wavele unenhlangano bakudala more. Lokhu isiyingi molecule e-DNA ukuthi basuke bagxila engxenyeni ethile ye cytoplasm ngokuthi nucleoid.

Ingqikithi umsoco Autotrophic

amagciwane Chemosynthetic, izibonelo iluphi okuzoxoxwa ngalo kulesi sihloko, ku umkhiqizo bebodwa udaba eziphilayo. Ziyakwazi autotrophs, afana nezitshalo. Nokho, lona wamuva lisetshenzisiwe kulesi amandla singakutholi ukukhanya kwelanga. Ukuba khona plastids oluhlaza chloroplast okwabenza bakwazi ukufeza le nqubo ye-photosynthesis. essence yayo itholakala kumiswa glucose kusuka izinto carbohydrate wezinto ezingaphili - carbon dioxide futhi amanzi. Omunye umkhiqizo ukusabela chemical mpilo. Amagciwane angabasizi futhi Autotrophic. Kodwa amandla akudingeki elangeni. Zifeza enye inqubo - chemosynthesis.

Kuyini chemosynthesis

Chemosynthesis ngokuthi ukwakheka izinto eziphilayo ngenxa ukusabela redox. nemvelo yakhe yenziwa prokaryotes kuphela. amagciwane Chemosynthetic ingasetshenziswa synthesis organic compounds sulphur compounds, i-nitrogen ne-ayoni. Lokhu kudedela amandla okuyinto zanqwabelana izibopho lokuqala ATP, ngemva kwalokho amaseli webhaktheriya ingasetshenziswa.

amagciwane Chemosynthetic: olwenzeka endaweni

Njengoba ukuphila chemotroph akuxhomekile khona kwelanga, ukusatshalaliswa yabo lebanga ebanzi ngokwanele. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-bacterium nesibabule bangaphila ekujuleni okukhulu, ngezinye izikhathi njengoba kukhona kuphela abameleli izidalwa eziphilayo. idatha Habitat prokaryotes ngokuvamile kakhulu enhlabathini, amanzi angcolile kanye substrates ocebile chemical ezithile compounds.

yensimbi igciwane

Ngu-bacterium chemosynthetic zihlanganisa prokaryotes, ukuma yokwakheka zezakhi yensimbi. Bona zitholwe abavelele samagciwane saseRussia uSergei Nikolaevich Vinogradskii ngo-1950. Lolu hlobo lwama-bacterium ukuphendula namachibi eshintsha degree of namachibi sensimbi, okwenza kube trivalent. Zihlala amanzi aqabulayo nosawoti. Emvelweni Zithwala yensimbi kwegazi nemvelo, e umkhakha futhi zisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza zethusi okumsulwa. Lokhu igciwane futhi sihlobana litoavtotrofam uyakwazi ulekisloty synthesize izakhi ezithile amaseli ayo.

bacterium nesibabule

Ama-bacterium izidakamizwa chemosynthetic sulphur compounds, kungase kube ehlukile phansi imizimba amanzi noma ifomu Symbiosis ne-shellfish ezingenamgogodla zasolwandle. Njengoba iwumthombo namachibi usebenzisa i-hydrogen sulphide, sulphide, thione yamangqamuzana acid noma nesibabule. Lolu hlobo lwama-bacterium bekulokhu zaba isihloko esivelele kuvulwa nokutadisha chemosynthesis inqubo. Leli qembu zihlanganisa prokaryotes futhi abanye prokaryotes phototrophic. Ngokwesibonelo, ezifana imajenta noma oluhlaza-sulphur amagciwane.

amagciwane nitrite

On the izimpande zezitshalo leguminous axazulule amagciwane nitrifitsiruschie. prokaryotes Chemosynthetic leli qembu oxidize ammonia ukuze nitric acid. Cishe le ndlela yokusabela wenziwa izinyathelo ezimbalwa ukwakha ushintsho. Kunemininingwane ephelele yezizathu nazo amagciwane i-nitrogen. Ezinza phezu izimpande zezitshalo leguminous. Engena phakathi le engaphansi izicubu emzimbeni, akha isici ukuqina. Ngaphakathi lezi zakhiwo kudala indawo evumayo ukugeleza chemosynthesis. isitshalo Symbiosis nge rhizobia kuyinto letihlomulisa. I prokaryotes kuqala ukunikeza udaba eziphilayo akhicitwe nakuchubeka-photosynthesis. Ama-bacterium ayakwazi ukulungisa i-nitrogen esemkhathini bese siguqulwa ifomu atholakale izitshalo.

Kungani le nqubo kubaluleke kangaka? Ngemva emakamu nitrogen umkhathi ngokwanele ezinkulu futhi 78%. Kodwa kuleli fomu izitshalo angakwazi ukuqonda ketshezi. A izitshalo nitrogen udinga sokuthuthukisa uhlelo impande. Kulesi simo, futhi basisize ka lezimpande eziguqula i-bacterium, okuyinto siguqulwa nitrate kanye ifomu ammonium.

thiobacteria

amagciwane Chemosynthetic kukhona prokaryotes futhi thione. Yabo mthombo wamandla kukhona sulphur compounds ahlukahlukene. Lolu hlobo lwama-bacterium ubuyisela ukuba sulfuric acid. Cishe le ndlela yokusabela kuhambisana ukwehla okukhulu inani pH medium. Thiobacteria acidophiles kufakwe iqembu. Lezi zihlanganisa eziphilayo ezingaba ukusinda e-asidi eningi. izimo ezinjalo isici kwamaxhaphozi. Ndawonye naleli qembu thiane yakhiwa acidosis kanye acetic acid amagciwane, flagellates futhi rotifers.

amagciwane e-hydrogen

Lemibiko prokaryotes zithuthumela izakhamuzi inhlabathi. Bona-hydrogen yamangqamuzana is oxidized emanzini ekukhishweni zamandla. amagciwane izinto ezinjalo kubonisa nokuthi ngaphakathi thermophiles iqembu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi bayakwazi ukulondoloza ukusebenza ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu, ngesilinganiso okuyinto mozhetdo attained degrees 50 Celsius. Leli khono amagciwane hydrogen ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi ama-enzyme ekhethekile ukusebenza ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo.

Iqhaza lama-bacterium awusizo chemosynthetic

Chemotroph ukudlala indima ekulu izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinguquko balo nokusakazwa kwalo amakhemikhali of ukukhathazeka ngemvelo. Kusukela kuyi-hydrogen sulfide ne-ammonia kukhona izidakamizwa ngempela anobuthi, kunesidingo iwukudambisa kubo. Lokhu wayisa amagciwane chemotrophic. Ngokuhamba zamakhemikhali ekhiqizwa into adingwa nezinye izinto eziphilayo bakwazi ukukhula evamile nokuthuthuka. ezifakwa elikhulu lensimbi manganese imikhando phansi wezilwandle nasemaxhaphozini kuphakama ngenxa chemotroph umsebenzi. Okungukuthi - amabhaktheriya yensimbi.

Umuntu uye wafunda ukusebenzisa izakhiwo eziyingqayizivele chemotroph kanye nemisebenzi yayo. Ngokwesibonelo, usebenzisa sulphur amagciwane nahlanza amanzi angcolile kusukela sulfide-hydrogen, ukuvikela zensimbi amapayipi ukhonkolo kusukela ukugqwala futhi kusukela acidification inhlabathi.

Ngakho, ama-bacterium chemosynthetic kukhona prokaryotes ekhethekile, uyakwazi obonisa ezifanele chemical yokusabela ngaphansi kwezimo anaerobic. La magciwane oxidize ndaba. Amandla ngaleyo ndlela lapho ikhishwe, basuke kuqala elondolozwe ku izibopho ATP, bese isetshenziswa izinqubo ezibalulekile. Khona-ke abakhululiwe eziyinhloko yensimbi, isibabule amagciwane i-nitrogen. Bahlala kokubili emanzini nasenhlabathini imvelo inhlabathi. Chemotroph zinendima esisemqoka nokusakazwa izinto, unikezele eziphilayo ne izinto ezidingekayo futhi kabanzi indoda emisebenzini yakhe kwezomnotho nezezimboni.