Aleksandr Gertsen: Biography, ifa etemibhalo

umlando Russian ugcwele abazinikezele abakulungele nokumfela ngoba umqondo wakhe.

Aleksandr Ivanovich Gertsen (1812-1870) kwaba sezenhlalo wokuqala Russian owashumayela imibono ukulingana nobuzalwane. Futhi nakuba ayengaqondi ukuthatha ngqo iqhaza emisebenzini wamavukelambuso, kodwa wayephakathi kwalabo abashonelwa kwavula indlela ukuthuthukiswa yayo. Omunye wabaholi we baseNtshonalanga, kamuva waba udidekile ngokuba izimiso indlela European ukuthuthukiswa Russia, wathuthela ekamu obuhlukile, futhi kwaba umsunguli omunye mlando emlandweni ukunyakaza yethu - populism.

Biography Aleksandra Gertsena Ihlobene ngokuseduze izibalo ezifana ayenawo Russian futhi emhlabeni njengoba Ogarev, Belinsky, Proudhon, Garibaldi. Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe, ngaso sonke isikhathi wazama ukuthola indlela engcono kakhulu nje oda umphakathi. Kodwa kuba uthando abanothando abantu bakhe, ukuzinikezela izimiso ekhethiwe - yilokhu babemhlonipha inzalo ka Gertsen Aleksandr Ivanovich.

Biography emfushane futhi ekuhlaziyeni imisebenzi esemqoka kuzovumela umfundi ukuba bajwayelane sazi Russian. Phela, kuphela inkumbulo yethu, bazokwazi ukuba baphile phakade futhi uqhubeke okuthonya izingqondo.

Gertsen Aleksandr Ivanovich: Biography sazi Russian

A. I. Gertsen wayeyindodana engumlanjwana ka okhuluma ngomnikazi wezwe ocebile Ivana Alekseevicha Yakovleva nendodakazi yakhe nomkhiqizi olusemthethweni, owesifazane oneminyaka engu-16 ubudala-German Henriette Haag. Ngenxa yokuthi umshado kubhaliswe ngokusemthethweni kwaba Angikubizanga, ndodana lokugcina uyise yasungulwa. Kuhunyushwe kusuka German kusho "inhliziyo yengane".

Ngakhuphulela isikhulumi esizayo futhi umbhali endlini kayisekazi ku Abakwazi Abakwenzayo Boulevard (manje i-Literary Institute kubo. Gorky).

Kusukela esemncane waqala ukuba kuvelele "iphupho inkululeko abathanda", okuyinto akumangalisi - thishela kwezincwadi IE Protopopov zona umfundi ne izinkondlo Pushkin, Ryleeva Bouchaud. The French Revolution, umbono yayichichima ukuqeqesha njalo egumbini Alexander. Kakade ngaleso waseHerzen isikhathi Ogarev abangane, futhi ndawonye baqhubeka bakha icebo okuguqula umhlaba. umbono ngokungavamile elinamandla abangane wenza lokhu kubhikisha Decembrist, okwathi ngemva kwalokho kuthiwa wokhela emisebenzini wamavukelambuso yafunga kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe ukuvikela izimiso inkululeko nobuzalwane.

Izincwadi ze-French Ukukhanyiselwa babe ncwadi ekudleni nsuku Alexander - wayefunde okuningi uVoltaire, Beaumarchais, Kotzebue. Akazange kungadlula ekuseni Romanticism German - imisebenzi Goethe futhi Schiller ukuyimisa itjiseko.

umbuthano inyuvesi

Ngo-1829, u-Aleksandr Gertsen engena eMoscow University of Physics futhi uMnyango Mathematics. Futhi kukhona akazange ahlukane nomngane wakhe ebuntwaneni Ogarev, ubani ngokushesha akha umbuthano abantu abanazo. Lihlanganisa a owaziwa esikhathini esizayo, i umlobi nesazi-mlando kanye umhumushi V Passek N. Ketscher. Emihlanganweni yawo, amalungu kumbuthano bedingida umbono laseSaint-Simonianism, ukulingana phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane, ukuqedwa yangasese - ngamafuphi, babengabokuqala Socialists lokuqala eRussia.

"Umlando Malovskaya"

Imfundo e-University of lidala futhi okuyisidina. Bambalwa othisha ukwethula abafundi ukuba izinkulumo kanye nemibono eziphambili wefilosofi German. WaseHerzen wafuna indlela yokuphuma bamandla alo ngokubamba iqhaza enza imigilingwane enjengeye inyuvesi. Ngo-1831 wayehileleka okubizwa ngokuthi "umlando malovskoy", wakhe ubuhanjelwe Lermontov. Abafundi axoshwe Uprofesa izilaleli komthetho lobugebengu. Njengoba wayekhumbula kamuva Alexander Malov MJ kwaba oyisiphukuphuku, luhlaza lokho futhi Uprofesa abangafundile. Abafundi obala Bamdelela futhi Bamhleka eklasini. Ukuze escapade yakhe izihlubuki wehlika lula - sachitha kwezinsuku ezimbalwa kuseli isijeziso.

Isixhumanisi sokuqala

Imisebenzi umbuthano wobungane waseHerzen waba elingenacala kunalokho ngokwemvelo, kodwa i-Imperial Chancellery wabona enkolelweni yawo usongo kungani umbuso waseRoma wawunamandla. Ngo-1834, wonke amalungu inhlangano baboshwa futhi badingiselwa. WaseHerzen siqala Perm, bese wayezimisele ukukhonza e Vyatka. Kube wahlela embukisweni we imisebenzi zendawo, okuyinto emenza Zhukovsky zisebenze kufanele idluliselwe uVladimir. Kube waseHerzen uthathile nomakoti wakhe kusukela eMoscow. Lezo zinsuku kwakungamadodana elula abajabule kakhulu ekuphileni sesiyaluyalu umbhali.

Ukuhlukaniswa yokucabanga Russian ku Slavophiles kanye baseNtshonalanga

Ngo-1840, u-Aleksandr Gertsen wabuyela eMoscow. Lapha, ukhanda wamyisa umbuthano kwezincwadi Belinsky, ababeshumayela futhi ngenkuthalo engrafted imibono Hegelian. Ngomdlandla ejwayelekile namalungu Russian intransigence mbuthano beqonda imibono wesazi sefilosofi German we rationality wayo yonke ngokoqobo kancane eyodwa emaceleni. Nokho, waseHerzen ngokwakhe Hegel benza iziphetho okuphambene. Ngenxa yalokho, indingilizi lahlukaniswa laba Slavophiles, abaholi okwakukhona Kirievsky kanye hamsters, futhi baseNtshonalanga eziye coalesced emhlabeni waseHerzen futhi Ogarev. Naphezu ukubukwa etshiyeneyo kakhulu endleleni ikusasa nentuthuko waseRussia, nalabo nabanye united nokushisekela izwe langempela elisekelwe hhayi uthando izimpumputhe we wekuba sive isiRashiya, futhi inkolelo esiqotho amandla abantu. Njengoba akubhala kamuva, waseHerzen, base afana Janus ezimbili abami, bombo abangu ijikelezwe bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene, futhi omunye inhliziyo beat.

Ukuwa kwezifiso

Gertsen Aleksandr Ivanovich, ogama biography nokunye wagcwala uhamba njalo, engxenyeni ukuphila yesibili ngokuphelele wachitha ngaphandle Russia. Ngo-1846, ubaba komlobi washona, eshiyela ifa elikhulu waseHerzen. Lokhu kwanika u-Alexander Ivanovich ithuba iminyaka eminingi ukuze ihambe Europe. Lolu hambo uye ngokuyinhloko ushintshe indlela yokucabanga umbhali. BaseNtshonalanga akubo bashaqeka lapho funda owanyatheliswa ephephabhukwini "Amanothi we lawobaba" sihloko waseHerzen onesihloko esithi "Izincwadi ezivela Avenue Marigny», kamuva eyaziwa ngokuthi "Izincwadi ezivela eFrance nase-Italy." Obala anti-wobunxiwankulu sengqondo salabo izinhlamvu wafakaza yokuthi umbhali wadumala e ubungqabavu wamavukelambuso imibono Western. Ngemva kokushumayela ukwehluleka ukulwelwa yochungechunge ukuthi okwadlanga eYurophu kule minyaka 1848-1849, okubizwa ngokuthi "intwasahlobo yezizwe ', uqala ukuthuthukisa inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela" ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni waseRussia ", okuyinto wabeletha ukusakaza okusha yokucabanga zefilosofi Russian - populism.

A ifilosofi entsha

E-Fulansi, Aleksandr Gertsen baba nobungane Proudhon, yena waqala ukusakaza iphephandaba "Voice of the People". Ngemva nokucindezela ukuphikiswa kakhulu impela nje, kwalokho wathuthela eSwitzerland, sabe sesiya e-Nice, lapho ahlangana khona nge Garibaldi, fighter abadumile ukuze zenkululeko nokuzibusa kwabantu Italy. Ukuze le nkathi fanele ukushicilelwa indzabambhalo "Kusukela Okunye Shore", elikhombisa imibono emisha, ngawo wathumba Gertsen Aleksandr Ivanovich. Ifilosofi kabusha olukhulu oda kwezenhlalo lisamanelisa umbhali, waseHerzen futhi ekugcineni savalelisa izinkolelo zakhe ovulekile. nemicabango yenhliziyo yakhe uqale uvakashele sembubhiso phezu Europe ubudala futhi ikhono elikhulu emhlabeni Slavic, yaphoqeleka ukuba iqaphele ekahle sezenhlalo.

A. I. Gertsen - intatheli Russian

Ngemva kokufa komkayo, waseHerzen wathuthela eLondon, lapho eqala ukushicilela iphephandaba yakhe edumile ethi "Bell". iphephandaba Iningi enethonya wajabulela esikhathini esingaphambili ukuqedwa serfdom. Khona-ke ukusakazwa kwalo iqala ukulahla, negalelo elinamandla ngokukhethekile ku ukuthandwa ukucindezelwa yayo kwavukelwa isiPolish 1863. Ngenxa yalokho, abanye abantu babhekwe njengabezinye waseHerzen Asitholanga ukwesekwa kusukela radicals, noma Liberals ngokuba Kwaqale kwaba ngokulinganisela kakhulu, kanti isixuku esikhulu kuyinto olukhulu kakhulu. Ngo-1865, bephikelela uhulumeni waseRussia, ithi soMkhulu wakhe Queen of England, abahleli "The Bells" waxoshwa kuleli zwe. Aleksandr Gertsen nabangane bakhe baphoqeleka ukuba bathuthe eSwitzerland.

WaseHerzen wabulawa i-pneumonia ngo-1870 e-Paris, lapho afika khona ngezindaba zomkhaya.

ifa etemibhalo

LweziNcwadi Gertsena Aleksandra Ivanovicha has lenqwaba ezihlokweni ezilotshwe ngesiRashiya bese ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe. Kodwa eyaziwa kakhulu izincwadi zakhe, ikakhulukazi, umsebenzi wokuphila kwakhe ekugcineni, "Odlule wami futhi Imicabango". Sam Aleksandr Gertsen, ogama biography ngezinye izikhathi yenza zigzags engacabangeki, ngokuthi lo msebenzi, avume icala, okuyinto ebangele ezihlukahlukene "imicabango zembubhiso." Kuyinto synthesis journalism, Umlando, ekumeni etemibhalo zemihla zomlando. On noveli "Ubani onecala?" Umlobi wasebenza iminyaka eyisithupha. Izinkinga ukulingana phakathi kwabesifazane amadoda ebuhlotsheni umshado, imfundo inikeza kulo msebenzi ukuxazulula ngosizo izimiso okusezingeni eliphezulu zobuntu. Futhi basonta usiba lwayo ostrosotsialnye indaba "The Thieving Magpie", "Dr. okusanhlamvu", "Usizi ingilazi grog", "isithukuthezi" nabanye.

Kukhona cishe akayena umuntu oyedwa ofundile, ngubani okungenani akuyona amahlebezi ukuthi ubani Aleksandr Gertsen. Umlando Omfushane umbhali atholakala Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Brockhaus futhi Efron, kodwa awazi ukuthi kulokho kweminye imithombo! Nokho, kungcono kakhulu ukuba simazi nomlobi abavela izincwadi zakhe - e yobude obugcwele yabo ingena ubuntu bakhe.