A. D. Saharov: A Biography, ucwaningo kanye nokumela

ososayensi Great Soviet zaziwa emhlabeni wonke. Omunye wabo - Andrey Dmitrievich Saharov oyisazi futhi isibalo somphakathi. Wabhala omunye wemisebenzi yokuqala ukuqaliswa ukusabela iArmagedoni, ngakho-ke kukholakala ukuthi ushukela - "Ubaba" hydrogen ibhomu ezweni lethu. Saharov Anatoliy Dmitrievich kuyinto academician we-Academy of Sciences zase-USSR, uProfessor, Doctor of Sciences Physical futhi Mathematical. Ngo-1975 wathola uMklomelo Wokuthula KaNobel.

Usosayensi esizayo Ngazalelwa eMoscow ngo-May 21, 1921 Uyise wayengumGreki Saharov Dmitriy Ivanovich, le-physics. Esokuqala kweminyaka emihlanu Andrei Dmitrievich wafunda ekhaya. Lokhu kwalandelwa iminyaka 5 yokutadisha esikoleni, lapho Sakharov beqondiswa uyise sina wahlanganyela physics, wayeqhuba ucwaningo eziningi.

Ezemfundo eyunivesithi, esebenza Temphi Letitichumane siyiswe ifektri

Andrei Dmitrievich ngo-1938, wangena eMoscow State University uMnyango Physics. Ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili, kanye University of Sakharov waya kuhlengwe Turkmenistan (Ashgabat). Andrei balithanda theory wokuhlobana kwezinto kanye quantum Mechanics. Ngo-1942 wathola iziqu eMoscow State University kanye idumisa. I ongumfundi waseyunivesithi Sakharov ayebhekwa engcono phakathi kwabo bonke ababengena abake wafunda ngalesi ubuhlakani.

Ngu ekupheleni eMoscow State University Andrew D. ngenqaba ukuhlala iziqu esikoleni ukuthi itshelwa uSolwazi A. A. vlasov. A. D. Saharov, ekubeni uchwepheshe emkhakheni yokusansimbi ukuzivikela, ngathunyelwa endaweni yokukhanda lempi Kovrov (Vladimir esifundeni), bese ngo Ulyanovsk. Kunzima impela babe izimo zokuphila futhi umsebenzi, kodwa kule minyaka, u-Andrei wenza indlela yakhe yokuqala. Wasikisela idivayisi evumela ukulawula eqeda of core udibi Ukubhoboza.

Ukushada Vihirevoy KA

Isenzakalo esibalulekile ukuphila komuntu Sakharov wawungo-1943 - usosayensi washada Vihirevoy Klavdii Alekseevne (iminyaka yokuphila - 1919-1969). Wayedabuka Ulyanovsk, wasebenza embonini efanayo njengoba Sakharov. Lo mbhangqwana waba nezingane ezintathu - indodana namadodakazi amabili. Ngenxa yempi, futhi kamuva ngenxa yokuzalwa kwezingane unkosikazi Sakharov sika hhayi iziqu enyuvesi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu-ke, ngemva kokuthuthela Sakharov e Moscow, kwakunzima kuye ukuthola umsebenzi omuhle.

izifundo postgraduate PhD mqondo

Sakharov wabuyela eMoscow ngemva kwempi, ngo-1945, waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe. Yena wabhalisa iziqu ukuba E. I. Tammu, le semithetho yesayensi yemvelo owaziwa, wafundisa e-Institute of Physics. P. N. Lebedeva. A. D. Saharov wafuna ukusebenza izinkinga eyisisekelo isayensi. Ngo-1947, PhD yakhe mqondo yethulwa. Isihloko imisebenzi babé ukuhwebelana yenuzi-non-radiative. Kuyo usosayensi ezihlongozwayo umthetho omusha ukuthi kumele kwenziwe nge ukukhethwa silinganiso ukushaja. Wabuye ethulwa ngendlela ukuba alandise ngala nokuxhumana electron futhi positron ngazimbili ngesikhathi sokuzalwa.

Sebenza on the "into" isivivinyo hydrogen ibhomu

Ngo-1948, A. D. Saharov kwahlanganiswa okukhethekile iqembu, eyayiholwa I. E. Tamm. Yasungulelwa ubuyekeze iphrojekthi ye-hydrogen, eyenziwe iqembu Ya. B. Zeldovicha. ngokushesha Andrei ethulwa okusalungiswa wakhe ibhomu, lapho izingqimba uranium yemvelo kanye deuterium ibekwe emhlabeni i-nuclei abavamile-atomic clock. Lapho i-nucleus Kuqhuma uranium ionized kakhulu kwandisa kwabantu deuterium. It kwandisa izinga lapho Fusion ukuphendula, futhi ngaphansi kwethonya neutrons okusheshayo iqala ukwehlukana. Lo mbono kwahambisana V L. Ginzburg, ngubani ezihlongozwayo ekusetshenzisweni Ibhomu lithium-6 deuteride. Kusukela ngaphansi umphumela neutrons kancane, kwakheka tritium, okuyinto iyasebenza kakhulu iArmagedoni nophethiloli.

Entwasahlobo ka-1950 nalezi imibono yeqembu Tamm, kunguMose iqondiswe cishe ngaso amandla egcwele ethi "into" - imfihlo ibhizinisi yenuzi isikhungo emzini Sarov. Lapha, inani ososayensi ukusebenza esakhiweni, ikhuphuke kakhulu ngenxa ukuthutheleka abacwaningi abancane. umsebenzi Iqembu kwakhe kwaholela ekuhlolweni lokuqala le-hydrogen e-USSR, owawusedolobheni ngempumelelo ngo-August 12, 1953 Le ibhomu is ngokuthi "Sakharov Puff" ezaziwayo.

Kakade ngonyaka ozayo, January 4, 1954, u-Andrey Dmitrievich Saharov waba Hero of Socialist Labour, ngase ngithola indondo "Hammer Sickle." Onyakeni owawandulele, ngo-1953, usosayensi othile waba academician we-Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

Ukuhlolwa entsha nasemiphumeleni yaso

Iqembu, nokho kwathiwa lesi eliholwa A. D. Saharov, kamuva wasebenza phezu Fusion fuel kokucindezelwa usebenzisa emisebeni okubangelwa ukuqhuma ukukhokhiswa athomu. Ngo-November 1955, kwathiwa kwenziwe ukuhlolwa ngempumelelo a hydrogen ibhomu entsha. Nokho, labasibekela ngokufa isosha futhi intombazane, kwalimala abantu abaningi, ababesedwaleni amabanga amade uma liya kusuka kusayithi. Lokhu, kanye ukuxoshwa mass abahlali kusukela ezizungezile kwaholela Sakharov ukuba icabangisise nangemiphumela eyinhlekelele kungaholela ukuqhuma zenuzi. Wazibuza ukuthi bekuyokwenzekani ukube lokhu amandla esabekayo ngokuzumayo uyaphuma lokulawula.

imibono Sakharov sika yabeka isisekelo ucwaningo emikhulu

Kanyekanye umsebenzi hydrogen Sakharov kanye Tamm, ngo-1950 wasikisela umqondo wokuthobela omunye umuntu ukuthi kusetshenziswe kanjani magnetic plasma evalelwe. Ososayensi baye benza settlement eyisisekelo inkinga. Futhi ingumnikazi umqondo futhi izibalo ukwakha Amasimu oqinile magnetic, by nokwehlisa yokucucuza kazibuthe kokuqhuba igobolondo cylindrical. Usosayensi ecwaninga lezi zinto nezindaba ngo-1952. Ngo-1961, u-Andrei Sakharov ezihlongozwayo ukusetshenziswa laser kokucindezelwa ukuze uthole elawulwa ukuphendula iArmagedoni. imibono Sakharov sika yabeka isisekelo survey emikhulu olwenziwa emkhakheni Fusion amandla.

sihloko ezimbili Sakharov mayelana emiphumeleni elimazayo radioactivity

Ngo-1958 Sakharov ethulwa izihloko ezimbili emiphumeleni elimazayo radioactivity okubangelwa ngamabhomu, kanye nethonya layo phezu ufuzo. Ngenxa yalokho, njengoba kwaphawula u-usosayensi, kunciphise ubude obuphakathi nendawo ukuphila sabantu. Ngokusho Saharova kulinganiselwa esizayo megaton ekuqhumeni ngamunye 10 ezinkulungwaneni amacala umdlavuza.

Andrei Dmitrievich ngo-1958 kwaba nhlanga zimuka nomoya esezama ukuthonya isinqumo ukunweba eU.SSR yamemezela umisa zabo ku ukuqhuma zenuzi. Ngo-1961, ukujanyiswa waphazanyiswa avivinye hydrogen (50 megaton) enamandla kakhulu. Wawunodonga kunalokho zezombusazwe kuka ukubaluleka lempi. Andrey Dmitrievich Saharov Mashi 7, 1962 kwaba ngendondo yesithathu "Hammer Sickle."

imisebenzi yangaphandle

Ngo-1962, Sakharov wangena ukungqubuzana abukhali neziphathimandla zomphakathi kanye nozakwabo on ukuthuthukisa izikhali kanye nesidingo sokuba kuvinjelwe ukuhlolwa yayo. Leyo mpi ibe yi omuhle - ngo-1963 eMoscow ngemvume isivumelwano kuvinjelwa ukuhlolelwa kwezikhali zenuzi zonke ezindaweni ezintathu.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izithakazelo Andrei Dmitrievich kakade leyo minyaka Akuzona kuphela wesayensi yenuzi. Usosayensi ngiziphatha nabanye abantu kwande. Ngo-1958, Sakharov wakhuluma ngokumelene amacebo Khrushchev, owayephethwe uhlela ukunciphisa isikhathi emfundo secondary. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, kanye nozakwabo Andrei ukuqeda ithonya T. D. Lysenko zofuzo Soviet.

Sakharov ngo-1964, wakhuluma ngesikhathi Academy of Sciences ne inkulumo lapho kuthiwa ukhulume kabi okhethweni isazi sezinto academician NI Nuzhdina, eyagcina akazange abe nabo. Andrei wazizwa ukuthi isazi sezinto eziphilayo, njengoba T. D. Lysenko, obhekene esindayo, page okuyihlazo ekuthuthukiseni isayensi Russian.

Scientist 1966, usayine incwadi kuya 23 th Congress of the CPSU. Lencwadi ( "osaziwayo 25") abantu abadumile melanani nokuvuselelwa uStalin. It yaphawula ukuthi ngabe "yinhlekelele enkulu" ngabantu kube yimuphi umzamo ukuze ngivuselele ukungabekezeleli ephikisayo - izinqubomgomo okuyinto Stalin wachitha. Ngawo lowo nyaka, Sakharov wahlangana R. A. Medvedevym, owabhala incwadi ekhuluma mayelana uStalin. It kwaba nethonya eliphawulekayo ukubukwa ka Andrei Dmitrievich. Ngo-February 1967 usosayensi wathumela incwadi yayo yokuqala ukuba uBrezhnev, lapho leli thimba lalimelela abasezinhlanganweni ezine. Ukusabela Tough iziphathimandla wayencisha Sakharov omunye izigxobo ezimbili okuyinto wanamathela "into".

Article Manifesto, ukumiswa emsebenzini kwi "into"

Esikhathini Abezindaba yashicilela isihloko by Andrei Dmitrievich, lapho kubonakala ngentuthuko inkululeko bokusungula kwezinkolo nokuhlalisana ngokuthula ngo-June 1968. Usosayensi wakhuluma ngezingozi kwemvelo self-ubuthi, ukubhujiswa iArmagedoni, dehumanization lwesintu. Sakharov ukuthi kunesidingo Kuhlanganiswe izinhlelo zama-Capitalist kanye sezenhlalo. Wabuye wabhala mayelana namacala ngu Stalin, ukuthi e-USSR akukho intando yeningi.

Kulesi sihloko, usosayensi-Manifesto wabiza ukuqedwa ngezilingo zezombusazwe kanye ukucwaninga ngokumelene ngokubeka eyamukelwayo e ezibhedlela zengqondo. Impendulo iziphathimandla walandelwa ngokushesha Andrei Dmitrievich umiswe emsebenzini esakhiweni imfihlo. Walahlekelwa konke okuthunyelwe wakhe, ngandlela-thile okuhlobene izimfihlo wezempi. Umhlangano no-A. D. Saharova A. I. Solzhenitsynym owawuse Agasti 26, 1968 It phendla ukuthi banemibono engafani ku ukuguqulwa kwezenhlalo yomphakathi, lapho iNingizimu Afrika idinga.

I kokushona komkayo, umsebenzi FIAN

Lokhu kwalandelwa yesehlakalo esibuhlungu ekuphileni kwakhe siqu Sakharov - ngoMashi 1969 wafa nomkakhe, kokushiya usosayensi esimweni yithemba, okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi esikhundleni ucambalele iminyaka eminingi wokulahlekelwa ezingokomoya. I. E. Tamm, ngubani ngesikhathi ephethwe uMnyango echazwa FIAN, wabhalela Keldysh, uMongameli wase-USSR. Ngenxa yalokhu kanye unswinyo Cishe phezu Andrei Dmitrievich-June 30, 1969 wangeniswa uMnyango we-Institute. Lapha waqala umsebenzi wakhe yesayensi, abe umcwaningi. Lesi sikhundla kwaba phansi kwabo bonke, yini uthole academician Soviet.

nokumela okuqhubekayo

Esikhathini kusuka 1967 kuya ku-1980, usosayensi utlole engaphezu kwengu-15 amaphepha isayensi. Waseqala uphile nabanye abantu kwande, bayanda ungahambisani inqubomgomo imibuthano esemthethweni. Andrei okuqalwe izikhalazo ukuba kukhululwe abavikeli bamalungelo wobuntu abangaphezu zh. A. Medvedeva futhi P. Grigorenko kusukela ezibhedlela zengqondo. Kanye R. A. Medvedevym futhi physics V Turchin usosayensi wanyathelisa "Imemorandamu sokubusa ngentando yeningi kanye nenkululeko bokusungula."

Sakharov wafika Kaluga, ukuze iqhaza picketing wenkantolo khona icala le eyamukelwayo wathwalwa B. Weill futhi R. Pimenov. Ngo-November 1970, lapho u-Andrei kanye zesayensi Tverdokhlebov A. noB Chalidze eyasungulwa iKomiti Yamalungelo Abantu, ogama msebenzi kwaba ukusebenzisa izimiso ezabekwa-Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Bekanye Academician Leontovichem M. A. ngo-1971, Sakharov eyakhuluma ngokumelene ukusetshenziswa wezifo zengqondo ngetinhloso tetepolitiki, kanye ilungelo ukubuya YaseCrimea AmaTatar, inkululeko engokwenkolo, ngokuba ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe laseJalimane abangamaJuda.

Ukushada Bonner E. G., umkhankaso Sakharov ephikisana

Ukushada Bonner Elene Grigorevne (iminyaka yokuphila - 1923-2011) senzeka ngo-1972. Usosayensi wahlangana nalona wesifazane ngo-1970 e Kaluga, lapho waqhubeka Isivivinyo. Ukuba nomngane umngane ngobuqotho umyeni wakhe, u-Elena G. imisebenti legcile Sakharov ukuvikela amalungelo abantu. Kusukela manje imibhalo uhlelo Sakharov kubhekwe njengento izifundo inkulumo mpikiswano. Nokho, ngo-1977, semithetho yesayensi yemvelo ngemvume okwamanje incwadi ngokuhlanganyela, aqondiswa ku-Supreme Soviet KaHulumeni, okuyinto yakhuluma ngesidingo yokuqeda isigwebo sokufa, ngoba wanikwa ushwele.

Ngo-1973, Sakharov wanika i interview US Stenholmu, watshela Radio Sweden. Kuyo, wakhuluma ngesimo uhlelo ke Soviet. Isekela Umshushisi Jikelele Andrei Dmitrievich wanikeza isixwayiso, kodwa, naphezu kwalokhu, usosayensi baba nomhlangano nabezindaba ukuze nanye izintatheli Western. Walahla nosongo olukhulu loshushiso. Imphendvulo izenzo ezinjalo kwaba incwadi ka-40 ezikhungweni zemfundo ephakeme, yashicilelwa "Pravda". Kwaba isiqalo umkhankaso ezinonya ngokumelene nemisebenzi yezenhlalo Andrei Dmitrievich. Eceleni kwakhe babe nezishoshovu zamalungelo abantu, futhi izazi Western nabezombusazwe. A. I. uSolzhenitsyn aphakanyisiwe umklomelo usosayensi Nobel Peace Prize.

Eyokuqala indlala isiteleka, incwadi Sakharov

Ngo-September 1973, ngalesikhatsi kuchutjekwa nekwenta ukulwela ilungelo bonke yathuthela, Sakharov wathumela incwadi US Congress, asekelwe Jackson. Ngonyaka olandelayo, Richard Nixon, umengameli US, ufikile eMoscow. Phakathi nokuhambela kwakhe Sakharov wachitha indlala isiteleka yakhe yokuqala. Ngakho-ke wabanikeza a interview ithelevishini ukuze ahehe baqaphelise umphakathi ngokungabi abantu ngosizi lwezilwane kweziboshwa zezombusazwe.

E. G. Bonner ngesisekelo Award French Humanitarian wathola Sakharov, wasungula Foundation izingane kweziboshwa zezombusazwe. Andrei Dmitrievich ngo-1975 wahlangana uMnu Bell, umlobi odumile German. Kanye naye, wenza isikhalazo okuhloswe ngazo ukuvikela kweziboshwa zezombusazwe. Futhi ngo-1975, usosayensi e-West wakhipha incwadi esihloko sithi "Izwe nezwe." It Sakharov athuthukile imibono yeningi, nezingxoxo ezithembisayo zokuqedwa kwezikhali, tekuhlangana yizinguquko kwezomnotho nezombusazwe, zilingana zamasu.

INobel Peace Prize (1975)

INobel Peace Prize, waklonyeliswa academician hola ngo-Okthoba 1975 wathola umklomelo ka nomkayo, abenze welashelwa phesheya. Lumenyezelwe ke Sakharov yabacijela emcimbini. Kuyo usosayensi wabiza "kwezikhali real" futhi "détente kweqiniso", a ushwele zezombusazwe emhlabeni, kanye ukukhululwa okwandile zonke neziboshwa zikanembeza. Ngosuku olulandelayo, unkosikazi Sakharov sika ngenza kaNobel inkulumo yakhe "Ukuthula, Inqubekela, Human Rights". It academician wagomela ukuthi zontathu lezi imigomo ezihlobene eduze komunye nomunye.

Bekwentiwa isixhumanisi

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Sakharov uphikisa kombuso wamaSoviet, icala esemthethweni ngokumelene naye awuzange ukhokhiswe kuze 1980 It wafakwa phambili njengoba usosayensi walahla ayehlasela yaseSoviet yokuthuthela Afghanistan. Januwari 8, 1980 ngesikhathi abaphundlwe konke ayewutholile ngaphambili uhulumeni imiklomelo Sakharov. Xhumanisa yaqala ngo-January 22 lapho wathunyelwa Gorky (manje Nizhny Novgorod), lapho eboshelwe endlini. Ngezansi umelwe ekhaya esithombeni ku Gorky, lapho Academician wahlala.

Sakharov sika indlala isiteleka ilungelo E. G. Bonner ukushiya

Ehlobo lango-1984 lapho u-Andrei Dmitrievich yabamba isiteleka ukulambela ilungelo nomkakhe uhambo e-United States ukuze athole ukwelashwa bese imihlangano nezihlobo. Yena kwakulandelwa yokudla ubuhlungu ngenkani hlelo kanye nokulaliswa esibhedlela, kodwa akazange nemiphumela.

Ngo-April-September 1985, the last indlala isiteleka academician, bawaxosha Izinjongo ubudala. Kuphela July 1985 E. G. Bonner unikwe imvume yokuhamba. Lokhu kwenzeke ngemuva Sakharov wathumela incwadi Gorbachev onalesi sithembiso ukuyeka bevela yomphakathi futhi sigxile ngokugcwele imisebenzi yesayensi, uma uhambo uzovunyelwa.

Ngonyaka odlule wokuphila

Ngo-March 1989, Sakharov waba Lisekela abantu of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Scientific ukucabanga okuningi mayelana zezombusazwe isakhiwo kabusha eSoviet Union. Ngo-November 1989, Sakharov iphrezethe kusisekelo esitsha eyayisekelwe ukuvikelwa kwabantu kanye ilungelo yabantu wekuba sive.

Biography Andreya Saharova uphela Disemba 14, 1989, lapho ngemva kosuku olumatasa ngesikhathi Congress of amaphini Yabantu, wayesefa. Njengoba ebonisa kwesidumbu, inhliziyo academician ukuthi ngokuphelele zigugile. E-Moscow, ku Vostryakovsky emathuneni oba "Ubaba" hydrogen ibhomu, kanye fighter oluvelele amalungelo esintu.

Sakharov Foundation

Imemori usosayensi omkhulu futhi isibalo somphakathi abahlala izinhliziyo zabaningi. Ngo-1989, ezweni lethu lenzeka Andreya Saharova Foundation, ogama njongo - kulondolozwe inkumbulo Andree Dmitrieviche, ukuthuthukisa imibono yakhe, kanye nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo wobuntu. Ngo-1990, Foundation uvele e-United States. Elena Bonner, umka academician, sekuyisikhathi eside usihlalo izinhlangano ezimbili. Washona ngo-June 18, 2011, ngemuva kokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo.

Esikhathini isithombe esingenhla - isikhumbuzo Sakharov, elisungulwe Petersburg. Le ndawo lapho likhona, ubizwa ngokuthi behlonipha yakhe. Soviet Nobel Prize ayisheshi, njengoba kufakazelwa izimbali ibekwe budebuduze izikhumbuzo zabo amathuna nezindawo zokungcwaba.