Ukwakheka nemisebenzi izinhlelo yokwamukela inzwa. Imisebenzi esemqoka la mangqamuzana cell

Isimiso sezinzwa somzimba womuntu wenza izinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kohlaziyo and zokwenziwa ezinika lithathelwe okusheshayo kwezitho izinhlelo yezinguquko imvelo bangaphandle zangaphakathi. Bezibona ezishukumisa kusukela imvelo kungenxa isakhiwo kuhlanganise izinqubo afferent izinzwa, glial-equkethe amaseli oligodendrocytes noma lemmotsity. Baguculela ezintweni ezenzeka ngaphandle noma yangaphakathi e imihlola bioelectric, ngokuthi excitation, noma emsipheni ungacabanganga. izakhiwo ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi ama-receptor. Kulesi sihloko, sihlola isakhiwo kanye umsebenzi receptor amasistimu ezihlukahlukene zabantu sezinzwa.

Izinhlobo kwalapho kuhlangana khona imizwa

Ngo-anatomy, zikhona izinhlelo eziningana ngezigaba. I-receptor ezivamile zihlukaniswe elula (aqukethe eyodwa namangqamuzana ezinzwa kuhlume) futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi (iqembu neurocytes asizayo futhi amaseli glial lichaza ekwakheni ezikhethekile kakhulu isitho sezinzwa). Kususelwa isakhiwo izinqubo sezinzwa. bahlukene ku zamabanga aphansi naphezulu ekupheleni neurocyte centripetal. Lezi zihlanganisa ezihlukahlukene zemizwa isikhumba: i nociceptors, mechanoreceptors, baroreceptors, thermoreceptors nezinqubo kwemizwa ukuthi innervate kwezitho zangaphakathi. Secondary nemikhiqizo EPITHELIAL udala i engaba isinyathelo ekuphenduleni umfutho (ukunambitheka receptor, ukuzwa, ibhalansi). I izinduku kanye Izigaxa ungqimba photosensitive esweni - retina - sesimweni Lesisemkhatsini phakathi vtorichnochuvstvitelnymi ka ngokuyinhloko futhi kwalapho kuhlangana khona imizwa.

Esinye uhlelo ngezigaba kusekelwe lo mehluko, njengoba uhlobo umfutho. Uma ukuluma livela imvelo, exteroreceptors ke kusolakala (ezifana imisindo, inuka). A ukukhuthazwa yangaphakathi imvelo izici ihlaziye interoreceptors: visceral, proprioceptors, vestibular zengaphakathi. Ngakho, inzwa izinhlelo yokwamukela umsebenzi ngenxa isakhiwo sabo nendawo endaweni kwezitho umqondo.

Umqondo analyzers

Ukuze uhlukanise abuye ahlukanisa phakathi imigomo imvelo bangaphandle zokubhekana naso, kubantu, kukhona izakhiwo ezikhethekile yokwakheka bokuphila ngokuthi analyzer, noma inzwa izinhlelo. usosayensi Russian I. P. Pavlov ezihlongozwayo isikimu elandelayo izakhiwo zabo. UMnyango lokuqala lalibizwa ngokuthi neuropathy (yokwamukela). Okwesibili - izintambo, kanti eyesithathu - central noma cortical.

Ngokwesibonelo, ezibukwayo inzwa simiso sihlanganisa amaseli ngwengwzi sezinzwa - izinduku kanye Izigaxa, emsipheni ezimbili optic futhi cortex etholakala ngemuva kwalo.

Ezinye analyzers, ezifana sekushiwo sokuzwa ezibukwayo futhi zihlanganisa izinga doretseptorny - izakhiwo ezithile yokwakheka, ekuthuthukiseni bezibona ezishukumisa ezanele. Ngenxa yalesi indlebe yangaphandle futhi phakathi sokuzwa, ohlelweni ezibukwayo - ingxenye ukukhanya refracting esweni, kuhlanganise sclera, amahlaya aqueous ekamelweni anterior, lens, umzimba Vitreous. Sizogxila ingxenye neuropathy we analyzer bese uphendula imibuzo ngalokho umsebenzi la mangqamuzana lingelakhe.

Njengoba amaseli azibonayo ezishukumisa

Lezi ulwelwesi (noma cytosol)-molecule ekhethekile eyenziwe amaprotheni, kanye izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi - glycoproteins. Ngaphansi kwethonya yizici zemvelo, lezi izinto ukushintsha ukucushwa yabo ngekwendzawo kuwuphawu iseli namabutho ke ukuphendula ngokwanele.

Amanye amakhemikhali ngokuthi ligands, kungathinta izinqubo lemizwa iseli, okuholela ke kokuba transmembrane ion imisinga. Amaphrotheni plasmalemma kokuba izakhiwo sokulalela, kanye carbohydrate molecule (.. Okungukuthi receptor) umsebenzi njengoba annten - azibonayo ukuhlukanisa ligands.

iziteshi ionotropic

Olunye uhlobo cell receptor - iziteshi ionotropic elise ulwelwesi, ikhono ukuvula noma ivinjiwe bedle Ngokwesibonelo isignali chemical vesschestv H-acetylcholine yokwamukela, vasopressin, futhi insulini receptor.

Ngu intracellular izakhiwo elungele ukwamukela okufundayo zihlanganisa umbhalo izici, okuyinto abophele ligand, bese ukungena nucleus. Compounds yalo wakhiwa DNA ezithuthukisa noma zivimbele umbhalo owodwa noma ngaphezulu lokhu ngezakhi ezingamaqoqo. Ngakho, umsebenzi oyinhloko la mangqamuzana iseli - umbono we amasignali imvelo nekulawulwa plastic exchange ukusabela.

Izinduku kanye Izigaxa: lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti

Lezi receptor-retina basabela ezishukumisa ezibukwayo - izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya, elibangela kwalapho kuhlangana khona imizwa inqubo excitation. Ziqukethe zombala ekhethekile: iodopsin (Izigaxa) kanye rhodopsin (izinduku). Sticks bamcasula ukukhanya crepuscular futhi abakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi imibala. Izigaxa banesibopho imibala zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezintathu, ngamunye equkethe photopigment ehlukile. Ngakho, emehlweni yokwamukela umsebenzi kuncike onjani amaprotheni ukukhanya-sensitive, sifaka. Coli kubangele okuqonda sibonwa ekukhanyeni ongaphakeme futhi Izigaxa banesibopho acuity ezibukwayo futhi ukubonakala kombala.

Isikhumba - sense sitho

eziyimpumelelo Nerve izinzwa kufakwe dermis, kuhluke isakhiwo sabo nokusabela ezintweni ezenzeka ezihlukahlukene imvelo: lokushisa, ingcindezi, ebusweni shape. Imisebenzi isikhumba receptor - ukuthola futhi uguqule ezishukumisa ku pulses kagesi (inqubo ukushayela). Ukuze la mangqamuzana ingcindezi zihlanganisa corpuscles Meissner sika, ise-ungqimba phakathi isikhumba - dermis uyakwazi sibandlulula ezishukumisa ezicashile (anesilinganiso esiphansi ukuzwela komngcele).

By baroreceptors kukhona corpuscles Pacinian. Basuke etholakala amanoni ongama. yokwamukela umsebenzi - nociceptor ubuhlungu - isivikelo ezishukumisa pathogenic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezifana kwalapho zesikhumba ahlelwe zonke izibilini isimo afferent ekhelini amahlumela. Thermoreceptors kungaba kokubili isikhumba yangaphakathi izitho - yegazi isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko. Basuke labizwa ngokuthi ukushisa nokubanda okukhulu.

Umsebenzi lezi eziyimpumelelo sezinzwa zingandiswa, kuncike isiqondiso nesivinini izinguquko lokushisa kwamanzi kwesikhumba. Ngenxa yalokho, imisebenzi receptor isikhumba zihlukene futhi ancike isakhiwo sabo.

Lo mshini bezibona ezishukumisa sokuzwa

Exteroreceptors - zengaphakathi, ezithinta sensitivity high ezintweni eyanele - amaza omsindo. Zibizwa ngokuthi monomodal futhi vtorichnochuvstvitelnymi. Akhiwe uhlaka Corti of endlebeni engaphakathi, engena cochlea.

Kudivayisi uhlaka Corti iyafana ihabhu. receptor tintfo linamathele perilymph futhi babe, enisemikhawulweni we microvilli leqembu. oscillations uketshezi ngalesi siyingi kubangele ubuhlungu zengaphakathi, wedlula ku imihlola bioelectric - ezinzwa amaza, ie kokuzwa yokwamukela umsebenzi - .. umbono signal, isimo sanoma amaza omsindo, futhi ushintsho zabo zibe inqubo excitation.

Imininingwane ukunambitheka receptor

Ngamunye wethu ukuthi likhetha izindlela ukudla kanye iziphuzo. Isithokela isikali ukudla siyaqonda esebenzisa uhlaka ukunambitheka - ulimi. Iqukethe izinhlobo ezine kwalapho yenziwe yaba yasendaweni kanje: ichopho ulimi - papillae gustatory ukuhlukanisa amnandi, ngesikhathi impande layo - ebabayo, okumuncu ne anosawoti ukuhlukanisa receptor ezisemaceleni. Ezintweni zonke izinhlobo yokwamukela i-molecule eziyimpumelelo kukhona amakhemikhali microvilli waqonda ukunambitheka efihlekile, i-antenna.

Taste yokwamukela umsebenzi - shintsha chemical umfutho bese siguqulwa i ishayela kagesi uyeza neurotransmission ukunambitheka cortex. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izingono zibhangqwe ne eziyimpumelelo emsipheni we analyzer olfactory, ise-mucosa acinene. Umthelela ohlangene we izinhlelo ezimbili inzwa iyanda mouthfeel futhi kuthuthukisa womuntu.

imfumbe yokuhogela

Kanye ukunambitheka, uhlelo olfactory aphendvule nerve yabo eziyimpumelelo phezu molecule amakhemikhali ezahlukene. Yona kanye indlela ngawo compounds odorous obulimaza isibani olfactory, ngenkathi bengayiqondi ngokugcwele. Ososayensi bathi ukuba izinhlayiya zomoya okuwuphawu uxhumana ezahlukene iphunga izinzwa lemizwa le mucosa acinene. Abanye abacwaningi exhumene ukukhuthazwa receptor olfactory ukuba izinhlayiya zomoya okuwuphawu babe amaqembu obusebenzayo ezivamile (isib aldehyde noma phenol) nge izakhi ezikulesi namangqamuzana ezinzwa sezinzwa.

olfactory yokwamukela umsebenzi ku bezibona ukucasuka kwamangqamuzana yayo translation enqubeni excitation. Ubude ama olfactory ku mucosa we ingaphakathi acinene ifinyelela 60 million ngasinye sazo unikezwe inombolo enkulu cilia, ukusiza ukwandisa indawo isiyonke ukuxhumana phakathi yokwamukela ensimini zishintshe ngamakhemikhali - iphunga.

I kwalapho kuhlangana khona imizwa ka-apharathasi vestibular

Zengaphakathi lendlebe nomzimba obangela ukudlelana ukungaguquguquki motor izenzo, umzimba ukuze silondoloze isimo yakhoibrium, kanye iqhaza kule reflex orientation. It has imibono emiseleni ongaphambili omise ngokuthi uxhaxha futhi anatomically ehlangene uhlaka Corti. Iziteshi ezintathu siyithambo kwalapho bacwiliswa endolymph. Lapho enyakazayo ikhanda futhi esifubeni, ke liyashintshashintsha, elibangela ukucasuka we eziyimpumelelo emsipheni enisemikhawulweni.

Sami vestibular receptor - zengaphakathi - mbeni ulwelwesi. It lakhiwa amakristalu esihle-calcium carbonate - otolith. Bekanye endolymph, nabo baqala ukuthutha, okungukuthi ecasulayo ukuze izinqubo emsipheni. Imisebenzi esemqoka imiselekazi ongaphambili omise we yokwamukela incike indawo yayo: ezikhwameni asabela ngayo amandla adonsela phansi futhi ulawule ibhalansi ekhanda nasemzimbeni uphumule. Ukuvalwa Ukudideka elise ampoules Equilibrium isitho ushintsho control ukunyakaza izingxenye zomzimba (amandla adonsela phansi ashukumisayo).

Indima yokwamukela kwetinhlavu izifunda kwemizwa

Ingabe imfundiso kaZiqu-ikhaliphe, ezisukela izifundo Descartes futhi okwatholwa eliyisisekelo I. P. Pavlová futhi I. M. Sechenova, kusekelwe umqondo womsebenzi kwemizwa njengoba impendulo ezanele umzimba ukuchayeka ezintweni imvelo bangaphandle zangaphakathi, eyenziwa nge ukubanjwa kweqhaza sezinzwa emaphakathi uhlelo - ubuchopho nomgogodla. Kungakhathaliseki impendulo, elula njengokuthi a bamane bacabange, noma Rocket ezifana inkulumo, inkumbulo noma ukucabanga, kuba okokuqala isixhumanisi reception - Umbono kanye nokubandlululwa of ezishukumisa ngokuvumelana namandla abo, ukuphakama kwawo namandla awo, umfutho.

leyo misebenzi ehlukahlukene eyenziwa izinhlelo sezinzwa ukuthi I. P. Pavlov ngokuthi "ihambe zobuchopho." analyzer ngamunye yokwamukela imisebenzi njengoba antenna sithathe ezishukumisa futhi kumba imvelo: ukukhanya noma umsindo amagagasi, molecule amakhemikhali, izici ezingokomzimba. umsebenzi Physiologically evamile ngaphandle kokukhetha izinhlelo sezinzwa kuncike umsebenzi division lokuqala, ngokuthi neuropathy, noma yokwamukela. Kusukela kuye zivela ngaphandle kokukhetha, le arc reflex (ingqondo).

balamuli

Le into eziphila abakhuthele, enza ukudluliswa excitation komunye namangqamuzana ezinzwa kwenye izakhiwo ezikhethekile - synapse. Basuke ethakwa yi Axon neurocyte lokuqala nokwenza njengoba umfutho, okubangela emsipheni amaza kuze kube sekupheleni yokwamukela the next ezinzwa cell. Ngakho-ke, isakhiwo kanye umsebenzi neurotransmitters futhi receptor kuhlobene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye neurocytes ziyakwazi lokukhululwa omoya ezimbili noma ngaphezulu, isib, acid glutamic futhi aspartic, i-adrenalin naseGeba.