Biophysics - wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo kuyinto .... Biophysics yamangqamuzana

Omunye sciences kakhulu yasendulo, yebo, biology. Isithakazelo sabantu e izinqubo ezenzeka ngaphakathi kuwo kanye nezidalwa ezizungezile umsuka ayizinkulungwane eziningana eminyakeni ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu.

Okubukwa zezilwane, izitshalo, izinqubo zemvelo kwaba kuyingxenye ebalulekile ezimpilweni zabantu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, mina zanqwabelana okuningi yolwazi, ngcono futhi izindlela isifundo bemvelo izindlela okwenzeka kuwo. Lokhu kwaholela ekubeni ukuvela izigaba eziningi ezakha ingqikithi wesayensi oyinkimbinkimbi.

ucwaningo eziphilayo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zokuphila enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba athole idatha esiyigugu ibalulekile ukuze uqonde kudivayisi biomass emhlabeni. Sebenzisa lolu lwazi ngezinjongo womuntu esisebenzayo (ukuhlola umkhathi, imithi, ezolimo, amakhemikhali umkhakha nokunye).

biology yesimanje

Namuhla, ekufezeni lokhu isayensi enezici ingafinyelela Imiphumela eminingi emihle. Ngakho, isayensi yesimanje inikeza eziningana izixazululo zezinkinga yesifo womuntu emiphumeleni amagciwane namagciwane. Sekungenzeka ukuba esikhaleni ngaphandle ukulimala mayelana izinyanga 3, ukusetshenziswa mpilo umthombo nezilwanyana ezincane noma izitshalo unicellular.

okutholakele abaningi kwaholela ucwaningo begazi emkhakheni isakhiwo sangaphakathi nekusebenta zonke izinhlelo ophilayo. Ngatadisha ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana eziphilayo, microstructure zabo, ngilahliwe futhi wafunda eziningi izakhi zofuzo izakhi zofuzo zomuntu ezilwaneni nasezitshalweni. I kokufaneleka we-biotechnology, amaselula kanye genetic engineering avumele ukuthola isivuno eziningana ngayinye izitshalo isizini futhi ukubonisa isilwane izinhlobo ezinikeza inyama ngaphezulu, ubisi kanye namaqanda.

Ukutadisha nezilwanyana ezincane bavunyelwe ukuthola ama-antibiotic ukudala amashumi noma amakhulu yokugoma, okuvumela ukunqoba ezihlukahlukene izifo, ngisho nalezo kubhubhane ngaphambilini yayinjalo okwabulala izinkulungwane zabantu zabantu nezilwane.

Ngakho-ke, isayensi yesimanje wezinto eziphilayo - kungcono amathuba angenamkhawulo lwesintu emikhakheni eminingi yesayensi, umkhakha kanye kulondolozwe impilo.

Ukwahlukanisa Biological Sciences

Esinye sezigaba okuqala ayengelona isayensi yangasese wezinto eziphilayo. Ezinjalo njengoba wezitshalo, ngokuphila kwezilwane nokwakheka taxonomy. Kamuva baqala ukwakha wancika ngokwengeziwe imishini yezobuchwepheshe eyala - microbiology, Virology, izitho zomzimba, nokunye.

Kunezindlela eziningana isayensi abasha futhi lesichubekako, kwakheka kuphela ekhulwini XX-xxi futhi udlala indima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni yesimanje wezinto eziphilayo.

Akukho omunye kodwa ngeengaba eziningana, okungase zibalwa wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo. Zibhaleni phansi ngempela umxhwele kuzo zonke izimo, cabangela omunye wabo.

Ngakho, siye sazama amboze ezihlukahlukene main, okuyizinto wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo. Uhlu kuyinto ukuthuthukiswa amasu nezindlela yokutadisha Kwenabela agcwaliswa. Ngakho-ke, esigabeni eyodwa biology ayisekho namuhla.

Advanced Bioscience nencazelo yawo

Ukuze icinathunjana isayensi yesimanje futhi okuqhubekayo biology kukhona ezifana:

• i-biotechnology;
• molecular biology;
• isikhala biology;
• Biophysics;
• biochemistry.

waba Ngayinye yalezi wesayensi kwakhiwa hhayi ngaphambili XX leminyaka, futhi ngenxa yalokho ubhekwa intokazi, ithuthuka ngokushesha okukhulu kakhulu umsebenzi esisebenzayo yomuntu.

Ake ukugxila ezifana wabo njengoba Biophysics. Kuyinto isayensi, eyabonakala azungeze 1945 futhi buye baba ingxenye ebalulekile ohlelweni lonke begazi.

Kuyini Biophysics?

Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, kufanele kuqala ukhombe contact yayo obuseduze chemistry biology. Kwezinye imibuzo imingcele ephakathi sciences iseduze kangangokuba kwaba nzima ukwenza ukuthi yikuphi kuzo ngokuqondile ezihilelekile kuqala. Ngakho-ke cabangela Biophysics umiswe njengetshe wesayensi oyinkimbinkimbi ukuthi etadisha izinqubo ngokujulile ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali okwenzeka izinhlelo ophilayo ezingeni zishintshe, amaseli, izitho, futhi ezingeni we uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli iyonke.

Njenganoma iyiphi enye, Biophysics - isayensi has into yayo cwaningo, nezinhloso Izinjongo, kanye imiphumela ehloniphekile futhi okunenjongo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiyalo sihlobene eduze kuhlobene nezinga eziningi izinkomba entsha.

ucwaningo izindawo

Ziyakwazi ngoba Biophysics biosystem emazingeni ehlukene yenhlangano.

1. Amagciwane (amabhaktheriya, amagciwane, isikhunta unicellular kanye ulwelwe).
2. Lenyama.
3. amaseli Single nezingxenye zazo kwesakhiwo (organelles).
4. Izitshalo.
5. Izilwane (kuhlanganise indoda).
6. imiphakathi semvelo.

Okungukuthi Biophysics - ekutadisheni fudumele iphuzu Ngenxa izinqubo zemvelo okwenzeka kuwo.

izinjongo isayensi

Ekuqaleni, biophysicists imisebenzi kwakufanele ukufakazela ukuba khona kwamandla izinqubo zemvelo futhi izenzakalo ekuphileni wezinto eziphilayo ukufunda kwabo, thola ubunjalo nokuqakatheka.

izinkinga Modern kwale sayensi kukwazi ukwakhiwa ngendlela elandelayo:

1. Ukuze ukufunda isakhiwo zezakhi zofuzo kanye nezindlela ezihambisana ukudluliswa yabo futhi isitoreji, ukuguqulwa (kuguquka).
2. Cabangela izici eziningi cell biology (cell ukuxhumana nomunye chromosomal kanye nokusebenzisana zofuzo nezinye izinqubo).
3. Ukuze ukufunda eziyinkimbinkimbi yamangqamuzana biology polymer molecule (amaprotheni, ama-asidi nucleic, polysaccharides).
4. Cosmogeophysical zembula ithonya izici ngenkambo yazo zonke izinqubo zemvelo namakhemikhali eziphilayo.
5. Okuningi ngokujulile ukuba embule izindlela Photobiology (i-photosynthesis, photoperiodicity nokunye).
6. Ukuqalisa nokuthuthukisa izindlela ukumodeliswa zezibalo.
7. Ukuze ukwazi ukufaka isicelo kwi-nanotechnology ekutadisheni eziphilayo izinhlelo.

Kusukela kulolu hlu kuyacaca ukuthi eziningi Biophysics etadisha izinkinga abalulekile futhi sina emphakathini wanamuhla, futhi imiphumela yalokhu isayensi zibalulekile ukuba umuntu futhi ukuphila kwakhe.

Umlando

Biophysics njengoba isayensi umsuka esanda kutholakala - ngo-1945, lapho u-Erwin Schrödinger enyathelisa incwadi yakhe "Uyini ukuphila kusukela umbono physics." Nguye Okokuqala ngaphawula futhi waveza ukuthi eziningi imithetho yemvelo (imithetho thermodynamic of quantum Mechanics) kuyindawo ukuba kukhonta emphilweni kanye nomsebenzi we eziphilayo nezidalwa eziphilayo.

Ngenxa umsebenzi womuntu isayensi Biophysics waqala ukuthuthukiswa yayo enkulu. Kodwa ngisho nangaphambi kwalokho, ngo-1922, i-Institute of Biophysics, wadala eRussia, okuyinto iholwa P. P. Lazarev. Kukhona kuhoxiswa indima eliyisisekelo ekuhloleni ubunjalo excitation kwezicubu eziyishumi nemitshingo. Umphumela waba ukuhlonza ukubaluleka athomu enqubeni.

Khona-ke uchungechunge ezitholwe ososayensi ezahlukene kusenza siqonde ukuthi Biophysics - is isayensi ephelele, capacious futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi kwakudingeka baqonde zonke izinqubo ezenzeka ekuphileni izinhlelo.

1. Galvani kuvula ugesi kanye nekubaluleka kwalo eziphilayo (bioelectricity).
2. A. L. Chizhevsky - uyise eyala eziningana ukutadisha yonke ithonya phezu uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, kanye ionization ngemisebe elektrogemodinamiku.
3. Isakhiwo enemininingwane wamaprotheni molecule ibilokhu wafunda kuphela ngemva kokutholakala-X-ray umumo womsebenzi indlela (-X-ray ukuhlaziywa). Lokhu kwenziwa ngo ososayensi Perutz futhi Kendrew (1962).
4. Ngawo lowo nyaka, evulekile isakhiwo ngakuthathu ye-DNA (Moris Uilkins).
5. Neher futhi Zachman Framework ngo-1991 bakwazi ukuthuthukisa indlela ukulungisa lendawo ezingaba kagesi.

Miningi eminye okutholakele inikwe amandla isayensi Biophysics iqale i sesimanje okukhulu okuqhubekayo ekuthuthukisweni kanye nokwakheka kwamanye ingaphazamiseki.

Biophysics Amaforamu

Kunezindlela eziningana eyala ezenza lesi isayensi. Cabanga eziyisisekelo iningi labo.

1. Biophysics amasistimu eziyinkimbinkimbi - sicabangisisa ngazo zonke izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuzithiba eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi (systemogenesis, morphogenesis, sinergogenez). Futhi lesi siyalo sitadisha ingxenye ezingokomzimba ontogeny futhi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukuthuthukiswa izinqubo, amazinga yenhlangano eziphilayo.
2. Bioacoustics futhi Biophysics amasistimu sezinzwa - izifundo eziphilayo izinhlelo sezinzwa (ukubona, ukuzwa, reception, inkulumo, njll), izindlela ukusakaza izimpawu ezihlukahlukene. Wembula izindlela zamandla yokushintsha umqondo ogcwele kubantu zezilokazane amathonya zangaphandle (ezishukumisa).
3. Biophysics theory - kuhlanganisa eziningi podnauk wahlanganyela esifundweni wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto of izinqubo yezinto eziphilayo, ukwakhiwa onobuhle zezibalo zezitho kwesakhiwo eziphilayo. Futhi sicabanga izinqubo kinetic.
4. Biophysics Yamamolekhula - kokucabangela izindlela ezijulile yenhlangano kwesakhiwo kanye nokusebenza biopolymers ezifana DNA, i-RNA, amaprotheni, polysaccharides. Ingabe ukwakha amamodeli ihluzo la mangqamuzana, futhi ubikezela ukuziphatha ukwakheka kwazo eziphilayo izinhlelo. Futhi, lesi sijeziso yakha uhlelo supramolecular futhi submolecular ukucacisa ukwakhiwa mshini nezenzo biopolymers ekuphileni izinhlelo.
5. Cell Biophysics. Uhlola izinqubo ezibaluleke kakhulu yeselula: kwamangqamuzana, ukuhlukana, ukuyaluza nekhono begazi isakhiwo ulwelwesi. Ngokukhethekile ikhokhelwa kuze izindlela ulwelwesi ezokuthutha izidakamizwa, umehluko kungenzeka kube nokungqubuzana, izakhiwo kanye nesakhiwo ulwelwesi nezingxenye elizungezile.
6. Biophysics umzimba. Main okuxoxwe izinqubo: i-photosynthesis, solarization futhi lithathelwe eziphilayo kuyo, hemodynamics, ezingeni ukushisa umzimba, umphumela ionizing emisebeni.
7. Osetshenziswayo Biophysics. Siqukethe eyala eziningana: bioinformatic, ibhayomethrikhi, Biomechanics, ukutadisha izinqubo kwemvelo nokunye ontogenesis, sokugembula (yezokwelapha) Biophysics. Izinhloso cwaningo osetshenziswayo Biophysics - uhlelo zemisipha, izindlela ezihambayo, abantu bakubone izindlela izici ngokomzimba. ngokukhethekile kufanele kube Biophysics wezokwelapha. Icabangela izinqubo sokugembula emzimbeni, ukuthi ukuvuselelwa izindawo ezilimele yezinhlayiya noma izakhiwo noma isinxephezelo yabo. Inikeza ukwaziswa ngoba i-biotechnology. Kubaluleke kakhulu e nokuvinjelwa kwezifo, ikakhulukazi ubunjalo kwezakhi ukuqedwa kwabo nokuchaza izindlela senzo.
8. Biophysics ukukhahlamezeka kwendawo - ukutadisha umthelela ngokomzimba kokubili izindawo endawo izidalwa, futhi umphumela eduze nakude isikhala izifundo. Futhi cabanga biorhythms, umthelela izimo sezulu kanye namasimu yemvelo ku ketshezi. Ukuthuthukisa izindlela izinyathelo zokuvimbela ukuba ukuba nemiphumela engemihle kwezimo zendawo.

Zonke lezi eyala benza iqhaza elikhulu ekuqondeni umsebenzi obalulekile wokuhlaziya izinhlelo ophilayo, izindlela kwethonya kuwo uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli kanye nezimo ezahlukene.

kwentuthuko kwakamuva

Ungashayela ezinye izenzakalo eziphawulekayo kunazo ezihlobene ekuzuzweni kwemiPhumela Biophysics:

• wavula cloning izindlela eziphilayo;
• Izici kanye kugucuka indima oxide nitric ekuphileni izinhlelo;
• the interrelation of amancane isithunywa RNA, okuyinto esikhathini esizayo kuzokusiza uthole ikhambi lezinkinga eziningi zempilo (nokuqedwa izifo);
• evulekile autowaves engokoqobo;
• ngenxa umsebenzi Yamamolekhula Biophysics wafunda izingxenye zamagama kanye ukufanisana DNA, okwaphumela ikhono ukwakha uhla kwemithi emisha kusuka izifo futhi kulokulukhuni
• Imodeli computer kuzo zonke ukusabela ezihambisana inqubo ye-photosynthesis;
• izindlela asethuthukile ngoba ultrasound ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu;
• ayimisa phakathi cosmogeophysical nezinqubo kwamakhemikhali;
• ezibikezelwe kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni;
• ukuvula amagugu urokenazy enzyme ukuvimbela izifo thrombosis futhi ongaqeda imiphumela emva unhlangothi;
• futhi wenza eziningi ezitholwe isakhiwo amaprotheni, isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi kanye nezinye izitho zomzimba.

Ihlangano yokuNgeza Biophysics eRussia

Ezweni lethu kukhona eMoscow State University. M. V Lomonosova. Ngesisekelo lesi semfundo usebenza uMnyango Biophysics. Nguye silungiselela ochwepheshe abafanelekayo ukusebenza kule ndawo.

Kubalulekile ukunikeza izinga ukuqala ochwepheshe esizayo. Balindele umsebenzi kunzima. Biophysicist aphoqelelwe ukuba baqonde yonke butholakala enqubweni eyinkimbinkimbi yokuthela izinqubo ezenzeka ezintweni eziphilayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abafundi kudingeka ukuqonda physics. Kuyinto wesayensi oyinkimbinkimbi - Biophysics. Izinkulumo zakhiwa ngendlela ezifana ukuze ahlanganise zonke eyala ehilelekile Biophysics futhi izingxenye, bamboza Ukucabangela kokubili uhlamvu kwemvelo nezinto eziphilayo.