YaseSiriya Turkmens - ayini? sisohlangothini lukabani ulwa Turkmens yaseSiriya?

Ukuba khona kwabantu ezifana Turkmens yaseSiriya abanentshisekelo izenzakalo Syria bakwazi ukufunda muva nje, ngemva webhomu Russian kwadutshulwa phasi eduze komngcele Turkish. Bashayeli, abakwazile Catapult wadubula emoyeni. Omunye wabo wabulawa, isiphetho abanye ulwazi yesibili kwaba isikhathi eziphikisa. Turkmen yaseSiriya, siqhumisa ngesiRashiya, yathi yake ibulale kokubili pilot. Kamuva, emithonjeni enokwethenjelwa, yabe seyaziwa ukuthi co-pilot ophulwa futhi kuthathwe ngesikhathi search and khulula msebenzi.

Bobani Turkmens yaseSiriya? Isiphi isikhundla ugajwe empini zamanje?

Uma lokumba umlando ...

Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala ukubonakala Turkmens esifundeni nezizwe zakwa Oguz basonta ekhulwini IX. Empeleni abantu isiphetho sredneaziyskimi we-Middle East nase-Asia Minor emazweni iqala ekhulwini XI, lapho ngosizo we nabezempi Turkish Seljuks esungulwe sabo lapha. Ngaphansi ukumelana amaMongol Seljuk Empire ngiyaquleka. Phakathi nokubusa Ottoman (kusukela XIV ekhulwini kuze kufinyelele 1922) Turkmens yaseSiriya phezu kwezwe yesimanje yaseSiriya (Aleppo, Hama, Latakia, Homs, Tartus, Idlib, Dzharablus) ukuvikela ama-pilgrim, ngokuhambisana izimiso Muslim Hajj waminyaka yonke. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, abameleli eziningi zabantu abahlala kulezi zindawo.

Phakathi nomsebenzi isiFulentshi, abanye bathuthela eDamaseku.

nangangesihlabathi ukunganeliseki

Ngaphambi kwempi yombango, le Turkmens sase sihlala cishe inxenye yesithupha insimu yase-Aramu. Kulinganiselwa ahlukahlukene, inombolo yabo - mayelana 3 nengxenye million okuyinto kwengxenye yesigidi abakhuluma lolu limi. Inkolo iningi - Sunnis (egatsheni eminingi iningi Islam), kukhona futhi Alawites (omunye zezinhlangano zenkolo Ayindida kakhulu Islamic).

Ikakhulu abamele abantu babandakanywe ku-ibhizinisi izicathulo, bangabanikazi namafemu emzini Aleppo, abasebenzi yalezi zinkampani futhi Turkmens. Kukhona phakathi kwabo osopolitiki, izibalo kwamasiko, ezempi kanye ososayensi (ngokukhethekile, ababekade yaseSiriya Defense uNgqongqoshe Hassan al-Turkmani).

Eminyakeni engu-30 ngenxa uhulumeni yaseSiriya eyenziwa inqubomgomo nokwenziwa abamele abantu baye bancishwa amalungelo amaningi. Kwakungafanele ukwazi ukujoyina amaqembu kanye amaqembu. Babenqatshelwe ukuxhumana, ukushicilela izincwadi, ukufunda ngolimi lwabo lwendabuko.

Kufika isikhathi esithile e ekamu yabo ukuvuthwa ukunganeliseki uhulumeni wamanje.

Lokho kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe kukhona impi enkulu?

Phakathi kuka-2006 no-2011 abantu abangaphezu kwengxenye yamazwe yaseSiriya raged nesomiso. Ukungaziwa inqubomgomo kwezomnotho kwaholela ekubeni ugwadule komhlaba, ukucekelwa phansi kwezitshalo nemfuyo. Ngokwe-UN kanye ngonyaka idatha Red Cross 2010, abantu abangaba yisigidi sisonqenqemeni indlala.

Labantu yasemaphandleni ngokufuduka mass emadolobheni. Edolobheni Aleppo ngo-2011, kwakunabamemezeli abangu-200,000 ababaleki. Ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kwakudlangile 20%. Amabutho zezombusazwe ukuthi ungavumelani uhulumeni, ziye wavinjelwa.

Ezidinga ukwamukelwa of nenokuhlanganyela izixazululo, amaqembu Ethno-confessional ka Sunnis, Alawites, Kurds futhi amaKristu ayehlangana basukuma ukuba alwe.

Izimbangela ukuqhuma

Imithombo ithi isizathu esiyinhloko ukuqala Arab Spring avuthwa waqhumuka ngokusebenzisa Ukunganeliseki umthetho ithumba zabantu kobushiqela umengameli eyisibopho, ngezinsolo zenkohlakalo echelons ephakeme kwamandla, okubi kakhulu zenkolo eziphikisanayo nokunye. N.

Ngokusho abahlaziyi bezombangazwe, izinkinga yaseSiriya yangaphakathi wazibonakalisa evundile okungamila fomenting ukungqubuzana zangaphandle.

"Fire ukuze ntambo" bawubeka ngaphandle.

Njengoba izintatheli of Wall Street Journal Nour Malas noCarol Lee, kwaphela iminyaka eminingana, abameleli ekuphathweni US babambe izingxoxo ngasese abasebenzi apharathasi isimo abantu laseSiriya ukunxenxa ngomumo ukukhuthaza umbuso wezempi futhi yokuxoshwa umongameli wezwe wamanje weBhodi.

Chronicle imibhikisho

Sekusele inyanga kwemibhikisho (ekupheleni kuka Januwari 2011) ngokweqile inhlangano "revolution YaseSiriya" senziwe "Facebook" ukubiza i ukuvukela kwabantu uhulumeni ka Bashar al-Assad.

Ekuqaleni, imiboniso emelene nohulumeni babe engahlangani, kuze imibuthano mass ukuthi lusuke Mashi 15 e Darayya. Lo mbhikisho kwakunjani simo kwelase-Tunisia naseGibhithe. Ngokushesha ngemva imibhikisho iphenduke ibe lonke full-scale ukuvukelwa kombuso.

Izihlubuki atshalwa amathangi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni sihlubuki anqamuka amanzi nogesi, imibutho yezokuphepha, abakwasidlodlo babaphuca ukudla abantu kanye ufulawa.

Amasosha kahulumeni zagcwala phama idolobha Darayya, Aleppo, Hama Duma, Homs, Latakia nabanye. Amasosha abenqaba nomlilo ku yizakhamuzi, badutshulwa kuyo leyo ndawo.

Abavukeli futhi defectors ebuthweni amaqembu impi, ayeqale umkhankaso ahlomile ekumelaneni nebutho lase-uhulumeni. Ngakho-ke sidalwe Mahhala Army yaseSiriya. Ezweni lonke, waqala izingxabano ezivuthayo.

I yokukhuphuka zobudlova

Iziphathimandla waphendula ukucindezelwa esinonya isiyaluyalu amahemuhemu lizwe shirilis of zonya amayunithi yempi njalo maqondana abakhe emizini edlubulundayo.

EU unswinyo zabekwa ngokumelene neSiriya. Kodwa kwengxabano ukungqubuzana nomfutho, inani izisulu lakhula.

Ekuqaleni kwawo-2011-2012, uhulumeni iqala ukusebenzisa wezikhali kanye amathangi ngokumelene lwabantu abavukelayo. 26 Disemba ekhatsi Homs amathangi ixoshe on amakhaya.

Kwezinye izifundazwe, kukhona imibhikisho ngokumelene Assad umbuso, abahlanganyeli bophezela kwabantu izindlu zamanxusa yaseSiriya. I-US nase-UK bese uphuma amanxusa abo evela eDamasko.

Ngo-April 2012, Assad ezama ngokuthula ukuxazulula lolo dweshu. Izwe umemezele a kuthula, ukwamukela UN ngabaqaphi.

Ngokokuqala ngqá e amahlanu e Syria ukhetho ahlukahlukene aphethwe lapho iwina Bloc "Ubumbano Kuzwelonke" (Baath Party).

Naphezu ukuthula limenyezelwe, ukulwa ahlomile.

Ukuhlanganyela kokuphikisa kwamanye amazwe

Ukuchitheka wafaka neminye uthi: kukhona ngezimali kanye zingakuqeda yini ukuhlonyiswa ngezikhali izihlubuki yaseSiriya amafutha monarchies of Gulf. Iran uvikela uhulumeni yaseSiriya. Russian Federation kokunikeza izikhali ukuzivikela ukuze Assad.

Ehlobo lika-2012 okushayisanayo evulekile ingena Turkey: 22 Juni esingu phansi Turkish fighter aircraft kulo lonke izwe lama-Aramu.

I-UN futhi Esibomvu uye ezihlukile kwezisemthethweni izingxabano eSyria impi yombango.

Siza Russian

Ngo-March 2015, amabutho emelene nohulumeni, omunye ngemva komunye ukulawula emadolobheni yaseSiriya. I ethumba Palmyra LIH bophezela ekubulaweni kwenqwaba yabantu, kokulahla nge 400-450 yizakhamuzi, amasosha kanye nokwesekwa uhulumeni (ikakhulukazi abesifazane).

Ngemva ehlobo LIH 2015 imisebenzi e Al Hasaka babexoshwa ayizinkulungwane 60. Nezakhamuzi.

Ngokushesha, inani lababaleki, ngokuvumelana UN ulinganisela ifinyelele ayizinkulungwane 200.

Ehlobo lango-2015 e-United States ithole ubufakazi wokubambisana esikhundleni kwezikhulu Turkish ne LIH.

Ngo-September LIH indawo ngokuphelele amabutho Assad isifundazwe Idlib, ashaqe ensimini uwoyela zokugcina ( "Jazan"), ngaphansi kokulawula amasosha kahulumeni, i-Airbase Abu al-Duhur.

Assad bacela ukuba usizo Russian, futhi ngo-September 30, izindiza Russian waqala ukusebenza phezu fighters ingqalasizinda ukukhomba iziteleka. Ngemva kwesonto bula indiza Russian waqala ngokuwina emikhulu okuhlaselayo yebutho le-Siriya, lapho amabutho kahulumeni uqalisiwe ukulawula kakhulu zaleli zwe.

Ezikabani ohlangothini yaseSiriya Turkmens?

Ngokusho Associated Press, abamele abantu ayephakathi kwezizukulwane zokuqala ukusekela kokuhlubuka kwase wezikhali wokulwa umongameli wamanje, ngosizo nozime Ankara.

Ngo-2012, Turkmens yaseSiriya ukudala ibutho lakhe, ababebalelwa abantu abangaphezu kuka-10 eziyinkulungwane. Amabutho ahlomile efakwe ezindaweni eziningana Iraq and Syria. Izidlamlilo balwa impi ayebhekene noMengameli Assad namaqembu IG. Emithonjeni enokwethenjelwa ukuthi usebenzise fighters yabo SWAT amaqembu babehilelekile abafundisi kusukela amandla abavikela yaziwa.

Turkmens yaseSiriya futhi Turkey

Ngemva kokuqala e umSiriya impi yombango isimo sabantu kuleli zwe iye yawohloka. Wazithola ubuso nobuso nalaba baphikisi sina: ibutho Bashar al-Assad, le linjalo olukhulu IG futhi amaqembu wemathando. Ankara usebenze njengomahluleli nomvikeli. YaseSiriya Turkmens futhi Turkey - yini uxhumano? Abameleli lokhu ubuzwe, ohlala eSyria nase-Iraq, zihlobene abantu ababehlala Turkey, okuyinto walile ukweseka ngokugcwele kubo esenana ukuzibophezela ukuhambisa ngemva izinqubomgomo evumayo kuso.

Kuyacaca ukuthi Ankara awukona okungaka bakhathazekile izinkinga abantu abacindezelwe eSiriya, njengoba nezinzuzo zazo siqu - kwezombangazwe nakwezomnotho.

Ngosizo kwezinhloko zamaviyo Turkmen emngceleni ukudala counterweight ezidingekayo Kurdish ukuzivikela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bababukela iqhaza ekuhlinzekeni kukagwayi nokuxhumana IG. abahlaziyi bezombusazwe musa ngakususi ukuthi Turkey sifuna babe umqalisi womaya separatist phakathi Turkmen, nge isikhathi ukukufaka ubulungu bayo ezweni lase-Aramu, lapho behlala khona.

Positioning ngokwaso njengoba welungelo kwabantu abacindezelwe, Ankara ihlanganisa ukuvikelwa izigameko izithakazelo kuhlelwe yakhe.

udaba yaseSiriya

Ngokusho imithombo ethembekile, Turkey uye wahlanganyela ngenkuthalo okuthiwa inkinga yaseSiriya.

Omunye amaphrojekthi zingenze "isitha" eyayihlelwe Ankara, le Turkmen yaseSiriya. Obani impi, abameleli ngobukhulu e-abantu yezwe? Abeve babehileleke umdlalo yomunye? Yini ekule esitolo kule game eyedwa?

Ankara seliqala ukusiza amalungu esizwe namanje in the 90s, lapho inhlangano yokusizana abacindezelwe "Bayir-Bucak" yadalwa.

Ngo-2011, futhi wadala "laseSiriya Turkmen Movement", ogama njongo - ukubiza abantu ukubamba iqhaza ukuvukela Assad.

Wadala Amahhovisi eziningana emizini Turkey futhi komngcele "esishintshashintshayo zemithwalo yemfanelo" esinqunyiwe: ukuvukela e Aleppo ukugada Gazantipskogo ehhovisi, ukubhubhisa lezi zihlubuki e Latakia - kusukela Yayladağı, ukubhubhisa lezi zihlubuki e-al-Raqqa - kusukela Akdzhala.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, "yaseSiriya Turkmen Democratic Movement" elawula imisebenzi eliphikisayo eSyria. Phakathi kwezinyathelo kuhlelwe kwenhlangano - ukukhululwa press ngolimi lwabo lwendabuko, ukudalwa umsakazo, izikole. Inhloso ye-izishoshovu kuyinto Turkization enyakatho emazweni yaseSiriya, okuyinto esikhathini esizayo kungaba ukukhokhela zonke ukuthi zifune ukuqondiswa ngokuhlukana, ukuzimela kanye uxhumano indawo eseduze, "friendly" kubo ezweni.

Turkmens yaseSiriya ukudala ibutho lawo, ngenkuthalo ubambisana yamaqembu lamavukela-mbuso. Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo 14 amayunithi paramilitary. Ayavumelana le "Gang of Turkmen entabeni." Latakia amasosha elaliholwa Mohamed Awad e Aleppo umkhuzi wezempi amavukelambuso kuyinto Ali Basher.

Nakuba amaqembu paramilitary e 2012 belwa namasosha kahulumeni, izidlamlilo Kurdish futhi LIH, ngo-August 2015, kusho umholi we Mejlis ngesidingo ukusungula e Syria Turkmen ibutho olusemthethweni. Ibutho kumele bavikele abantu kusukela kohlanga kwenziwe yisitha, ukushayela nabo emizini enabantu. Ngakho ilungiswe umSiriya Turkmen Kurds edolobheni Ucingo Abyad bephoqeleka ukuba babalekele abakhileyo ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili. amabutho Assad kanye wabaxosha Homs, izinkalankala nakwamanye amadolobha.

Isibalo ibutho Kusolakala wayezimisele abantu 5000. Njengengxenye amaqembu aphikisayo lapho 1000. Cishe, bangamasosha le-Turkish amabutho ezikhethekile phakathi ngendaba nabezempi.

gambit Turkish

Kufanele ukuthi izimpokophelo izihlubuki yaseSiriya futhi Ankara kuhluke kancane.

Okokuqala, abaphikisi abazange bamukele iphrojekthi Ankara sika ngenxa federalization yezwe. Nesithakazelo bezobunhloli kufanele acabangele ukuthi ezigcemeni zabo uthanda "Syria olulodwa." Ngakho, ngenxa yokugcina, Ankara kwenziwa ngaphakathi dalo of "yaseSiriya Turkmen Ipulatifomu" engqungqutheleni mcimbi ukuthi lezi zihlubuki wayethenjiswe ngokusisekela. Abanye osomabhizinisi Turkish kakade yingxenye yale project, ezichaza ngokwawo ekubambeni iqhaza kwezombusazwe ezweni yakhululwa Assad.

Okwesibili, imisebenzi ye-IG, abalwé amaqembu Turkmen, Ankara ezuzisayo. Eqinisweni, thatha ekuhlaseleni izindiza Russian ngoNovemba 2015, Turkey wasekela IG. Ngokusho ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa, esikhwameni salo umphakathi nezinhlangano zokubasiza ezinkulu IG. Ankara uqaphe osendaweni kubalulekile-ke welula imingcele zazo ukudlula ukuba sendleleni lwamafutha ezindaweni kulawulwa IG Turkey futhi usuke lapho uye ezweni IG wasekela elisendleleni izimpahla ezidingekayo bomlilo, izikhali kanye iyunifomu.

Ankara kubaluleke kakhulu ukulawula labantu Turkmen kanye nokugcina emelene nohulumeni walo inhliziyo.

Eqinisweni, abantu ethunjiwe ukuba ubudlova angaphandle Ankara. Ngo wokufaka yayo, waba ilungu ukungqubuzana wezimpi ezalandela.

iziteleka yalwa Turkmens yaseSiriya ngu Asada iphoqa Kurds futhi IG kuholele ekulahlekelweni okukhulu ukwandisa isibalo lababaleki phakathi kwabo. Ankara Ubuye kulesi simo ezinye izinzuzo zezombusazwe.

Mussiruya amahemuhemu mayelana kohlanga abantu Turkmen, olwenziwa yi-Assad clan, okuthiwa ukunikeza evundile Alawite - co-benkolo yabo, Ankara igcizelela indima yayo njengoba welungelo abacindezelwayo abantu kwabomndeni. Ngakho, uhulumeni uhlose acele ukusekela izakhamuzi zayo ku ngeziqu zamehlo elibusayo umbuso yaseSiriya.

Isitha entsha, okuyinto wathola "ukukhanya" omakhelwane yokudla Turkmen Syrian - Russian. Futhi ungenzi lutho kodwa ukulwa nalo.

Yini okulandelayo?

Ngokusho Reuters idatha, kusukela kuqale ukusebenza Syria (September 2015-th) e aid uMongameli Assad kuya edabukisayo ukufa umshayeli Russian (24 November), Russia ngamabhomu Turkmens yaseSiriya izikhathi 17. Ngokusho ummeleli Russian Ministry Defense, eduze emadolobheni Kesladshuk, uSalima Gmam, lapho iningi labantu abamele abantu, kanzulu amaqembu base izihlubuki uhlushwa umengameli weSafa, futhi ngosizo emoyeni ozokugiriza bunkers izinhlamvu agcinwe, umyalo okuthunyelwe, isitshalo , okwenza shahid amabhande.

Ngokusho izintatheli, umphumela ngamabhomu isiRashiya kwakuwulimi inani elikhulu lezakhamuzi ezafa, izinkulungwane zemikhaya esibalekele umngcele.

esingu 24 Novemba Turkish Air Force ngaphansi kwebhaxa ukwephulwa yomngcele phansi Russian SU-24. Ministry Defense okhulumela inqatshelwe kwemvume. Bomber elehla livela kuye amakhilomitha ambalwa on ensimini yase-Aramu. Enhlabathini, nge indawo amaqembu Turkmen abashayeli bezindiza Russian catapulted bavulela ngenhlamvu. umlawuli wabulawa, itilosi ukutakulwa. Ngenxa esigqulweni kuhlasela indiza Mi-8 wabulawa zasolwandle kwezinkontileka.

Usuku Ngemuva kwesehlakalo, umongameli isiRashiya bathi ekuhlaseleni Russian kwenziwe Latakia (indawo okuhlushwa kunamaqembu ezigebengu) ukusebenza ngokumelene IG.

UMongameli Turkish ukuthi endaweni ehlala abantu kuphela, kunokuthula, kanti Ankara unesibophezelo abavikele.

Njengoba kwabika i-izintatheli Western, ngemuva kwesigameko, nokubhonywa Turkmen yaseSiriya zezindiza Russian usezuze uhlamvu okukhulu. Ngokusho ofakazi, i ukushuba emoyeni kwakungelona kusukela ekuqaleni kwempi. izindiza Russian e Latakia wabhubhisa isikhundla "Mahhala Army YaseSiriya" futhi izakhamuzi izindlu.

imisebenzi Military baphoqeleka ukuba bashiye amakhaya abo kubantu abangaphezu kuka-nesikhombisa namakhulu. Ngokusho Anadolu Agency, befuna izindawo zokuthula ngaphezulu ezinsukwini zokugcina zalesi ngoNovemba ngonyaka odlule, abameleli engaphezu kwemibili nambili kubantu wabalekela nomvikeli wezwe eningizimu.