Uyini yeqhwa? Andayo izinguzunga zeqhwa. kuthiwa nendlela izinguzunga zeqhwa kwakhiwa kuphi?

Bewazi yini ukuthi iplanethi yethu ku amaphesenti nanye insimu yalo embozwe iqhwa? Yebo, lezi isesihlalweni isikhala, izindawo ezimhlophe ukumboza indawo kwezigidi ezingu-16 amakhilomitha square. Ngakho, naphezu kwemvelo alamu ubani oqhubeka ekhuluma ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke, i-Earth namanje kakhulu icebound. Ziqukethe cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu yabo bonke abantu amanzi ahlanzekile - futhi lokhu ezingu-25 cubic amakhilomitha ice. Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi uma lonke selincibilikile, amazinga olwandle global uyovuka by amashumi amamitha, okuyinto eyayiyoholela nowencithakalo enkulu nasencithakalweni yizo zonke izizwe. Kodwa yini isithixo yeqhwa? Ingabe i-slide iqhwa, yisiphepho ngamanzi, ngokuthi leli gama uyaziqhenya? Kulesi sihloko, sizobona nendlela akhiwa izinguzunga zeqhwa, nendlela eziphila ngayo nalapho befa. Sibheka amagama ezifana nolimi, moraine firn. Futhi sifunda indlela zamaqhwa ihlukaniswa ngokweminyaka lwemibhalo ehlukile.

Uyini yeqhwa: yencazelo

Encyclopedia, izichazamazwi nezincwadi ehlukile ukuchaza leli gama. Futhi okufanayo, akucacile. Ngokwesibonelo, le ncazelo elandelayo: ". Umhlabathi mass ice zemvelo imvelaphi asemkhathini, esesikhundleni ukunyakaza ezimele, kubangelwa amandla adonsela phansi" Ake sizame ukuchaza ngolimi kufinyeleleke lokho yeqhwa. It is onomfutho ngaphansi isisindo ayo zeqhwa oluhlala eminyakeni ezindaweni okushisa aphansi (Zapolyarniy latitude eziphakeme zone), bese, ukwenyuka kwezinga amaslayidi ivolumu kwezinye izindawo (esigodini, olwandle). Uma le ncazelo ibonakala ongayiqondi, thina ke rastolkuem kulula. Kunezindawo lapho izinga lokushisa njalo ngaphansi kwezingaqhwa. Inzika lapho uwela ngefomu okuqinile: iqhwa, isithwathwa, isithwathwa, amafu abandayo. Cumulatively, basuke onomfutho ngaphansi isisindo ayo, futhi kwakhiwa yeqhwa is. Useqala aphile ukuphila kwakhe siqu, noma vula ngokuhambisa ngezilimi zeqhwa.

Isithwathwa, firn, iqhwa

Ezintabeni, ngokuvamile alethwe ukubona phezu kwezigodi oluhlaza kanjani ukunqwabelana shining iphakama emhlophe. Kodwa lapho ubusika wangena yayo e sifinyelela engenhla, akusho ukuthi kwamiswa zamaqhwa. iqhwa Okokuqala sengathi lukashukela, phezulu priporoshit, ukukhanya kakhulu futhi Fluffy. Ngenxa isakhiwo elalivuliwe, it kalula sishiswa ngakho. Ntambama noma ehlobo (uma liphezulu kakhulu noma eduze eMhlabeni izigxobo) eqhwa Fluffy zigcwale amanzi. Base ukufriza futhi. Kodwa lokhu akulona jumpsuit lwenkanyezi ubudala. Snowflakes ku amabhola okuqinile - firn. Lokhu namatshana zanqwabelana eminyakeni. Ngaphansi yayo isisindo firn iqala Ivy futhi sishintsha oyiyo. Nanku ukuqonda ukuthi yini a yeqhwa. Inchazelo walesi term Ngokuphathelene lwesithathu, kokugcina isigaba ukuguqulwa kwezulu okuqinile.

ngezigaba

Sekuyisikhathi eside abantu wazibuza yini izinguzunga zeqhwa. Abacwaningi bathola ukuthi ngamunye wabo siqu Geophysical noma ezingaphansi kolwandle izici zayo. Ngakho-ke, kukhona isidingo ngezigaba kwezinguzunga zeqhwa okwakungokokuqala ngqá. Ekuqaleni, kwaba khona okuthile e ahlola. Kwamanye amazwe, inake izici morphological, kunezinye izici juqu babe nezici ezingaphansi kolwandle. Kukhona manje Umhlaba Tracking yesevisi izinguzunga zeqhwa. Lokhu umzimba ngamazwe onegunya uyachaza ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuba yeqhwa, futhi enquma lapho iqembu ikhathalogu WGMS kungokwalabo. Nokho, wasungula iphrojekthi entsha phezu ngezigaba lezinto zemvelo - GLIMS. Ezweni lethu ke isasetshenziswa ikhathalogi USSR izinguzunga zeqhwa.

izinhlobo kwezinguzunga zeqhwa okwakungokokuqala ngqá

Kuye kumiswa esifundeni, uquqaba zihlukaniswe lukhuni iqhwa ebusweni (enamathela), izimayini kanye naphesheya kwezilwandle. Uhlobo lokuqala has endaweni ngobukhulu. Lezi izinguzunga zeqhwa akhiwa eduze izingongolo. Elikhulu kunawo wonke kuyinto ikhava Antarctic. endaweni yayo - angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-13 amakhilomitha square. Eqinisweni, yeqhwa sihlanganisa lonke lase-Antarctica. indawo Okwesibili ku-Square kuthatha ukumboza Greenland - 2.250.000 ^km2. Intaba izinguzunga zeqhwa zibizwa futhi ngokuthi Alpine. Basuke kwakheka izindawo altitudinal zonation. Bona kwenzeke hhayi kuphela e-Alps, kodwa nazo ezintabeni zaseHimalaya, eCaucasus ngisho e-Afrika (Mount Kilimanjaro). Kodwa emashalofini ice - Iyini? Simisiwe phansi engajulile Ezindaweni ezibandayo. Ngezinye izikhathi ngezilimi glacial ukuba avele agxumele emanzini futhi kukhona benqunywa ukwakha zeqhwa. Abakwazi uthuthe, eyalo umoya nomsinga, emakhulwini amaningi ukusuka endaweni lokuzalwa. Yeqhwa esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni sise ogwini olusempumalanga Antarctica. Lena Lambert Glacier. Ubude bayo amakhilomitha 700.

Isakhiwo yeqhwa

Ochwepheshe ukukhomba iqhwa mass ezindaweni ezimbili: ukunikezela noma inqwaba, futhi ablation. Basuke ahlukaniswe okubizwa ngokuthi iqhwa umugqa. Ngenhla ke inani kwezulu okuqinile idlula isamba ukuhwamuka futhi ukuncibilika. Futhi ngaphansi komugqa Iqhwa yeqhwa iqala, Nokho kancane, kodwa ukufa. Phela, igama elithi "ablation" lihunyushwa lisuselwa Latin njengoba ukubhidliza ekuthatheni. Ungase futhi uchaze indlela ukuthi yeqhwa futhi oyiyo. Le nkambu firn - endaweni lapho iqhwa uya yokuguqukela kwesinye isimo salo. Sukani-ke ulimi. Esishelelayo phansi endaweni enamazinga okushisa aphakeme, ukugcwala amanzi, ukusuthisa amachibi entabeni nemifudlana. Kodwa njengoba ulimi yeqhwa abe yisisindo esikhulu, baba ngawakhamela ibhokisi emhlabeni, qhutshwa phambi ezinkulu udonse amatshe. imikhiqizo ezinjalo "ukugijima-e" ngokuthi moraines.

Izinguzunga Zeqhwa Zase-sendleleni

isivinini Ulimi ukunyakaza kuxhomeke ezicini eziningi. Ingabe isimo sezwe ayisisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Antarctica flat, lapho okushisa aphansi ujike lonke izwekazi ibe omkhulu yeqhwa iqhwa ensimini, yeqhwa ikhula kuphela ukuphakama. I ukujiya ungqimba kwezinye izindawo cishe ezinhlanu amakhilomitha! Futhi lapha Alps ezitjhelelako izilimi nge amamitha amahlanu ngonyaka. Indlela esheshayo yilona yeqhwa Columbia eNhlonhlweni Alaska. Isivinini salo Kuyamangalisa ngempela - amamitha amabili ngosuku! Ukuhambisa ngezilimi lezigodi umkhombe, okuyinto ngokwabo wadala, ukuhwaya phansi. Ngezinye izikhathi Glaciers elinganiselwe ensimini firn: ukuthatha imoto - ukucindezeleka sangaleso enyakatho kwentaba, isisindo iqhwa nje liyancibilika ehlobo futhi "ukusinda" kuze ebusika isivele onomfutho.

Kuyini zamaqhwa ejabhile

Ngezinye izikhathi isisindo iqhwa ayiyi ndawo. Ososayensi bakubiza "ice efile". Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi nenqwaba iqhwa uqala ukuthola izinqubo zeziyaluyalu elihlobene ne kabusha kumodi ashukumisayo. Ungqimba ingqikithi iqhwa akashintshi. Ukungqubuzana embhedeni kuyinto amabhlogo okuhlukene. Lokhu kubangela gqwa (pulsed) izinguquko ngesilinganiso kusengaphambili izilimi. Baqala "flow" ngokushesha, okwenza iqhwa elimazayo wahlala phezu kwalo. Kukhona imvamisa ezithile ushintsho olunjalo okungazelelwe. Ngakho-ke, ososayensi necebo igama elithi "izinguzunga zeqhwa ejabhile." Imvamisa ushintsho wamavukelambuso enjalo ingase ibe khona ehlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, zaseCaucasia yeqhwa Kolka pulses cishe kanye njalo eminyakeni 50 (1902.1969, 2002), kanye Pamirs Bear - eyishumi ngamunye (1963, 73, 89).

ibhalansi mass

Lona sici eyinhloko yeqhwa, ngaphezu endaweni yayo, ubude ulimi nesivinini. ibhalansi mass - Iyini? Yeqhwa likhula abandayo lapho uthola semali kwezulu okuqinile futhi yehlise ehlobo. Isisindo iqhwa yaphenduka firn owawa ebusweni odlule ngo-Agasti kuze kube sekupheleni yamakhaza, ebusika libizwa ibhalansi. Ngakho, ehlobo - lena kangakanani elicibilikile ice ekushiseni Vernal kuze iqhwa lokuqala. Kodwa lonyaka mass ibhalansi - isamba ekuqongeleleni kanye ablation.