Uyini wamabhayisikili ka ndaba? Ukusakazwa izinto ku-ecosystem. Isikimu umjikelezo we ndaba ngokwemvelo

Kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-iplanethi yethu njalo ezenzeka izinqubo ezihlukahlukene yokudlulisa amandla phakathi eziphilayo nendawo ezungezile. Yena iguqulwe, adluliselwe kwezinye izinhlobo, it lubopha futhi asakazeke futhi. I Kungashiwo okufanayo kwanoma iyiphi ikhemikhali yakha isisekelo ukuphila. Ngamunye wabo labetibambile eziningi izimo, sibhekana nezinguquko eziningi futhi ekugcineni wabuya.

Lezi zinqubo ukunikeza umbono walokho umjikelezo we ndaba ngokwemvelo. Bavumela ukulandelela ukuhamba nje amalunga kuphela, kodwa futhi izici ngamunye. Sizozama ukuthola okwengeziwe ngale nkinga.

Umbono ovamile kwegazi izidakamizwa

Uyini wamabhayisikili ka ndaba? Lokhu ukuhwebelana eyindilinga kusukela kwesinye isimo eluyisa kwesinye, ephelezelwa ukulahlekelwa esinqunyiwe noma ukushabalalisa, kodwa nge unomphela, uhlamvu esitebeleni. Okungukuthi iyiphi into noma into eyenza uchungechunge ukuhwebelana ngezigaba, kuyilapho guqulwa futhi washintsha, kodwa ekugcineni namanje ubuyela ukuma yokuqala.

Ngokuvamile, ukuhamba kwesikhathi kungaba ezinye ukulahlekelwa inani enkompolo isihloko noma isici. Nokho, uhlelo jikelele njalo futhi ihlala isikhathi esiyizinkulungwane zeminyaka.

Yini nokusakazwa izinto angabhekwa njengesibonelo. Indlela elula wabo - iyona ukuguqulwa of udaba eziphilayo. Ekuqaleni sakhiwa bonke nezilwanyana ezinamangqamuzana amaningi ezingaba. Ngemva kokuphothulwa umjikeleto wemphilo zabo bona ukubola umzimba ethize eziphilayo futhi organic compounds ku wezinto ezingaphili. Uma ugxile, lezi zakhi nezinye izidalwa emizimbeni yabo zibuyiselwe futhi kumafomu organic. Khona-ke inqubo iyaphindwa futhi umjikelezo uyaqhubeka ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Icebo kunyatheliswa izinto ngokwemvelo kwenza kucace ukuthi akukho okuza aphume ndawo futhi bayocasha ndawo. Konke lenesicalo, ekupheleni kanye namafomu Lesisemkhatsini. Lezi imithetho eziyisisekelo zokuphila. Wabuye uhambisa amandla. Cabanga ngezibonelo ukuguqulwa ezenzeka semvelo, izinto eziphilayo. Futhi kanjalo uyokuqonda ukuthi umjikelezo onjalo izidakamizwa esekelwe isici esisodwa esikhethekile.

Ukuhlala ndaba ngokwemvelo

Isithako obaluleke kunayo linganisa - abaphilayo. Kuyini lokhu? Lena imvelo ummeleli. Ndawonye, akha wezinto zokubasa. Yena, yebo, sibhekana nezinguquko, oyingxenye zonke izinqubo ezenzeka e imvelo.

Ukusakazwa kwendaba ophilayo ingacaciswa isibonelo esilandelayo bohlobo lwe.

1. Ukudalwa kuqala, okuyinto ngqo wasithatha zamandla elangeni bese siguqulwa amandla amakhemikhali - kukhona izitshalo, amagciwane oluluhlaza. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa chlorophyll e-photosynthesis. Umphumela - zamagama of udaba eziphilayo ezakhini eziyinhloko wezinto ezingaphili. Ngakho kwamiswa isixhumanisi sokuqala phakathi uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli eziphilayo ndaba.
2. Ngaphezu kwalokho kukhona izilwane bayakwazi ngqo ukondla izitshalo. Kanye omnivores, ezihlanganisa abantu kanye. Bedla isixhumanisi sokuqala futhi ukuguqula udaba eziphilayo ngaphakathi umumo ezahlukene - inorganics.
3. izidalwa herbivorous bavezwa ngokudla carnivores. Njengoba kungezona lezo sihamba kakade ezinye izinto eziphilayo.
4. Okulandelayo woza labo eziphilayo bayakwazi ukondla amafomu ezidla. Top eziyingozi. Bona - isixhumanisi yokugcina nokusakazwa udaba eziphilayo. Sebefile ngokuhamba ngokufaka eziphilayo elandelayo.
5. Detritus - amagciwane, isikhunta, lenyama, okuyinto ukubola izinsalela efile kwezinto eziphilayo futhi ukuhumusha zonke izinto efomini wezinto ezingaphili.
6. Lezi zinto zehlela (carbon dioxide, amanzi nosawoti wamaminerali) asetshenziswa futhi inqubo yokudala izitshalo organic compounds.

Ngakho, umjikelezo lwamanje ngezinto ngokwemvelo umdwebo ibonisa ukuguqulwa ingxenye ophilayo uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. Konke kuqala futhi iphela isitshalo efanayo. inqubo Okugcwele eyindilinga okuyinto inobungako amagatsha futhi emilibeni eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukusakazwa izinto ku-ecosystem

Noma yimuphi ecosystem - kungcono wonke umphakathi eziphilayo, kuhlanganiswe nomunye ubudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi ngokuya ukudla, kanye ngaphansi kwethonya kwezimo ezifanayo zemvelo.

Ukusakazwa izinto ku-ecosystem kungaphansi kwemithetho ethile kwemvelo. Ngakho, kwakuwukuthi ngempela esiqinile kwamandla izifunda. Exchange amandla izinto kunyatheliswa izakhi eziningi - konke lokhu kwenzeka phakathi kwabantu ngabanye amaqembu ezemvelo inikezwe.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo babe zihlukaniswe amaqembu amaningana:

• abakhiqizi;
• consuments oda kuqala;
• consuments oda yesibili;
• consuments oda lwesithathu;
• eziphilayo omnivorous;
• decomposers futhi detritus.

ukujikeleza izinto isikimu angabukeka kanje:

• isitshalo (ushevu) wanika nemiyo organic;
• herbivorous isilwane (consuments oda lokuqala) iyiguqule ku engokwemvelo wezinto nezinye;
• esidla inyama (consuments oda wesibili) siguqule omunye engokwemvelo;
• nomzingeli ephakeme (consuments kwelesithathu) futhi kancane dissipates ke njengoba ukushisa futhi ngokwengxenye ngesimo ugxilisa izinto eziphilayo yangaphakathi;
• nezilwanyana ezincane ezifana amagciwane, isikhunta, kanye nezinye (noma decomposers detritophages), isilwane esifile uhlala ukubola bese yakha mass compounds wezinto;
• izitshalo ukuncela inorganics futhi aphinde adale ngokusebenzisa inombolo ye-photosynthesis compounds ezibalulekile organic, ekhiqizwa.

izinto ecosystem

Ngokusobala, kwelinye ecosystem e ukuxhumana eduze kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko izidakamizwa: organic wezinto ezingaphili. Of engokwemvelo kuyinto:

• amaprotheni;
• amafutha;
• carbohydrate.

compounds Inorganic zihlanganisa:

• amanzi;
• carbon dioxide;
• nosawoti wamaminerali;
• eziningi macronutrients ezibalulekile.

Isimo kubaluleke kakhulu ukusebenza kwanoma yiluphi uhlelo Ecosystem siwuthole njalo amandla elanga. Phela, izitshalo photosynthesize kuphela ngaphansi kwalesi simo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla okungukuthi e chemical izibopho compounds kwashabalala njengoba ukushisa in inqwaba ngokwanele. Ngakho, ama-ejenti abakwazi aluka e isimo esifanayo ngaphandle ukulahlekelwa.

Isikimu umjikelezo izidakamizwa Meadow

Meadow - ekhethekile imiphakathi zemvelo. Phela, kuyinto uhlukile bonke abanye, ezifana namahlathi. Ziyini lezi umehluko?

1. Meadow ubuswa izimila herbal kuphela ehlanganisa utshani zisetshenziswa kanye yonyaka ongaphakeme. Kulokhu, ngamunye ziyehluka. Okuningi ukukhanya-onothando ube ukukhula okusezingeni eliphezulu, futhi lezo bangaphila ithunzi, aphansi.
2. Ngaphakathi lo mphakathi azikho izilwane zasendle ezinkulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi awanandawo ukufihla, ngoba azikho izihlahla.
3. Ngezikhathi phakathi yezimvula ezinamandla yonke isikhala ogcwele amanzi izimfunda. Yingakho yabo elinye igama - ngesikhukhula noma ngobuningi. Ezimweni ezinjengalezi kungabikho izindlela akubo bonke abahlala.

Uma sikhuluma ukufana ka edlelweni kanye ihlathi, isibonelo, umphakathi, kubalulekile ukugqamisa Isici esiyinhloko: kuzo zombili izindawo owakhiwe futhi abameleli, tilokatane, namagundane, izinyoni, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni kanye ezincelisayo.

Isikimu kunyatheliswa izinto endaweni emnandi ungaba ifomu elilandelayo:

• izinto amaminerali kanye namanzi zazo yokuqothulwa ngqo kulesi simila phansi;
• izinambuzane ukuthi ungcolise izimbali futhi uzivumele nande, ngenkathi bedla umpe akhiqizwa simila udaba eziphilayo;
• izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo, zidla izinambuzane kanye nezitshalo, okungukuthi, abasebenzisa udaba eziphilayo;
• nezilwanyana ezincane ukuthi ukubola izinsalela efile zezitshalo nezilwane nokukhululwa izinto wezinto ezingaphili (nosawoti wamaminerali, amanzi, carbon dioxide).

ISIBONELO umjikelezo pratensis

Ezibalulekile wonke link kuboniswe kulesibonelo. kunyatheliswa izinto kwi edlelweni - isimo ezidingekayo sokuba khona kulo mphakathi. Umhlabathi uyakwazi ahlanganiswe izinto eziwusizo kanye izakhi kuphela ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi izakhamuzi zakhona - detritophages nezilwanyana ezincane, izimpethu, izimbungulu nezinye izidalwa. Ngaphandle kulesi simo, izitshalo ngeke ziswele inorganics for photosynthesis nokukhula, ngakho kuyoba eyindlala kanye udaba eziphilayo ukuthi kuzala. Ezinjalo njengoba isitashi, i-cellulose, amaprotheni, nabanye. Lokhu kuzokwehlisa isibalo izilwane nezinyoni, futhi ngaleyo ndlela udaba eziphilayo bebonke. Owahlupheka ngenxa yalokhu futhi detritus, umjikelezo okhathazekile ngakho.

Ukusakazwa izidakamizwa endaweni emnandi ingacaciswa isibonelo esikhethekile. Sizozama ukwenza uhlelo ezinjalo.

• Mineral nosawoti, amanzi, isikhutha nomoya-mpilo ibusa chamomile.
• Inyosi pollinates esiqokiwe isitshalo adle impova yayo, ama-carbohydrate ie namaprotheni.
• Bee futhi pern Peck honeybees ukudle umzimba wakhe izidakamizwa organic (chitin, amaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate).
• vole Meadow nezinye sidla amagundane amancane nezinhlobo emikhulu zidla ingxenye eziphilayo izitshalo nezinambuzane.
• Kestrel (inyoni) odla namagundane futhi kudle izakhamzimba.
• Ngemva kokufa kwazo zonke izilwane izinambuzane kuwele phansi, lapho umzimba yabo ukubola zibe compounds yayo ephambili we amagciwane, ama-worm, woodlice kanye nezinye esebenza ngogesi detritus.
• Ngenxa yalokho, inhlabathi futhi ayegcwele usawoti wezinto ezingaphili, amanzi kanye nezinye izakhi ukuncela isitshalo izimpande.

Besigodi ugesi

Ukusakazwa izakhi namandla, njengoba siye saba sobala, Ihlobene ngokuseduze nomqondo kwemvelo njengoba iketanga noma emapayipini. Ngempela, noma yikuphi okubalulekile - umkhiqizo impahla elinikeza zokwakha ukuze kwakhiwe izingxenye zesakhiwo amaseli, izicubu kanye izitho.

Ngamunye wesifunda ugesi nakanjani akuhileli ukuguqulwa kanye compounds eyindilinga. A inqubo yokuthola izinhlelo zamagama kanye nanoma yimuphi nokwahlukana edingekayo noma ukudedela izindleko energy. Ngenxa yalokho, it is zihilelekile umjikelezo owodwa ngokwemvelo.

Kungani kukhona welithi "uchungechunge" futhi "supply chain"? Lonke Iphuzu liwukuthi ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ngaphakathi amaqembu efanayo kwemvelo ngokuvamile eziyinkimbinkimbi okungaphezu nje neketanga ethafeni abavamile. Phela, omele efanayo jikelele silwane kungaba uhlaza futhi umhlaseli. Kukhona izinto eziphilayo omnivorous. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingane eziningi kwakha sokuncintisana zokukhiqiza okokuzisekela, okuyinto sithinta uhlelo isiyonke ubudlelwano phakathi biogeocoenose.

Kodwa kulezi zimo chain eduze okwakuthandelene futhi zakha okuthiwa ugesi. Lokhu kubonakala ikakhulukazi izakhamuzi ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi: ihlathi, echibini imiphakathi kwamahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo kanye nezinye.

Zonke eziwukudla zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezimbili:

• kokudla noma amadlelo;
• esibolile, noma detrital.

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwabo ukuthi esimweni sangaphambili, konke iqala nge eziphilayo - isitshalo. In the yesibili - izinsalela efile, indle kanye nezinye izimali ezifakwa okwenziwa ngu nezilwanyana ezincane, izimpethu, kanye nokunye.

amandla ushintsho

Amandla, kanye izinto, othola uchungechunge izinguquko ngokuhamba izinqubo zemvelo. Konke-ke ihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko:

• kwelanga;
• izibopho zamakhemikhali.

Ngenkathi kwakhiwa amandla supply chain is nje aguqulwa kusuka ifomu eyodwa kuya kwenye. Ngakho kukhona ukulahleka olungaphelele yayo. Ngempela, okunikezwa ukuphila izinqubo ngasinye kwashabalala njengoba ukushisa. Yingakho kubalulekile ukuthi amandla elanga njengomthombo oyinhloko ka zokustokha njalo kunoma yimuphi umphakathi.

Ngqo awukukhanya eLangeni, kungaba ukudla eziphilayo kuphela njenge:

• izitshalo;
• amagciwane;
• unicellular photosynthesis.

Ngemva nabo, bonke amandla okungena ifomu elilandelayo - izibopho zamakhemikhali compounds. Kuleli fomu sibuse abameleli heterotrophic kusukela uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli.

Umjikelezo wamanzi

Sesikubonile kakade wabonisa ukuthi inqubo ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi ngokomlando esibalulekile - kuba ngebhayisikili kwendaba ngokwemvelo. Amanzi enkompolo wezinto ezingaphili, okuyinto ukubaluleka kubalulekile futhi omkhulu. Ngakho-ke, indlela kwenzeka kwegazi, cabanga Imibandela.

1. Inani elikhulu lamanzi bagxila phezu iplanethi yethu amadamu ezihlukahlukene. Lona izilwandle nasolwandle, emaxhaphozini, emifuleni, emachibini, ukusakaza, izakhiwo yokufakelwa. Uma uyikha phezulu le kukhona ukuhwamuka njalo umswakama, isb amanzi ngesimo umusi ingena emkhathini.
2. Inhlabathi njengengxenye saso futhi kwangaphakathi, futhi iqukethe eziningi umswakama. Lokhu amanzi angaphansi komhlaba noma phansi. Uma uyikha phezulu le we umusi emkhathini, ne izingqimba kwangaphakathi agelezela amadamu, bese Hwamuka.
3. Uba emkhathini, amanzi kancane kancane ifinyelela esiphezulu futhi iqala ukubuyela emhlabeni ngesimo kwezulu. Ebusika, it is nesithwathwa ehlobo - imvula.
4. Izitshalo ezizibandakanyile ukumuncwa futhi transpiration yamanzi njengoba sithe ngokusebenzisa omningi ke.

Ngakho, umjikelezo wamanzi, futhi umjikelezo we ndaba ngokwemvelo ukunikeza esimweni esejwayelekile kwanoma iyiphi ecosystem, futhi kungakho eziphilayo.

Lolu cwaningo komjikelezo impahla esikoleni sabaqalayo

Ukuthi izingane unombono lokho izinguquko cyclical ngokwemvelo, ukuze ubatshele kufanele kube ngisho ne izigaba sokuqala sokuqeqeshwa. Abafana kumele abe nolwazi ngalokho umjikelezo we ndaba. Ibanga 3 - esifanele ngokuphelele. Phakathi nale nkathi, izingane umdala ngokwanele ukuqonda ngokuphelele futhi sigxilise ulwazi lwalolu hlobo.

Ngo izinhlelo eziningi zokufundisa emhlabeni ngaphandle imelelwa isikimu ezinhle, "umjikelezo we ndaba. 3 ekilasini." Iveza izinhlobo eziyisisekelo kugucuka yamanzi, into eziwukudla, okuyinto acacisiwe ecosystem ngamunye.

Est umdwebo umjikelezo we izinto abafundi abasebasha kungase kuthathe ngendlela: amanzi amaminerali izinto ezitshalweni - ketshezi organic izilwane - amanzi nokumbiwa nosawoti ngemva kokufa ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni.

Isigaba ngasinye kufanele zingachazwa ngezinqubo izibonelo nencazelo enemininingwane kumiswa nokuqonda okucacile zezinqubo ezingokwemvelo ezenzeka.