UVoltaire, "ingenuous": isifinyezo

Indaba "Ongenalwazi" - omunye wemisebenzi edume kunazo zefilosofi satirical we uVoltaire omkhulu, isazi sefilosofi omkhulu futhi uthisha kwekhulu le-18 eFrance. Ngokokuqala ngqá indaba yanyatheliswa ngo-1767 futhi ngokushesha, sibonga nempumelelo enkulu, lahunyushelwa ezilimini eziningi ngokushesha.

UVoltaire, "ingenuous": isifinyezo. uthayi

Ngaphandle kwakuyizingalo ngoJulayi 1689. Ngobunye ubusuku ngo-Lower Brittany ngasolwandle abahambahamba Abbe de Kerkabon nodadewabo. Abbot sizindle isiphetho umfowabo kanye nomndeni wakhe, owabhala la mazwi eminyakeni engu-20 edlule baya leli bhishi emkhunjini eCanada, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke ababange uneminye izindaba.

Ngaso lesi sikhathi e-bay ke kufaka izindlela isitsha, lawela ogwini insizwa. Ubizwa begqoke izingubo Indian futhi libonakala lilula-nomqondo - ngakho ngelika ngokwethembeka kwakhe nangobuqotho AmaNgisi nabo. Abbot uyimema kuye ukuze alale khona.

Ngakusasa insizwa, befuna ukubonga Sebawoti izihambi, kunikeza mascot - Portrait of kunombolo engaziwa zabantu ezilula abanomqondo ofanayo axhunyiwe yezinhlamvu. Phakathi lezi zithombe Abbot ifunda yomfowabo nomkakhe abakhulise wanyamalala e-Canada.

Simple-athi cha azi bo zali akazange, lokungawo futsi navuswa amaNdiya yakhe. De Kerkabon nodadewabo kukhona umalume wale nsizwa nomalumekazi, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke uhlala nabo.

Simple-nomqondo akazange azi bo zali futhi abafundile amaNdiya Hurons. Njengoba atholakala kumuntu ngaphambi nodadewabo umalume ngothando nomalumekazi, le nsizwa esezinzile emzini wabo.

St Ives

High zokuziphatha futhi buphelele, kusukela iphuzu zokuziphatha umbono, kudala uhlamvu uVoltaire ( "elula enhle '). Uzungu komkhiqizo senzelwe ukukholisa umfundi ukuthi ukuziphatha protagonist kufanele kube inkomba kuwo wonke umuntu.

Ngakho Ngaphambi enquma ukuba ngibhapathize ingenuously. Kodwa okokuqala, kwakudingekile ukuba ngiyethule izisekelo inkolo yakhe entsha. Le nsizwa ufunda iBhayibheli futhi siziqonde nencazelo yalo ngenxa yokungabi bikho ithonya umphakathi sezemfundo. Simple-labetibambile inkonzo esontweni iqhubeka futhi owayo uthandana ngesiphambano Saint-Yves. Baqaphela nomunye othandweni, intombazane nomfana okwenza isiphakamiso. Kodwa okokuqala, kudingeka ufune kwemvume umzali. Abbot usichazela elula abanomqondo ofanayo ukuthi ashade cross - isono. Le nsizwa waphendula ukuthi lokhu izwi lingenzeki okukhulunywa ngabo eBhayibhelini, kanye nezinye izinto eziningi, ukuthi bamukeleke emphakathini futhi kuthathwa njengengxenye emikhosini yenkolo.

umthetho inkampani

Lembula the engenangqondo isikhathi sakhe uVoltaire. Simple-nomqondo angakwazi ukuthi kungani izimpilo amakhilomitha amaningi upapa kufanele anqume ukushada ozithandayo yakhe noma cha. Le nsizwa yathi yokuthi yena ngokwakhe uye ukunquma Isiphelo sakhe. Ngemva kwalokho, odlula eSt Ives futhi linikeza ezoshada naye, njengoba ayethembisile, futhi ngempela, kulungile yakhe. Kodwa ezizungezile ekuqaleni ukuchaza ukuthi ngaphandle komthetho, notaries kanye izinkontileka ukuza sezinxushunxushu.

izimpendulo Simple-nomqondo wokuthi abantu akathembekanga isidingo yalezi zixwayiso. Kodwa waphendula ngokuthi imithetho yasungulwa abantu nje ukukhanyiselwa nethembekile. Futhi uma umuntu ubheka yena uthembekile, kufanele ngokuthobeka imithetho, isibonelo kwabanye.

Umama St Ives ukunquma ukuthumela intombazane ukuba esigodlweni, bese ukukhipha i nomkhwenyana engathandwa kodwa inzuzo. Lapho bezwa ngalokhu, homey iza ngokufutheka nokuphelelwa ithemba.

ayehlasela British

Ibonisa Ukungqubuzana umphakathi, bengene shí ezintweni vice futhi kumuntu qobo owakhulela kude impucuko, uVoltaire ( "elula enhle '). Isifinyezo kusiza ukuqonda kangakanani umphakathi kusuka izindinganiso zokuziphatha nezingokomoya kweqiniso.

Ngakho, elula-ongokomoya becasukile iyazula sigudla ugu. Khona-ke ubona njengoba uvalo zivame ukufiphala squad French. It kuvela ukuthi isigaba British lawela phezu lolwandle futhi ukulungele ezohlasela umuzi. Simple-nomqondo ijoyina impi futhi zilimaza abantu isitha Admiral. Ukubona isibindi sakhe, usenza futhi amasosha French futhi babe onqobayo. Idolobhana uphatha ukulondoloza, futhi elula-ngibe usaziwayo.

Ngo impi ibambene ngezihluthu insizwa efuna ukuthatha sezindela ikhulule othandekayo wakhe. Kepha udangele engiyalela ukuya enkosini Versailles futhi becela imvume ukushada njengoba umvuzo. Akekho-ke akakwazanga inselele ilungelo akhe ukuba ashade.

Ukushushiswa amaProthestani

Ukuqhubeka Ukuzula kwendaba iqhawe "Ongenalwazi" (uVoltaire). Okuqukethwe Isahluko ulandisa indlela insizwa ethunyelwe Versailles. Inkambiso yakhe iwukubonisa ngokusebenzisa edolobheni elincane. Lihlala amaProtestane, owayesanda nje bancishwa wonke amalungelo eguqulelwe ngenkani enkolweni yobuKatolika ngenxa ukuqedwa SaseNantes.

Ehlengezela izinyembezi izakhamuzi ukushiya lakubo. Simple-nomqondo angakwazi ukuthi kungani inkosi esivuna uPapa uyenqaba 600,000 izakhamuzi ezithembekile futhi dooms ukuba ezulazulayo nosizi. Insizwa kuziwa esiphethweni sokuthi icala konke abeluleki bengafaneleki futhi amaJesuit, okuyinto azungeze nkosi. Uma kungenjalo, yini enye engenza umbusi ukuzitika isitha sakhe Pope?

Simple-nomqondo bedingisiwe afunge nokufunga ukuthi uma wabingelela inkosi, mtshele iqiniso. Ngemva kokuthola iqiniso, umbusi ngokuqinisekile ukusiza abantu bakhe. Ngeshwa, la mazwi ezwa ongumJesuit esingalindelekile, ukusebenza nobaba Informant Lachaise, umambuli yenkosi, ngubani umshushisi amaProthestani.

Versailles

Yembula amaphutha ezinkulu iziphathimandla isiFulentshi, uVoltaire. Simple-nomqondo ukuza Versailles ngesikhathi esifanayo ne yokulahlwa amaJesuit. Le nsizwa, e naivete yakhe, ngacabanga nje lapho eze, uzohlangana nenkosi, ukutshela zobuqhawe bakhe bese njengoba imvume umvuzo ukushada othandekayo wakhe, ngisho vula amehlo akho ukuba le nkosi isimo kweqiniso esishaqisayo sezingane amaHuguenot.

Ngobukhulu ubunzima, izethameli elula-nomqondo ingafinyelela kuphela olusemthethweni elula enkantolo. Utshela hero kulesi sikhundla sayo kungenziwa kuphela ancike ukuthengwa elisezingeni uLieutenant. Le nsizwa ishaqiswe Iqiniso lokuthi lapha futhi wenza ukukhokhela yokuthi wafaka ukuphila kwakhe engozini ngenxa yenkazimulo umqhele. Hero berates izikhulu futhi wathembisa ukutshela inkosi baso. Kule Monologue, inkantolo ephetha ngokuthi isivakashi sakhe kwakuthiwa uyahlanya, ngakho musa ulihlanganisa ukubaluleka anjalo amazwi.

Ubaba Lachaise, ngosuku olufanayo wathola izincwadi ezimbili. Eyokuqala - kusukela ongumJesuit, kanti owesibili - kusukela izihlobo St. Ives, okuthiwa obangela izinkinga elula ngomqondo futhi madcap, ngubani futhi washukumisela amasosha ashise sezindela ukweba intombazane.

Ngemva mibiko amasosha Ziyalwa ukuba abophe umfana. Ebusuku ngoba iqhawe ukuza futhi, naphezu ukumelana abanolaka, ithunyelwa Bastille. Lapha uwela kuseli okufanayo sefilosofi-bakaJansen Gordon.

Bastille

Ngaleso sikhathi, wasinda ngokulambisa esiphethweni uVoltaire yena. "Ongenalwazi" ( "Gaby" kwezinye izinguqulo) yayihloselwe ukukhombisa nokuthi kalula umuntu othembekile eFrance ukuba ejele.

Ubaba Gordon, enomusa ezithandayo, kwaba ngo-Bastille kungazange kuqulwe cala ngoba eye wenqaba ukuqaphela amandla angenamkhawulo uPapa eFrance. Umdala Ukuphila kwakhe esiye zanqwabelana okuningi yolwazi, futhi kuye le nsizwa yayinesithakazelo esikhulu ezintweni zonke entsha. Izingxoxo neziboshwa ezimbili kancane kancane abe mnandi futhi uyafundisa. Kodwa kwengqondo elula-nomqondo naivety bavame sefilosofi kumile.

Insizwa ifunda ezihlukahlukene izincwadi zomlando. Kule uphetha ngokuthi isintu kuyo yonke le ndawo yayikhona bophezela njalo amacala kuphela. Kodwa, ngemva kokufunda Malebranche, uyaqaphela ukuthi konke emhlabeni - nje ingxenye enkulu mshini, okuyinto umphefumulo kaNkulunkulu. Kancane kancane zasondela ingqondo buyaqina ingenuously, yena amakhosi physics, izibalo, i-geometry.

ulwazi lweqiniso

Ukusabela amakhulu kakhulu umphakathi kwaba umkhiqizo ukuthi wabhala uVoltaire. "Ongenalwazi" - Ngokuyinhloko ukugxekwa amandla le nkosi, futhi ngenxa yalokhu wena angalahlekelwa kalula ekhanda lakhe ngaleso sikhathi.

Izimpikiswano ubudala abasha umfundi sefilosofi esabisa. Gordon ambheke futhi uyaqonda ukuthi ekuphileni kwakhe konke ukhathazeke kuphela ukukhuthazwa zobandlululo, futhi umfundi wakhe lutho, olalela izwi bemvelo, wakwazi ukuthola eduze iqiniso lisondele kakhulu. Mahhala kusuka izethulo luyakhohlisa, elula-waqonda ukuthi ilungelo lomuntu main - inkululeko. Uthi ukuthi izingxabano scholastics akunalutho engenamsebenzi. UNkulunkulu kukho konke, kanjalo izingxabano okungenanzuzo amakholwa. Gordon uyaqaphela ukuthi amalungelo akhe umfundi, bese uza ukudikibala eqaphela amaphutha abo. Ngomlomo ubuntu bakhe ubeke izigwebo zabo mayelana nohlobo inkolo, uVoltaire ( "elula enhle ').

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, St Ives enquma ukuya beyofuna lover wakhe futhi uhambela Versailles.

umphumela

St Ives ephunyuka ngaphansi ring futhi uya yokuhlala yenkosi. Yena ngokuphuthumayo uzama ukuthola umhlangano osaziwayo ahlukahlukene wabese uthola ukuthi othandekayo wakhe ungaphakathi Bastille. Izikhulu, wayitshela eSt Ives, uyadabuka ngokuthi angenza kuhle isikhundla sakhe, noma ukuncipha. Kepha kusikisela ukuthi uNgqongqoshe kungasiza de Saint-Puanzh. Girl uthola ukubonana nayo ukuze, kodwa eyayikhokhelwa ukudedela of Simple-afuna ukuthanda St Ives. Ajwayelekile kuyisunduzele ukuba isisulu. Futhi St Ives usephoqeleke ukuba abaleke iwe ukuze asindise kothandekayo.

Simple-nomqondo ithola inkululeko. Kodwa le ntombazane iyahlupheka ngoba wokuwa futhi bafe imfiva eyingozi. Ezwa ngokufa St Ives, Puanzh siyaphenduka ngenxa yezenzo zabo.

Kuthatha isikhathi, ithambisa konke. Simple-nomqondo kuba isikhulu ekufeni yakhe ulondoloza imemori kothandekayo.

UVoltaire, "ingenuous": ukuhlaziya

Isici esiphawulekayo lo mkhiqizo ukuthi isazi sefilosofi hhayi kuphela waveza umbono wakhe ngesimo kanye isonto zedivayisi, kodwa azinake kakhulu esithombeni sinemizwa protagonists.

Kulendaba, uVoltaire wazama ukuthola ibhalansi phakathi kokuhle lokubi, futhi ukuthola isilinganiso kulezi zinkanyezi. Futhi kwaba nenkululeko womuntu, okuyinto okwakuthiwa uletha inkosi. Inkululeko abantu main ngenkathi lwaphuka isonto, yingakho sefilosofi ugxeke inkulumo yakhe.

Ngo-1994 kwenziwa ibe movie, "Ongenalwazi" (uVoltaire). Le filimu senziwa ngokuhlanganyela US, Russia nase-France. Nokho, izibukeli a ithandwa enkulu akuthola.